钢丝的锌粉热镀锌法及助镀剂的研究

本文提出用锌粉直接为钢丝表面镀锌的新工艺,克服了传统热镀锌工艺中频繁更换锌锅、锌液等弊端.锌粉热镀锌法的关键是助镀剂,文中提出的松香-酒精系列助镀剂可以得到高质量的镀层.     

钢基热浸镀锌铝合金的研究

为进一步提高镀锌层质量和耐腐蚀能力,通过在传统热浸镀锌中添加少量铝,获得了钢基热镀锌铝合金层。研究了钢基热浸镀锌铝合金镀过程中,助镀剂的组成,镀液温度、浸镀时间、钢基硅含量等因素对镀层厚度的影响,获得了一种耐腐蚀性好,结合力强和光滑的热镀锌铝合金层,该锌铝合金镀层与镀锌层相比,在二氧化硫气氛中的耐腐蚀能力有很大的提高。     

稀土在金属表面处理工艺中的应用技术(6)——稀土热浸镀锌

稀土在热浸镀锌工艺中的应用包括2个方面:热镀锌工件下锌锅前助镀时加入助镀剂中;加入熔融锌液中进行热浸镀锌.对这2个方面的应用试验表明,稀土在热浸镀锌工艺中的应用可以改善镀锌液的流动性,减少工件的上锌量,避免和减少厚边的产生;能净化热镀锌液,减少锌瘤和锌灰的产生,降低锌的无效损失;能提高钢铁件表面对锌的吸附性和结合力,提高热镀锌工件的整体耐腐蚀性和表面光洁度.同时简要介绍了稀土热镀锌的实际使用操作技术和注意事项.     

低合金高强度结构钢预镀镍后热镀锌的镀层组织研究

研究了含0.38%Si(质量分数)的Q345钢预镀镍后热镀锌时镀层的生长和组织形成。结果表明:预镀一薄层镍可有效抑制含Si>0.3%的低合金高强度结构钢热镀锌时生成超厚、表面灰暗的锌层,镍层越厚,锌层生长越慢。在浸锌时,镀镍层先与Zn反应生成Ni Zn合金相γ,和γ,镍层消耗完后,出现Fe Zn合金相δ和Ni Zn合金相δ2,最后Ni Zn相消失,镀层为连续的δ相和分散在η相中的块状ζ相;Ni Zn相形成连续致密的层状组织是抑制锌层快速生长的主要原因。     

锌浴温度对0.49%Si活性钢热浸镀锌层组织的影响

研究了高硅钢(0.49%Si,质量分数)在不同浸镀温度(440,480,520,560,600℃)和不同浸镀时间(1,3,5,10min)下的热镀锌试样镀层组织,探讨了浸镀温度和浸锌时间对镀层组织的影响。SEM/EDS结果表明:440℃和480℃热镀锌,镀层由薄而连续δ层和破碎的块状ζ相组成,无Γ相。ζ相生长过快,镀层过厚、灰暗、黏附性差,镀层生长主要由界面反应机制控制;520℃热镀锌时,镀层由极薄的Γ层、致密δk层和疏松的δp层组成,镀层生长主要受扩散机制控制;560℃和600℃镀锌时,镀层为Γ层和致密的δ相层,部分δ粒子弥散分布在η层中,镀层生长为扩散机制控制并伴随有显著的δ溶解过程。最佳高温镀锌温度应在520~560℃。     

热浸镀锌池中的Bi对Q235钢和Q345钢硅反应性的作用

目前，有关热浸镀锌池中Bi对含硅钢硅反应性的作用尚不明确。将Q235钢和Q345钢在纯锌池及含Bi的锌池中热浸镀，研究熔池中Bi对硅反应性的作用。结果表明：锌池中单独加入Bi对镀层厚度无影响，不能克服硅反应性现象，镀层组织仍然具有硅反应性组织的特征；同时加入Bi和Ni，对低含硅量的Q235钢的硅反应性有一定的抑制，但对高含硅量的Q345钢的硅反应性没有抑制。     

锌浴中加锡对0.37%Si钢热浸镀锌的影响

为避免热镀锌时含硅活性钢形成表面灰暗、超厚而粘附性差的镀层,研究了0.37%Si钢在含锡量分别为0,3%,5%,7%和12%(质量分数)的锌浴中浸镀不同时间时镀锌层的生长及组织变化.结果表明,在锌浴中加入一定量的锡以后,镀层的超厚生长得到了抑制.当锡含量小于5%时,抑制效果随锡量增加而增加,当锡含量大于5%时,抑制效果随锡量增加不再明显增加.在锌浴中加5%锡以后,高硅钢的镀层中的δ层变厚而非常致密,ζ层显著变薄并由疏松的块状变为排列整齐的柱状晶.基于镀层中微区成分分析结果,锌浴加锡抑镀层快速生长的原因是由于在ζ层的前沿形成了一个阻碍铁锌互扩散的富锡区.     

合金元素锑对热浸镀锌层组织的影响

热浸镀锌中合金元素锑的含量对镀层性能有极大的影响,但对其添加量目前尚无统一标准.对硅含量为0.049%的Q215工业用钢在含0.04%,0.10%,0.30%,0.80%,1.20%Sb的锌池中浸镀0.5～5.0 min获得锌镀层,研究了锌池中添加微量锑对钢铁热镀锌的影响.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等测试方法分析了浸镀时间、锌池中锑含量对热浸镀锌合金层组织和厚度的影响.结果表明:添加少量(0.30%以下)的锑对合金层的组织无影响,随浸镀时间延长,镀层厚度呈线性增加;当锌池中添加0.80%Sb以后,合金层组织显著改变,化合物粒子变大,镀层耐蚀性变差;锌池中以锑添加量0.10%～0.30%为佳.     

热浸镀锌助镀工艺的研究与应用

热镀锌层质量及热镀锌过程中的锌耗成本与热镀锌的助镀工艺密切相关.通过对热镀锌助镀工艺的研究,阐述了热镀锌助镀作用机理,给出了钢铁制件热镀锌时助镀液的有效成分范围及工艺参数为:氯化锌铵200～400 g/L,铵锌比1.2～1.6,w(氯化亚铁)＜1%,pH值4～5,温度60～80 ℃,并分析了助镀液浓度、成分配比、铁盐含量、pH值和温度等因素对热镀锌的影响.结果表明,要获得良好镀锌质量及较低的生产成本,必须对热镀锌助镀液成分及工艺条件进行严格控制.     

锌镍合金在钢制件热镀锌中的应用

在钢制件热浸镀锌液中加入0．06％－0．10％的锌镍合金（2％Ni）,可有效防止含硅量高的镇静钢在常规热镀锌中镀层超厚、粘附性差及表面质量差的问题,并能降低生产成本,其工艺与常规热镀锌一样,具有推广价值。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...