影响玉米质量安全的主要因素及其控制策略

<正>我国是一个农业大国,玉米是重要的粮食作物,提高玉米的质量安全,有助于保障农业的健康发展。影响玉米质量安全的因素有很多,诸如品种选种、包衣剂的使用、肥料和农药的施用方法和玉米收获时期的把握等,而研究相应对策,严控种子质量,进行标准化生产,可以帮助实现玉米质量的整体提高。玉米是我国重要的秋季产物,也是我国重要的粮食生产种类,把握玉米质量安全对于提高餐桌食品安全具有重要     

浅谈如何利用新技术提高玉米种植效率

农业在国际上的地位非常重要,农业在我国经济建设中起着举足轻重的作用,通过农业生产,供养十多亿人口,同时还有部分出口。我国也是一个农业大国,农业在国民经济比重中占有大部分比例,农业发展的好坏直接关系到社会稳定与经济的发展,农业是经济发展的必要条件。玉米是农业生产中重要的作物之一,玉米也是世界上三大主要粮食作物,在我国的北方广大地区,均有密集种植,玉米是农业的支柱作物,在农业生产发展过程中,起到十分重要的支撑作用。文章主要就玉米种植运用先进技术问题的分析,全面阐述了玉米种植中先进技术对玉米种植效率和质量的影响,以此为焦点,形成可借鉴、可参照的观点。     

玉米栽培中密度与施肥的重要性

一直以来,我国都是农业大国,农业发展对人们的生活和经济的发展都有很大影响,因此,我国对农业生产都非常重视,玉米是非常重要的农作物,对我国农业经济发展有很大影响,在进行玉米种植的时候提高其品质是非常重要的,在提高品质过程中不仅仅要选用优良的品种,同时对种植的密度和施肥都要进行重视,这样对产量有很大影响。对玉米栽培过程中存在着的密度和施肥问题要进行重视,同时要进行很好的分析,这样能够更好的找到解决的对策。     

玉米种植问题及对策探讨

我国是农业大国,在农业生产上,有着先天的优势,随着现代农业技术发展,农业种植已经向科学化方向发展。玉米是我国重要的农业作物,在我国的种植历史比较悠久,目前,全国各地均有着广泛的种植,有效促进了种植地当地经济效益提升和农民个人收入提高。只有不断研究玉米种植新技术,才能提高玉米产量,更好地推动农业进步。文章就玉米种植中存在的突出问题进行重点研究,针对性提出玉米丰产增收的有效途径。     

浅谈玉米种植技术及推广

玉米不仅是我国重要的粮食作物,还是饲料的重要来源,在我国农业发展中起着非常重要的作用。近年来,在农业生产过程中,玉米的种植面积不断扩大,为了能够有效的提高玉米的产量,则需要做好玉米种植技术的推广工作,通过对玉米种植技术进行不断创新和完善,从而更好的推动玉米种植产业的发展。     

玉米酒精生产废水控制方法探讨

近年来,我国部分玉米主产区利用丰富的玉米资源生产清洁能源-燃料酒精。燃料酒精的生产可以解决我国石油短缺、环境恶化等问题,并且对我国的农业、能源、环保、交通、财政诸方面将起到积极的推动作用。但是随着酒精工业的发展和酒精产量的逐年增加,酒精废液的污染问题也越来越突出。对我国部分玉米酒精生产企业的酒精废液治理方法进行了论述和总结,分析了各种治理方法的适用性和优缺点,提出了缓解玉米酒精产业快速发展带来环境压力的途径。     

“入世”对我国玉米生产和流通的影响及相应对策

目前,随着我国加入ＷＴＯ谈判的进展,中国“入世”的日期已日益临近,玉米是我国的三大粮食品种之一,产量约占全国粮食总产量的１／４,而扩大粮食市场对外开放又是我国加入ＷＴＯ的主要条件之一。因此,如何应对“入世”给玉米生产带来的挑战与机遇,已成为当前我国农业生产面临的主要课题。１我国玉米生产和流通的现状及存在的问题我国是世界玉米生产大国,产量占全世界玉米总产量２０％以上,居世界第二位。改革开放２０年来,由于党和国家一系列加强农业生产方针、政策的落实和国内畜牧业生产迅速发展的推动,我国玉米生产持续增长。…     

适度发展玉米深加工产业，促进玉米产业链高质量发展

玉米深加工产业存在巨大科技创新潜力，可以带动玉米生产和消费实现增长，推动现代生物科技发展，符合绿色发展理念，能够促进我国玉米产业链高质量发展。分析世界和我国玉米生产消费情况及玉米价格走势，提出了促进高质量发展的对策建议。     

黑龙江省北斗卫星导航系统植保无人机应用研究

我国是农业大国,黑龙江省是农业大省,农业生产是头等大事,农业植物保护工作是农业生产中重要的一个方面。对黑龙江省植保无人机的发展现状进行梳理,结合目前植保无人机普及存在的问题,提出相应的解决对策。     

乡村振兴战略下河南玉米产业发展策略研究

河南省作为我国农业大省，其粮食生产对于保障国家粮食安全发挥着重要作用。以河南省玉米产业为研究对象，经研究发现：河南省在农业基础设施、耕地质量、玉米产业化水平、种植标准化及种质资源等方面存在问题。建议通过完善农业基础设施建设，改善农业生产条件；培育玉米龙头企业，提高产业化水平；加强高标准农田建设，构筑玉米安全生态屏障；制定玉米生产技术规范，提高标准化水平以及加大种质资源的研发，培育优良品种等措施来改善河南省玉米产业存在的困境。     

玉米淀粉加工副产物玉米蛋白粉的应用与开发

玉米作为重要的粮食作物,对人们的生活影响越来越大,对玉米的精深加工综合利用及其营养价值的开发也越来越得到人们的关注。本文重点介绍了玉米的营养成分含量及缺陷,玉米淀粉加工副产物蛋白粉的应用状况及国内外对玉米蛋白的研究开发,玉米生物活性肽的生产工艺流程、活性肽的性能及应用。用玉米蛋白粉开发高附加值产品玉米生物活性肽是当前玉米淀粉加工企业转型优化升级重要的出路之一,对提升行业经济效益促进科技进步有重要意义。     

Breeding aflatoxin-resistant maize lines using recent advances in technologies – a review

Aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus infection of corn is a significant and chronic threat to corn being used as food or feed. Contamination of crops at levels of 20 ng g^?1 or higher (as regulated by the USFDA) by this toxin and potent carcinogen makes the crop unsalable, resulting in a significant economic burden on the producer. This review focuses on elimination of this contamination in corn which is a major US crop and the basis of many products. Corn is also “nature's example” of a crop containing heritable resistance to aflatoxin contamination, thereby serving as a model for achieving resistance to aflatoxin contamination in other crops as well. This crop is the largest production grain crop worldwide, providing food for billions of people and livestock and critical feedstock for production of biofuels. In 2011, the economic value of the US corn crop was US$76 billion, with US growers producing an estimated 12 billion bushels, more than one-third of the world's supply. Thus, the economics and significance of corn as a food crop and the threat to food safety due to aflatoxin contamination of this major food crop have prompted the many research efforts in many parts of the world to identify resistance in corn to aflatoxin contamination. Plant breeding and varietal selection has been used as a tool to develop varieties resistance to disease. This methodology has been employed in defining a few corn lines that show resistance to A. flavus invasion; however, no commercial lines have been marketed. With the new tools of proteomics and genomics, identification of resistance mechanisms, and rapid resistance marker selection methodologies, there is an increasing possibility of finding significant resistance in corn, and in understanding the mechanism of this resistance.     

广西甘蔗间种玉米的种植密度比较试验

甘蔗糖业在广西的工农业生产中占有重要的地位,是广西经济的支柱产业之一,玉米也是广西种植面积较大的作物。甘蔗地间种玉米可以增加复种指数,增加单位面积的经济效益,在人多地少的广西尤为重要。为解决玉米与甘蔗争地的矛盾,找出一种甘蔗间种玉米的最佳模式供生产上应用,进行了玉米12000、15000、18000、21000、24000株/hm2等5种不同种植密度及种植方式的比较试验。结果表明,玉米种单穴单株比种单穴双株的产量高。玉米密度越大,甘蔗产量越低,以21000株/hm2的密度总体效益最好。     

COVER CROPS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION

Cover crops are important components of sustainable agricultural systems. They increase surface residue and aid in the reduction of soil erosion. They improve the structure and water-holding capacity of the soil and thus increase the effectiveness of applied N fertilizer. Legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover fix nitrogen and contribute to the nitrogen requirements of subsequent crops. Cover crops can also suppress weeds, provide suitable habitat for beneficial predator insects, and act as non-host crops for nematodes and other pests in crop rotations. This paper reviews the agronomic and economic literature on using cover crops in sustainable food production and reports on past and present research on cover crops and sustainable agriculture at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Maryland. Previous studies suggested that the profitability of cover crops is primarily the result of enhanced crop yields rather than reduced input costs. The experiments at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center on fresh-market tomato production showed that tomatoes grown with hairy vetch mulch were higher yielding and more profitable than those grown with black polyethylene and no mulch system. Previous studies of cover crops in grain production indicated that legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover are more profitable than grass cover crops such as rye or wheat because of the ability of legumes to contribute N to the following crop. A comparative analysis of four reduced-tillage corn based cropping systems at the Sustainable Agricultural Demonstration site showed that the cover crop system with corn following hairy vetch produced the largest average gross margin, followed by the conventional no-tillage system, a manure-based system, and a crown vetch living mulch system. The EPIC model to simulate the long-term economic and environmental impacts of incorporating cover crops into grain production systems in mid-Atlantic states was used. Results based on 60 simulation years indicated that there are tradeoffs between the competing objectives of increased profitability, lower soil erosion, and reduced nutrient and pesticide hazards to surface and groundwater supplies. A corn/soybean two-year rotation was found to be the most profitable, while the cover crop system and the manure system were found to be the most environmentally sound.     

COVER CROPS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION

Cover crops are important components of sustainable agricultural systems. They increase surface residue and aid in the reduction of soil erosion. They improve the structure and water-holding capacity of the soil and thus increase the effectiveness of applied N fertilizer. Legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover fix nitrogen and contribute to the nitrogen requirements of subsequent crops. Cover crops can also suppress weeds, provide suitable habitat for beneficial predator insects, and act as non-host crops for nematodes and other pests in crop rotations. This paper reviews the agronomic and economic literature on using cover crops in sustainable food production and reports on past and present research on cover crops and sustainable agriculture at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Maryland. Previous studies suggested that the profitability of cover crops is primarily the result of enhanced crop yields rather than reduced input costs. The experiments at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center on fresh-market tomato production showed that tomatoes grown with hairy vetch mulch were higher yielding and more profitable than those grown with black polyethylene and no mulch system. Previous studies of cover crops in grain production indicated that legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover are more profitable than grass cover crops such as rye or wheat because of the ability of legumes to contribute N to the following crop. A comparative analysis of four reduced-tillage corn based cropping systems at the Sustainable Agricultural Demonstration site showed that the cover crop system with corn following hairy vetch produced the largest average gross margin, followed by the conventional no-tillage system, a manure-based system, and a crown vetch living mulch system. The EPIC model to simulate the long-term economic and environmental impacts of incorporating cover crops into grain production systems in mid-Atlantic states was used. Results based on 60 simulation years indicated that there are tradeoffs between the competing objectives of increased profitability, lower soil erosion, and reduced nutrient and pesticide hazards to surface and groundwater supplies. A corn/soybean two-year rotation was found to be the most profitable, while the cover crop system and the manure system were found to be the most environmentally sound.     

从板栗现状看食品工业与农业的关系

板栗是我国重要的山区经济林之一,产量居世界第一位。板栗生产的出路在于发展深加工。本文论述了板栗保鲜和加工的技术问题。板栗生产的现状表明,只有解决了农产品的加工问题,才能巩固和发展农业生产,从而推动食品工业的发展。     

Coupling of soil regeneration,food security,and nutrition outcomes in Andean subsistence agroecosystems

To sustain the livelihoods of smallholder farmers globally, improved human nutrition must not sacrifice future agroecosystem productivity. We gathered environmental, agricultural management, food security (FS), and normalized child height for age (HAZ; children age < 2y) data from 297 farming households to test whether enhanced FS and nutrition goals can be aligned with agroecosystem maintenance in Andean farming systems that rely heavily on the local environment. Our results demonstrate many expected relationships between environment, agriculture, and nutrition in these communities’ households, for example between ecosystem biomass production and manuring rates, between total household crop production and FS, and between HAZ and child diet diversity. However, increased FS status evaluated by households was unrelated to HAZ as an indicator of nutrition status. By contrast, better child nutrition and feeding practices in some households were associated not with total production but with farming practices that sustain soils and secure higher per-hectare crop yields: longer fallows, greater crop diversity, and smaller cropped areas. These results may be explained by the tendency for agricultural practices correlated with household food insecurity (e.g. reduced manure inputs, greater cropped area) to increase labor and impede appropriate feeding and child nutrition while they accelerate environmental degradation. Crop production imperatives for food supply can thus degrade soils without delivering improved nutrition. Meanwhile, more sustainable practices in households with better child nutrition (e.g. smaller, better-manured crop areas) may address time barriers to effective care and feeding. We discuss challenges and opportunities based on these results for meeting both nutrition and environmental goals.     

Corn in the developing world and the international maize and wheat improvement center

Abstract

Native to Mesoamerica, corn has spread worldwide and is grown over a larger geographical range than any other cereal and in a greater variety of ecological niches. In developing countries the crop is cultivated in lowland tropical, subtropical, midaltitude, and highland environments. It is a staple food in Latin America and many countries of Africa, and is used in animal feed and fodder throughout the developing world. Growth in developing‐country corn production has increased steadily since 1951, although more slowly than demand. World prices are below the long‐term average and falling. As a result of rising populations and growth in income, the demand for corn in developing countries is expected to increase at more than 2.5% annually for the remainder of this decade and at an even higher rate in subsequent years. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is a nonprofit research and training organization that works with the agricultural research systems of some 100 countries in the developing world to increase the productivity of resources committed to corn and wheat there, while protecting natural resources. In the case of corn, since 1966 this collaborative effort has resulted in the spread of improved varieties and hybrids to about 8 million hectares, or half the area planted to improved varieties from the public sector in developing countries (excluding temperate zones). The research agenda of CIMMYT's Maize Program includes breeding for host plant resistance to important constraints of corn in the developing world, the conservation and utilization of corn genetic resources, and crop and natural resource management. In addition, the program offers germplasm and technical support for national programs or private companies that conduct research on quality protein corn.     

Is production intensification likely to make farm households food-adequate? A simple food availability analysis across smallholder farming systems from East and West Africa

Despite considerable development investment, food insecurity remains prevalent throughout East and West Africa. The concept of ‘sustainable intensification’ of agricultural production has been promoted as a means to meet growing food needs in these regions. However, inadequate attention has been given to assessing whether benefits from intensification would be realized by farm households considering highly diverse resource endowments, household and farm characteristics, and agroecological contexts. In this study, we apply a simple energy-based index of food availability to 1800 households from research sites in 7 countries in East and West Africa to assess the food availability status of each of these households and to quantify the contribution of different on- and off-farm activities to food availability. We estimate the effects of two production intensification strategies on food availability: increased cereal crop production from crop-based options, and increased production of key livestock products from livestock-based options. These two options are contrasted with a third strategy: increased off-farm income for each household from broader socioeconomic-based options. Using sensitivity analysis, each strategy is tested against baseline values via incremental production increases. Baseline results exhibit considerable diversity within and across sites in household food availability status and livelihood strategies. Interventions represented in the crop and livestock options may primarily benefit food-adequate and marginally food-inadequate households, and have little impact on the most food-inadequate households. The analysis questions what production intensification can realistically achieve for East and West African smallholders, and how intensification strategies must be augmented with transformational strategies to reach the poorest households.     

Corn ethanol production, food exports, and indirect land use change

The approximately 100 million tonne per year increase in the use of corn to produce ethanol in the U.S. over the past 10 years, and projections of greater future use, have raised concerns that reduced exports of corn (and other agricultural products) and higher commodity prices would lead to land-use changes and, consequently, negative environmental impacts in other countries. The concerns have been driven by agricultural and trade models, which project that large-scale corn ethanol production leads to substantial decreases in food exports, increases in food prices, and greater deforestation globally. Over the past decade, the increased use of corn for ethanol has been largely matched by the increased corn harvest attributable mainly to increased yields. U.S. exports of corn, wheat, soybeans, pork, chicken, and beef either increased or remained unchanged. Exports of distillers' dry grains (DDG, a coproduct of ethanol production and a valuable animal feed) increased by more than an order of magnitude to 9 million tonnes in 2010. Increased biofuel production may lead to intensification (higher yields) and extensification (more land) of agricultural activities. Intensification and extensification have opposite impacts on land use change. We highlight the lack of information concerning the magnitude of intensification effects and the associated large uncertainties in assessments of the indirect land use change associated with corn ethanol.