Comparative analysis of the dissolution kinetics of galena in binary solutions of HCl/FeCl3 and HCl/H2O2

A comparative study of the dissolution kinetics of galena ore in binary solutions of FeCl3/HCl and H2O2/HCl has been undertaken.The dissolution kinetics of the galena was found to depend on leachant concentration,reaction temperature,stirring speed,solid-to-liquid ratio,and particle diameter.The dissolution rate of galena ore increases with the increase of leachant concentration,reaction temperature,and stirring speed,while it decreases with the increase of solid-to-liquid ratio and particle diameter.The ac...     

等温过程路基土体水分迁移特征分析

以沈哈高速铁路沿线的粘质黄土为研究对象,在恒温状态下进行了开放系统水分迁移试验,试验结果表明：在试件中引起水分迁移最主要的因素是基质势和重力势;土体中各点的含水体积分数从试件底部开始到试件顶部逐渐减小;毛细上升高度与时间呈幂函数增加关系,最终趋向于一个稳定数值;水通量与时间呈对数函数递减关系。基于上述试验,应用有限元法进行数值模拟的结果表明：含水量计算值与试验值基本吻合,表明该模型可应用于模拟地下水在路基中的上升过程;在水分迁移的整个过程中,土中孔隙水压力由土柱底端向上逐渐减小;在水分迁移过程早期,土体内部孔隙水压力的变化比较明显且变化速率较快;随着时间的推移,在水分迁移过程后期土体内部孔隙水压力的分布变化不明显且变化速率较小,当渗流稳定时,孔隙水压力沿着试样高度呈线性分布。     

东北粘质黄土有害毛细上升高度预测研究

以沈哈高速铁路沿线的粘质黄土为研究对象,在恒温状态下进行了开放系统水分迁移试验,试验结果表明:随着时间的推移,湿润锋面由底部逐渐向上迁移,含水量也由试件的底部向顶部逐渐减小,试验结束时土柱中的含水量基本表现出由底部向顶部逐渐减小的趋势.基于上述试验终态时刻土体体积含水量沿试样高度的分布,利用灰色理论预测模型GM(1,1)并结合室内冻胀敏感性试验资料确定出了东北粘质黄土的有害毛细上升高度约为1.12 m.在此基础之上,结合长春地区的最大冻深资料,计算出要保证粘质黄土不产生冻胀,其距离地下水位的最小高度约为2.92 m.     

基于非饱和大孔隙流双重介质模型的浸水边坡水力响应数值模拟

受地形限制,大量公路、铁路等常出现沿库与沿河线,水位变化是引起库岸滑坡的重要因素。目前边坡渗流研究多集中在非饱和均匀流,对大孔隙边坡非平衡流方面研究仍显滞后。为此,以福建省某一典型库区边坡为例,对比了水位上升时考虑非饱和渗流和非饱和大孔隙流时边坡水分场和稳定系数随时间的变化规律,并分析了水位上升速率（v）、大孔隙域水力传导系数（Ksf）、两域交界处水力传导系数（Ksa）、土粒中心至大孔隙边界距离（a）、大孔隙体积占比（wf）等对大孔隙边坡稳定系数的影响规律及权重。研究结果表明：水位上升中,非饱和渗流下边坡内部基质域含水率明显小于非饱和大孔隙渗流下边坡内部基质域含水率。非饱和渗流条件下边坡浅层向内的水力坡度明显大于非饱和大孔隙流边坡且大孔隙边坡中相同位置基质域含水率远大于大孔隙域（最大达18.9倍）。两种渗流工况下,边坡稳定系数随水位上升均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并于同一水位（在最高蓄水位高程的一半附近）同时达到最小值。相同渗流工况下,且考虑非饱和大孔隙渗流边坡比考虑非饱和渗流边坡稳定系数更小。增加v、Ksf、a、wf或减少Ksa,坡内两域间水分交换减弱,水分将快速运移至坡体深处,引起地下水位上升,促使边坡稳定性最大降幅达17.7％。v、Ksf和wf对边坡稳定影响占权重较大且相当,Ksa和a所占权重较小且约为前者一半。     

2D FEM analysis for coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-migratory processes in near field of hypothetical nuclear waste repository

In order to consider the influence of temperature and stress fields on the migration of radioactive nuclide with underground water movement, an elastoplastic model and a 2D FEM code for analysis of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in saturated and unsaturated porous media were extended and improved through introducing the percolation and migration equation, so that the code can be used for solving the temperature field, flow field, stress field and nuclide concentration field simultaneously. The states of temperatures, pore pressures and nuclide concentrations in the near field of a hypothetical nuclear waste repository were investigated. The influence of the half life of the radioactive nuclide on the temporal change of nuclide concentration was analyzed considering the thermo-hydro-mechanical-migratory coupling. The results show that, at the boundary of the vitrified waste, the concentration of radioactive nuclide with a half life of 10 a falls after a period of rising, with the maximum value of 0.182 mol/m3 and the minimum value of 0.181 mol/m3 at the end of computation. For a half life of 1 000 a, the concentration of radioactive nuclide always increases with the increase of the time during the computation period; and the maximum value is 1.686 mol/m3 at the end of the computation. Therefore, under the condition of THM coupling, the concentration of radioactive nuclide with a shorter half life will decrease more quickly with water flow; but for the radioactive nuclide with a longer half life, its concentration will keep at a higher level for a longer time in the migration process.     

河北省非饱和土深基坑稳定性研究

为了研究河北省非饱和土深基坑的稳定性,首先采用三轴试验对不同含水量土样的抗剪强度参数进行了测定,探究土样含水量与抗剪强度参数的关系.然后,以河北省非饱和土基坑工程为例,对含水量不同的非饱和土深基坑边坡的稳定性进行了分析.研究结果表明:含水量变化对非饱和土的粘聚力有较大的影响,随着含水量的增加,土的抗剪强度参数降低,使得相同状态下基坑边坡的稳定安全系数呈现出明显的下降趋势.     

东北黑土区非饱和土壤水分运动数值模拟研究

根据非饱和土壤水分运动基本理论,建立一维运动数学模型,采用有限差分法计算,对东北黑土区非饱和土壤水分一维运动进行数值模拟研究。经Warrick试验验证,模拟结果和实际测量值的相对误差小于0.001,该模型可以模拟东北黑土区非饱和土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布情况。     

铜山铜矿分段凿岩阶段矿房嗣后充填采矿法工艺优化研究

根据铜山铜矿矿体赋存状态，改进了分段凿岩阶段矿房嗣后充填采矿法矿块结构参数，并采用铲运机堑沟出矿，降低了矿石损失率，提高了矿块生产能力．     

饱和度对砾质土性质影响三轴试验研究

对糯扎渡土石坝心墙砾质土料进行了不同饱和度条件下三轴不固结不排水剪切试验,对非饱和砾质土的应力应变及强度特性进行了研究。结果表明,相同围压下,试样的变形模量随着含水率增大而逐渐减小;试样的强度随着含水率的增加而减小;试样的粘聚力和内摩擦角均随含水率增加而线性减小,且粘聚力比内摩擦角减小幅度较明显。     

Techniques of copper recovery from Mexican copper oxide ore

Mexican copper ore is a mixed ore containing mainly copper oxide and some copper sulfide that responds well to flotation. The joint techniques of flotation and leaching were studied. The results indicate that an ore containing 19.01% copper could be obtained at a recovery ratio of 35.02% by using sodium sulfide and butyl xanthate flotation. Over 83.33% of the copper oxide can be recovered from the tailings by leaching in suitable conditions, such as 1 h stirring at a temperature around 25 ℃ with a mixing speed of 500 r/min, an H2SO4 concentration of 1.0 mol/L and a mass ratio of the ore-slurry-liquid to solid (mL/mS) of 3. The overall yield of refined ore after flotation and leaching is over 89.18% of the copper, which is much better than sole flotation or leaching. A copper product containing more than 99.9% copper was obtained by using the process: flotation-agitation leaching-solvent extraction-electro-winning.     

基于有限体积法的地表径流与土壤水流耦合分析

为了考虑强降雨条件下地表径流对土体入渗的影响,将地表径流模型同土壤水流模型进行耦合分析. 采用Navier-Stokes方程模拟地表径流,采用Richards方程模拟土壤水流,2种方程均采用有限体积法求解. 在相同计算条件下,将耦合模型数值模拟结果与SEEP/W计算结果进行对比,以验证耦合模型的正确性,根据耦合模型计算边坡在强降雨条件下的入渗情况. 研究发现,在地表径流条件下,边坡坡顶和坡底水头相差较大,坡顶和坡底入渗深度存在明显差异,说明地表径流对土体的入渗有着较大的提高. 研究表明,随着地表径流的增强,土坡入渗强度提高.     

Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of blast furnace copper staves

Much attention has been paid to copper staves because they have excellent performance and longevity. The hot test of copper staves was carded out using all-scale stave experiment system and according to the results, the temperature distribution and heat charac-teristics were studied. The result shows that copper stave possesses outstanding heat transfer ability, a well-distributed temperature field and low temperature on the hot side. In addition, a model was established to calculate the cooling water channels‘ inner face temperature.The calculation results indicates that the highest temperature of the inner wall of the channels is 42℃, and at the same time, the cold side of the stave temperature is 42-43℃. That is to say, the temperature in the stave is quite uniform.     

高含水率吹填淤泥自然沉降规律

通过对4种不同吹填土开展室内自然沉降模型试验,探讨高含水率吹填土自然沉降规律。试验结果表明,随着初始含水率的增加,沉降曲线可分为固结沉降与沉积沉降;当泥浆的初始含水率大于土形成含水率时,泥浆在试验初始时刻处于沉积状态,泥浆的沉降过程经历絮凝、阻碍沉降、自重固结3个阶段;当泥浆的初始含水率小于土形成含水率时,泥浆在试验的初始时刻处于固结状态,并在自重作用下固结沉降。对于黏性土,阻碍沉降时的沉降速率随初始含水率及土样液限的增加而增加,土形成含水率为液限的9倍,自然沉降稳定时间则随相对初始含水率的增大而减小,随液限的增大而增大。对于粉质土,土形成含水率约为液限的3倍,并且自然沉降稳定时间显著小于黏性土的。     

Factors Influencing Conversion of Pyritic Sulfur in Coal by Microwave Irradiation

The high sulfur coal from southwest of China was used to examine the influence of different factors such as irradiation time, particle size of coal, and leachant (Na2CO3, NaOH and CuC12.2H20)on the conversion rate of pyrite to pyrrhotite by microwave irradiation. Single factor experiment was performed firstly, then orthogonal test method was used to explore these factors. The result shows that the optimal treating conditions for the conversion are a treatment time of 3 rain, a particle size from 0.086 mm to 0.102 mm, and a favorable leachant of sodium hydroxide. Under these conditions the conversion rate of pyrite can reach 45.7 %.     

饱和—非饱和填埋场衬垫系统中水渗流规律的数值模拟

采用饱和—非饱和渗流场数学模型,通过室内试验测得的黏土渗透系数并运用数值模拟手段研究饱和—非饱和填埋场衬垫系统中水渗流规律。数值模拟结果分析表明：在饱和渗流场中水的运移速度明显大于处于非饱和状态下的运移速度,并导致在相同位置衬垫层处产生不同的压力水头,且随着时间的变化,非饱和渗流场下的压力水头远远小于饱和状态下的数值;此外,还验证了工程实际中采用渗透系数为10-7cm/s数量级黏土衬垫系统的合理性。该研究为分析渗滤液水分运移规律时采用非饱和渗流场提供理论数据,并验证所推荐的填埋场衬垫系统土工参数的正确性。     

坡面径流对斜坡散粒体稳定性影响的试验分析

坡面径流是松散介质斜坡上颗粒发生搬运滚动的水动力条件。为研究坡面径流对斜坡散粒体颗粒稳定性的影响,开展室内水槽冲刷试验。试验设置3种粒径和4种坡度,通过高清摄像捕获斜坡散粒体受水流冲刷起动过程,获得不同条件下颗粒冲刷起动的临界径流水深h_cr。实验结果表明：在同一粒径条件下,起动水深h_cr随着斜坡坡度的增大而减小;而在同一坡度条件下,起动水深h_cr随着粒径的增大,出现先增大后减小的情况,这主要是由于随着颗粒粒径的增大,坡体的渗透性增强,在水流的渗透作用下,颗粒更容易发生运移造成的。为合理解释实验现象,建立斜坡径流-渗流耦合模型来分析坡面径流条件下颗粒的稳定性变化情况,通过将水流的流速特征与土颗粒的受力起动特性结合起来,给出临界水深h_cr的理论表达式,其主要受颗粒粒径、颗粒比重、孔隙率、坡体渗透率和斜坡坡度等因素共同控制。通过将实验结果与计算结果进一步对比发现,在同一粒径区间内,临界水深h_cr的实测值与理论值均随坡度的增大而减小,而理论值与实测值之间的相对误差随坡度的增大而增大,但其均控制在35%以内,并对产生该误差的原因进行了分析。为修正实测值与计算值之间的误差,应用MATLAB的神经网络模块对数据进行拟合,建立含两个神经网络结构的临界水深h_cr修正公式,精度较高。     

重金属在废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化体系内的迁移

采用径向动态浸出实验（rDLT）研究了含废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化朋急定样品内部重金属铅、铜、锌的氢氧化物的迁移行为，发现重金属在酸溶液作用下虽然会从样品内部向外迁移，但不同重金属的迁移规律各不相同。其中铅会在靠近固液界面的区域富集而不会及时进入外界浸出液，铜的富集区域远大于铅，锌基本不会富集而被直接浸出。在固化／稳定体系中添加Ca（OH）2可以有效阻碍锌的浸出。     

东川汤丹难选氧化铜矿微波辐照——常规浮选实验

本实验是在不改变现有工艺流程和现有设备的基础上,将微波这一新技术应用在选矿领域,对进入浮选机的难选氧化铜矿预先进行微波幅照硫化,再进行常规铜矿浮选,探索新的处理方法.结果表明,当用硫化钠作为硫化剂时,在微波辐照硫化时间较短时,对铜精矿的品位有一定的提高.     

Experimental study on preferential solution flow during dump leaching of low-grade ores

The phenomenon of preferential solution flow during dump leaching of low-grade ores was studied.The formative mechanism of preferential solution flow was investigated through analyzing the relationship between permeability and ore diameter,and the relationship between surface tension and ore diameter.The preferential solution flow happened within the fine ore area when the dump was unsaturated.And it could happen within the coarse ore area when the dump became saturated.The results of experiment show that the outflow of coarse ore area increases sharply with higher applied rate.The outflow of fine ore area is greater than that of coarse ore area when the applied rate is below 3.2 L/min,and the preferential solution flow happens in fine ore area.But the preferential solution flow happens in coarse ore area when the applied rate is higher than 3.2 L/min.The result of the experiment is consistent with the mechanism analyzing.     

考虑裂隙-岩块间水交换的单裂隙非饱和渗流数值模拟

为了研究单裂隙非饱和渗流的水力特性,根据裂隙面分形维数、裂隙面位错值和面积接触率,提出了采用随机布朗函数生成裂隙开度分布的方法;基于裂隙局域立方定理成立的假定,并考虑裂隙-岩块间拟稳态水交换,建立了单裂隙非饱和渗流数值分析模型。模拟得到的裂隙毛细压力-饱和度以及非饱和渗透系数-毛细压力的关系曲线能够反映排水、吸水间的滞后性及体现排水时的进气值和残余水饱和度。模拟结果与试验结果的定性对比表明,建立的模型可为考虑裂隙-岩块间水交换的单裂隙非饱和渗流模拟提供合理可行的方法。最后对比了考虑与不考虑裂隙-岩块间水交换的裂隙非饱和渗透系数-毛细压力关系曲线,结果表明,在高毛细压力(低饱和度)下,可忽略裂隙-岩块间的水交换。