Coding for meteor burst communications

The use of error correction coding for meteor burst communications is discussed. The cutoff rate is derived for a meteor burst channel model which assumes that the received signal amplitude decays exponentially. The message error rate of a coded system, obtained by means of computer simulation, is compared to that of an uncoded system. A tight upper bound on the performance of the coded system is presented. It is shown that coding can reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for reliable communications via meteor bursts by many decibels. The coding gain is larger at shorter communication ranges where meteor trails, decay faster. It is also shown that the additional improvement achieved by providing the decoder with side information on the instantaneous level of the received signal is small     

流星余迹通信信道统计特性及模型仿真

流星余迹通信不同于传统的通信,它是低速率通信,具有突发、不连续以及不定时的特性。流星余迹通信的复杂性要求有必要对其通信信道进行研究。可用流星率、占空比、平均持续期、等待时间和通信通过量是影响流星余迹通信信道性能的重要参数。根据偶发流星日心空间和地心空间的几何关系,得到了流星突发通信信道参数预测模型;并对流星通信链路观测的数据进行统计分析,得到流星余迹通信信道的各参数,预测结果和通信链路观测结果比较一致,为流星通信系统的建立提供了技术支持。     

Burst error correction in high-speed digital mobile radio communications

In high-speed digital mobile radio communication, transmission performance is severely degraded by frequency-selective fading caused by the delay time spread of multipath propagation. Forward error correction (FEC) is one of the most effective techniques to improve transmission quality. The authors evaluate the effect of FEC on burst errors under frequency-selective fading. The FEC effect with diversity reception and interleaving is also investigated.<>     

Experimental Study on 42.7-Gb/s Forward-Error-Correction Performance Under Burst Errors

We describe a novel method to experimentally investigate the performances of forward-error-correction (FEC) codes in the presence of burst errors with various burst length and duty cycle. Using this method, we observe that the coding gains of two commercial 42.7-Gb/s FEC codes are greatly reduced by long and dense error bursts. A correlation between the FEC performance and the FEC burst-error correction length is clearly shown. In addition, the measurement also shows an increase in coding gain in cases with certain short error bursts as compared to the reference case of steady-state white Gaussian noise.     

Performance modeling of FEC‐based unequal error protection for H.264/AVC video streaming over burst‐loss channels

Unequal error protection systems are a popular technique for video streaming. Forward error correction (FEC) is one of error control techniques to improve the quality of video streaming over lossy channels. Moreover, frame‐level FEC techniques have been proposed for video streaming because of different priority video frames within the transmission rate constraint on a Bernoulli channel. However, various communication and storage systems are likely corrupted by bursts of noise in the current wireless behavior. If the burst losses go beyond the protection capacity of FEC, the efficacy of FEC can be degraded. Therefore, our proposed model allows an assessment of the perceived quality of H.264/AVC video streaming over bursty channels, and is validated by simulation experiments on the NS‐2 network simulator at a given estimate of the packet loss ratio and average burst length. The results suggest a useful reference in designing the FEC scheme for video applications, and as the video coding and channel parameters are given, the proposed model can provide a more accurate evaluation tool for video streaming over bursty channels and help to evaluate the impact of FEC performance on different burst‐loss parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small‐block interleaving for low‐delay cross‐packet forward error correction over burst‐loss channels

By adding the redundant packets into source packet block, cross‐packet forward error correction (FEC) scheme performs error correction across packets and can recover both congestion packet loss and wireless bit errors accordingly. Because cross‐packet FEC typically trades the additional latency to combat burst losses in the wireless channel, this paper presents a FEC enhancement scheme using the small‐block interleaving technique to enhance cross‐packet FEC with the decreased delay and improved good‐put. Specifically, adopting short block size is effective in reducing FEC processing delay, whereas the corresponding effect of lower burst‐error correction capacity can be compensated by deliberately controlling the interleaving degree. The main features include (i) the proposed scheme that operates in the post‐processing manner to be compatible with the existing FEC control schemes and (ii) to maximize the data good‐put in lossy networks; an analytical FEC model is built on the interleaved Gilbert‐Elliott channel to determine the optimal FEC parameters. The simulation results show that the small‐block interleaved FEC scheme significantly improves the video streaming quality in lossy channels for delay‐sensitive video. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FEC Performance Analysis Based on Poisson and Bursty Error Patterns for SDH and OTN Systems

This paper analyses and compares the performance of International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommended forward error correction (FEC) for the Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) system and the newly ratified Optical transport network (OTN) system. The analysis and comparison are based on simulation results using Poisson and bursty error patterns. While a Poisson error pattern is a commonly studied environment for these systems, a bursty error pattern is not. The simulation results show that the FEC for both SDH and OTN support Poisson errors well. However, for bursty errors, it is found that the FEC for SDH does not work well, while the FEC for OTN is working well for short burst length only.     

基于速率自适应流星余迹通信设计

针对随机突发并且接收信号多数以指数衰减的流星余迹信道来说,研究链路自适应技术以达到充分利用流星余迹信道资源就显得尤为重要。深入研究了流星余迹突发通信的传播机理和信道的随机特性,从理论上经过分析计算证明了采用自适应变速率技术可以显著改善和提高流星突发通信性能,在此研究基础上提出了基于流星余迹动态信道估计的流星余迹自适应变速率通信技术解决方案。     

Rate-distortion optimized hybrid error control for real-time packetized video transmission.

The problem of application-layer error control for real-time video transmission over packet lossy networks is commonly addressed via joint source-channel coding (JSCC), where source coding and forward error correction (FEC) are jointly designed to compensate for packet losses. In this paper, we consider hybrid application-layer error correction consisting of FEC and retransmissions. The study is carried out in an integrated joint source-channel coding (IJSCC) framework, where error resilient source coding, channel coding, and error concealment are jointly considered in order to achieve the best video delivery quality. We first show the advantage of the proposed IJSCC framework as compared to a sequential JSCC approach, where error resilient source coding and channel coding are not fully integrated. In the USCC framework, we also study the performance of different error control scenarios, such as pure FEC, pure retransmission, and their combination. Pure FEC and application layer retransmissions are shown to each achieve optimal results depending on the packet loss rates and the round-trip time. A hybrid of FEC and retransmissions is shown to outperform each component individually due to its greater flexibility.     

FEC performance in multimedia streaming

The performance of packet-level media-independent forward error correction (FEC) schemes are computed in terms of both packet loss ratio and average burst length of multimedia data after error recovery. The set of equations leading to the analytical formulation of both parameters are first given for a renewal error process. Finally, the FEC performance parameters are computed for a Gilbert (1960) model loss process and compared to various experimental data     

Hybrid Error Control Using Retransmission and Generalized Burst-Trapping Codes

On most real channels hybrid error control schemes are expected to provide a throughput higher than that of automatic repeatrequest (ARQ) systems and a reliability better than forward error correction (FEC) systems. On compound channels, channels with a mixture of random and burst errors, generalized burst-trapping (GBT) codes seem to be quite effective for FEC. In this paper, a hybrid scheme with Go BackNARQ as the retransmission component and GBT code as the FEC component, is described. Its performance is analyzed in terms of throughput efficiency and undetected error probability and is compared with that of a forward-acting GBT code. Numerical calculations of the parameters are presented to illustrate the performance.     

Deploying AL-FEC protection with online algorithms for multicast services over cellular networks

Reliability control is a key concern on the evolution of mobile multicast services. To this direction, the use of forward error correction (FEC) on the application layer is widely adopted in several mobile multicast standards. FEC is a feedback free error control method, where the transmitter introduces in advance redundant information within the source data to enable receivers recovering arbitrary data erasures. On multicast delivery where retransmission-based error recovery methods are not efficient, the most suitable error control method is the use of application layer forward error correction (AL-FEC) codes. In this work, we introduce novel AL-FEC deployment policies over mobile multicast environments utilizing online algorithms. We aim at the efficient application of AL-FEC protection with RaptorQ codes over multicast delivery in the context of competitive analysis. We provide a competitiveness analysis model of AL-FEC application over mobile multicast environments. Furthermore, we propose two online algorithms adjusting the introduced redundancy of AL-FEC protection according to several FEC encoding parameters and constraints of mobile multicast delivery.     

Protocol design for scalable and reliable group rekeying

We present the design and specification of a protocol for scalable and reliable group rekeying together with performance evaluation results. The protocol is based upon the use of key trees for secure groups and periodic batch rekeying. At the beginning of each rekey interval, the key server sends a rekey message to all users consisting of encrypted new keys (encryptions, in short) carried in a sequence of packets. We present a scheme for identifying keys, encryptions, and users, and a key assignment algorithm that ensures that the encryptions needed by a user are in the same packet. Our protocol provides reliable delivery of new keys to all users eventually. It also attempts to deliver new keys to all users with a high probability by the end of the rekey interval. For each rekey message, the protocol runs in two steps: a multicast step followed by a unicast step. Proactive forward error correction (FEC) multicast is used to reduce delivery latency. Our experiments show that a small FEC block size can be used to reduce encoding time at the server without increasing server bandwidth overhead. Early transition to unicast, after at most two multicast rounds, further reduces the worst-case delivery latency as well as user bandwidth requirement. The key server adaptively adjusts the proactivity factor based upon past feedback information; our experiments show that the number of NACKs after a multicast round can be effectively controlled around a target number. Throughout the protocol design, we strive to minimize processing and bandwidth requirements for both the key server and users.     

Throughput analysis method for hybrid ARQ schemes over burst errorchannels

A definition of a burst error channel using a Markov model was presented by T. Sato et al. in a previous paper (1991). A throughput analysis method of hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) under the burst error channel using the three-state Markov model is described. The hybrid ARQ is studied for the random and burst error correction codes as the forward error correction (FEC) code, and multiframe rejection (MREJ) as the ARQ. The throughput efficiency is obtained with both an infinite buffer memory and a finite buffer memory. The applicable range of the burst error channel is clarified for the hybrid ARQ using random and burst error correction codes     

Communicating Via Meteor Burst at Short Ranges

This paper examines the relationship between range and performance of meteor burst communication systems. Three performance measures are considered: average duty cycle, average throughput for a system which transmits fixed length message packets at a fixed data rate, and waiting time to deliver a fixed length message. In particular, we examine the range dependence of the three measures at ranges of less than 400 km. It will he demonstrated that communication connectivity can be maintained at short ranges by a combination of efficient protocol and proper antenna pattern designs.     

Burst error performance encountered in digital land mobile radio channel

Burst error characteristics are studied by using a Rayleigh and Nakagami-Rice fading simulator. Burst error length distribution estimated with fade duration is described. Thus burst length shortening by means of dual frequency diversity is a promising candidate in order to introduce safely forward error correction (FEC) coding into digital land mobile communication systems.     

流星余迹信道建模与仿真分析

为检验流星余迹通信设备及软件在实战化环境中的应用效能,针对流星余迹通信信道规律复杂、实测代价高等问题,建立流星余迹信道仿真模型。通过对典型数学模型的深入研究,以欠密类流星余迹和过密类流星余迹信道模型为基础,融入了欠密类流星簇和多径信道两种特殊类型,按照概率论原理,建立了流星余迹信道混合模型,并结合流星余迹到达间隔模型,利用C++实现了流星余迹信道混合模型的仿真。该模型可生成包含单颗欠密类、单颗过密类、欠密类流星簇和多径信道等多种类型的复杂信道。仿真结果表明,所产生的流星余迹信道特征与实际信道基本相符,验证了该模型的可用性和合理性。     

Performance evaluation of forward error correction in an ATMenvironment

The loss behavior of a cell multiplexer and the performance of forward error correction (FEC) for two homogeneous and one heterogeneous traffic scenarios are discussed. The loss behavior depends on the statistics of the source and on the traffic scenario. Simulation results indicate that the percentage of cells lost in a block is geometrically distributed. Using these results a mathematical model for the performance of FEC is developed, and the effectiveness of FEC for the three traffic scenarios is computed. It is shown that FEC is not effective for the two homogeneous scenarios. However, FEC reduces the loss rate for the video sources by several orders of magnitude for a heterogeneous scenario consisting of video and burst sources     

突发信道下无线ATM的前向差错控制方案

在无线ATM网络中，无线信道的高误码率和突发特性要求对无线ATM信元进行较强的误码保护。本文提出了一种有效的前向差错控制（FEC）方案，对信元头采用较强的FEC，对信息域采用较弱的FEC，并针对信道特性和采用的前向差错控制编码的特点进行元头信元内交织，文中对无线ATM信元在突发信道下的信元丢失率和信元信息错误率进行了分析，仿真结果表明该方案在降低信元信息错误率的同时有效地降低了信元丢失率。     

Loss Tolerant Bandwidth Aggregation for Multihomed Video Streaming over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Bandwidth aggregation is a key research issue in integrating heterogeneous wireless networks, since it can substantially increase the throughput and reliability for enhancing streaming video quality. However, the burst loss in the unreliable wireless channels is a severely challenging problem which significantly degrades the effectiveness of bandwidth aggregation. Previous studies mainly address the critical problem by reactively increasing the forward error correction (FEC) redundancy. In this paper, we propose a loss tolerant bandwidth aggregation approach (LTBA), which proactively leverages the channel diversity in heterogeneous wireless networks to overcome the burst loss. First, we allocate the FEC packets according to the ‘loss-free’ bandwidth of each wireless network to the multihomed client. Second, we deliberately insert intervals between the FEC packets’ departures while still respecting the delay constraint. The proposed LTBA is able to reduce the consecutive packet loss under burst loss assumption. We carry out analysis to prove that the proposed LTBA outperforms the existing ‘back-to-back’ transmission schemes based on Gilbert loss model and continuous time Markov chain. We conduct the performance evaluation in Exata and emulation results show that LTBA outperforms the existing approaches in improving the video quality in terms of PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio).