垂直梯度凝固法生长PbWO4∶（F,Y）晶体的光学性能（英文）

采用垂直梯度凝固法成功生长出直径为27mm、长为110mm,具有可控形状和形态的F-和Y3+共掺钨酸铅[PbWO4∶(F,Y)]晶体。通过透射光谱、荧光光谱、光产额、衰减时间等对钨酸铅晶体光学性能进行了表征。结果表明:与纯钨酸铅晶体相比,垂直梯度凝固法生长的PbWO4∶(F,Y)晶体在320~420nm的短波范围的光学透过率明显提高,光吸收边更尖锐;荧光光谱为350~580nm范围的宽峰,发射主峰为420nm;光产额达到50p.e/MeV(1 000ns内),发光衰减时间为5ns。     

PbWO4:(Mo,Y)晶体的闪烁性能研究

用改进的坩埚下降法生长PbWO4(Mo,Y)和纯PbWO4闪烁晶体.对切自毛坯晶体籽晶端的23 mm×23 mm×20 mm六面抛光样品进行了吸收光谱、超短脉冲X射线激发荧光寿命、光产额和辐照损伤性能的测试.结果表明Mo,Y双掺杂能显著增强PbWO4晶体的辐照硬度,在35 Gy/h的剂量率下辐照24 h后,纯PbWO4晶体的光产额变化率为52.4%,而PbWO4(Mo,Y)晶体的光产额变化率仅为17.5%.Mo,Y双掺杂也改善了PbWO4晶体在350～420 nm范围内的光学透过性能,并且PbWO4(Mo,Y)晶体的平均发光衰减时间缩短为8.5 ns,较之纯PbWO4晶体(15.2 ns)更快.     

掺MgF2的钨酸铅晶体的发光性能

通过透射光谱、光致发光谱、光产额的测试,研究了提拉法生长的掺MgF2的钨酸铅(PbWO4,PWO)晶体的发光性能.结果表明:与未掺杂晶体相比,掺杂样品的透光率提高,消除了420nm吸收,减弱了350nm吸收,紫外吸收边变陡并且向短波方向移动约10nm;掺杂样品和未掺杂PWO晶体的光致发光谱形状相同,存在350～550nm的宽带谱,峰值为420nm,掺杂样品的蓝光带得到增强.掺杂样品的光产额(200ns)为未掺杂PWO的2.3倍,发光性能得到改善.对透光率的提高和发光机制进行了探讨.     

Mo:Sb:PbWO_4闪烁晶体的生长与发光性能

采用坩埚下降法生长了Mo:Sb:PbWO4(Mo:Sb:PWO)晶体.通过透射光谱、X射线激发的发射谱、光产额和荧光寿命的测试,研究了Mo,Sb双掺杂对PbWO4晶体的光谱和闪烁性能的影响.结果表明:与未掺杂晶体相比,掺杂样品提高了PWO晶体在350～430 nm波段的透过率,消除了350nm吸收,吸收边变得陡峭并且向长波方向偏移.Mo:Sb:PWO晶体的发光谱存在400～650nm的宽带,发光主峰为510hm,发光强度得到提高.尺寸为10mm×10mm×20mm的Mo:Sb:PWO晶体样品,在1000ns的积分时间门宽内光产额最大值可达70photon-electrons/MeV,约为BhGe3O12(BGO)光产额的7.2%.光产额的提高主要来自于Mo:Sb:PbWO4晶体发光中的慢发光成分的增加.     

Ho~(3+)掺杂Bi_4Si_3O_(12)晶体的生长与光谱特性

采用坩埚下降法生长了尺寸为f25 mm×100 mm的Ho~(3+)掺杂的Bi_4Si_3O_(12)(BSO:Ho)晶体,研究了所得晶体的透射光谱、激发光谱、发射光谱等特性。结果表明:BSO:Ho晶体透射光谱与纯BSO晶体基本一致,在350~800 nm波长范围的透过率约为80%,吸收边在286 nm处;在360、454和537 nm处存在与Ho~(3+)有关的吸收峰;激发光谱在240~310 nm波段出现1个宽的激发带,峰值在290 nm左右;发射光谱中除480 nm发射带外,在573 nm附近有多个与Ho~(3+)有关的尖锐发射峰。BSO:Ho晶体的主要发光分量的荧光衰减时间为94.41 ns,表明掺杂0.1%Ho~(3+)(摩尔分数)有利于提高BSO晶体的闪烁性能。     

LaBr3∶Ce晶体生长及物理特性的研究

利用垂直Bridgman法生长了尺寸为φ25 mm×80 mm的LaBr3∶3％Ce晶体,晶体的熔点为786℃,XRD表明晶体存在(100)解理面,晶体的择优生长方向为[001].热膨胀测试表明晶体[100]方向热膨胀系数比较大,在室温至600℃范围内平均热膨胀系数达22.9×10-6/K.晶体经加工后,透过率可达到65％.室温下晶体的光致发光呈双发射峰,分别位于358 nm和380 nm.晶体呈单指数衰减,衰减极快,衰减时间拟合为18.3 ns.     

Nd∶NaBi(WO_4)_2晶体生长

采用Czochralski法生长出尺寸为 8mm× 2 0mm的掺钕的钨酸铋钠 [分子式 :Nd∶NaBi(WO4) 2 ,简称 :Nd∶NBW ]激光晶体 ,研究了生长工艺参数对Nd∶NBW晶体结构完整性的影响 ,确定了最佳的生长工艺参数 :轴向温度梯度为 0 .7～ 1℃ /mm ,生长速率 0 .2～ 0 .5mm/h ,晶体转速 1～ 4r/min。并利用了X射线衍射确定了Nd∶NBW晶体属于四方晶系 ,I41 /a空间群 ,其晶格常数为a =0 .5 2 75nm ,c=1.14 93nm。通过TG -DTA分析了Nd∶NBW晶体的相关物理、化学性质 ,确定了其熔点为 936.2℃ ,并与纯的钨酸铋钠晶体 (分子式 :NaBi(WO4) 2 ,简称 :NBW)进行了对比性研究     

Yb∶NaY(WO_4)_2激光晶体的光谱性能

采用提拉法生长出了Yb∶NaY(WO4 ) 2 晶体 ,给出了晶体生长的最佳工艺参数 :拉速 0 .5～ 4mm/h ,转速 3 0～ 40r/min ,冷却速率 18℃ /h。由TGDTA分析得到晶体的熔点为 12 0 9℃。测试了该晶体的Raman光谱、吸收光谱和荧光光谱 ,计算了吸收光谱和荧光光谱中的有关参数。结果表明 :该晶体发射波长为 10 10nm ,在 848,968nm附近有较强、较宽的吸收峰 ,适合于LD泵浦     

Nd:NaBi(WO4)2晶体生长

采用Czochralski法生长出尺寸为φ8mm×20 mm的掺钕的钨酸铋钠[分子式:Nd:NaBi(WO4)2,简称:Nd:NBW]激光晶体,研究了生长工艺参数对Nd∶NBW晶体结构完整性的影响,确定了最佳的生长工艺参数:轴向温度梯度为0.7～1 ℃/mm,生长速率0.2～0.5 mm/h,晶体转速1～4 r/min.并利用了X射线衍射确定了Nd∶NBW晶体属于四方晶系,I41/a空间群,其晶格常数为a=0.527 5 nm, c=1.149 3 nm.通过TG-DTA分析了Nd∶NBW晶体的相关物理、化学性质,确定了其熔点为936.2 ℃,并与纯的钨酸铋钠晶体(分子式:NaBi(WO4)2,简称:NBW)进行了对比性研究.     

Yb3+掺杂KLa(WO4)2激光晶体生长与光谱分析

采用提拉法生长出掺镱钨酸镧钾[Yb:KLa(WO4)2,Yb:KLW]晶体,测试了晶体的红外光谱和Raman光谱,对出现的振动模式进行了归属.从X射线衍射分析得到晶胞参数a=b=0.532 nm,c=1.189 nm.通过热重-差热分析得到晶体的熔点为1 119 ℃,在熔点以下没有相变.测试了晶体的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,计算了相应的光谱参数.结果表明:该晶体发射波长为1 021 nm,在931,981 nm附近有较强、较宽的吸收峰,适合用InGaAs半导体激光泵浦.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。