食品中展青霉素的研究进展

展青霉素是由曲霉菌和青霉菌等真菌产生的次级代谢产物, 是广泛存在于水果(特别是霉变水果)、水果制品(果汁、果酱、果脯等)及谷物等食品中的天然污染物, 可以通过食物摄取的方法进入机体。展青霉素不仅具有免疫毒性和致畸性, 而且对人体多种器官都有毒害作用。展青霉素污染的食品(尤其是水果及水果制品)不仅会对人类健康造成严重的威胁, 而且会严重危害我国经济和食品加工业的发展。为了探讨食品中展青霉素的研究进展, 本文主要从展青霉素的基本性质、毒性与危害、检测方法和脱除方法等部分进行论述, 以期为展青霉素的毒性研究提供的理论参考。     

Reducing patulin contamination in apple juice by using inactive yeast

The mycotoxin, patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2[6H]-one), is a secondary metabolite produced mainly in rotten parts of fruits and vegetables, most notably apples and apple products, by a wide range of fungal species in the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Due to its mutagenic and teratogenic nature and possible health risks to consumers, many countries have regulations to reduce levels of patulin in apple products. In the present study, reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice by using 10 different inactivated yeast strains was assessed. Our results indicated that nearly twofold differences in biomass existed among the 10 yeast strains. Eight of the 10 inactivated yeast strains could provide >50% patulin reduction in apple juice within 24 h, with the highest reduction rate being >72%. Furthermore, juice quality parameters, i.e., degrees Brix, total sugar, titratable acidity, color value, and clarity, of the treated apple juice were very similar to those of the untreated patulin-free juice. Potential applications of using inactivated yeast strain for patulin control are also discussed.     

食品中展青霉素的产生机制及污染防控策略

展青霉素是由真菌产生的一种聚酮类次级代谢产物,是污染水果及其加工制品的最重要的真菌毒素之一。食品中污染的展青霉素主要由扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)产生。P.expansum是常见大宗和特色果品的主要采后病原菌,其在引起果实腐烂的同时产生大量的展青霉素,伴随鲜食流通和加工过程进入食物链,危害消费者的健康。展青霉素可侵害人和动物的多个器官,引起急性和慢性症状。由展青霉素污染引起的食品安全问题越来越得到重视,展青霉素的相关研究逐渐成为热点。对展青霉素的产生和调控机制研究进行了系统的总结,介绍了展青霉素生物合成基因簇的组成,生物合成途径中不同步骤的催化酶,展青霉素生物合成和中间产物转运的分子路径;从合成途径特异性调控因子,光、pH值、碳源、硫源等环境信号-全局性调控因子,以及参与组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化修饰的表观遗传因子等不同层次归纳了展青霉素生物合成的复杂调控网络。从源头防控和直接脱除2个方面阐述了食品中展青霉素污染的防控策略,分别概述了基于物理、化学和生物原理的主要防控技术,并讨论了不同防控策略的优缺点。最后,讨论了展青霉素产生机制研究与污染防控技术研发的关系,并指出绿...     

The Impact of Cooling Rate on the Safety of Food Products as Affected by Food Containers

In recent decades, the demand for ready‐to‐eat (RTE) food items prepared by the food catering sector has increased together with the value of cook‐serve, cook‐chill, and cook‐freeze food products. The technologies by which foods are cooked, chilled, refrigerated for storage, and reheated before serving are of prime importance to maintain safety. Packaging materials and food containers play an important role in influencing the cooling rate of RTE foods. Food items that are prepared using improper technologies and inappropriate packaging materials may be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Numerous research studies have shown the impact of deficient cooling technologies on the survival and growth of foodborne pathogens, which may subsequently pose a threat to public health. The operating temperatures and cooling rates of the cooling techniques applied must be appropriate to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Food items must be stored outside the temperature danger zone, which is between 5 and 60 °C, in order to inhibit the growth of these pathogens. The cooling techniques used to prepare potentially hazardous foods, such as cooked meat, rice, and pasta, must be properly applied and controlled to ensure food safety. This paper critically reviews the effects of cooling and its relationship to food containers on the safety of RTE foods produced and sold through the food service industry.     

棒曲霉素的生物合成、调控机制及其控制技术研究进展

棒曲霉素(patulin)是一种真菌的次生代谢产物。它对人和动物具有急性和慢性毒性,是污染水果及其加工制品的最重要的真菌毒素之一。食品中的棒曲霉素污染是一个全球性的问题,受到世界各国的关注,100多个国家和地区对果汁等水果加工制品中棒曲霉素的最高含量做了限定。棒曲霉素主要由青霉属、曲霉属、拟青霉属和丝衣霉属中的部分真菌产生。其中,扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)是生产上棒曲霉素最重要的产生菌,因此成为研究棒曲霉素生物合成和调控机制的模式材料。近年来,随着食品安全问题越来越被人们重视,水果及其加工制品的真菌毒素污染问题也受到越来越多的关注,相关领域的研究逐渐成为热点。本文主要阐述了棒曲霉素的生物合成途径、分子基础、内外源调控因子和分子调控机制以及控制技术等方面的最新研究进展,并展望了棒曲霉素相关研究未来的重点。     

Organization of the system of control of food contamination with mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi. They are classified with particularly hazardous contaminants of foods and feeds. It has been demonstrated that they are extremely dangerous for the health of man, widely spread and do considerable economic damage. The authors describe in detail the data as to the level of contamination of different foods with aflatoxins, ochertoxins, citrinin, patulin, trichotecenic mycotoxins, and zearalenone. The principal role in the prevention of human mycotoxicoses is played by the control over food contamination with mycotoxins. An organization program of the control has been developed. The principal feature of the program is the organization of the specialized scientific-practical centers responsible for the collection and summarization of the results of monitoring and for the development of prophylactic measures. The authors provide data on the maximum allowable concentrations of aflatoxins in foods validated in different countries. Review the topics concerned with the assessment of the efficacy of the control over food contamination with mycotoxins.     

The development of fruit‐based functional foods targeting the health and wellness market: a review

Functional foods and their health benefits beyond individual nutrients present challenges to the traditional ‘nutrition’ approach to foods. Epidemiological studies suggest that regular or increased consumption of fruits may promote general health and well‐being as well as reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Therefore, a broad range of research amongst academic, industry and government institutes has been stimulated in attempts to add the goodness of fruits into popular consumer foods. This article provides a brief overview of the research opportunities in the emerging functional foods area, with an emphasis on fruit‐derived products. Based on recent research in the fruit‐based functional food area, a structured approach for designing and developing functional finished products is presented. Included are the technical challenges and their associated solutions during food design, formulation, processing and storage. A consumer‐oriented food product development process is highlighted. Controlling the interactions among the targeted bioactives and other food components during food processing, handling and storage is the key to ensure that a stable and appealing functional food is produced. Manipulating the beneficial synergies among food ingredients, and among food formulation and processing methods, has the potential to lead to substantial food innovations.     

Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007–2016)

Major staple foods in Southern Africa are prone to mycotoxin contamination, posing health risks to consumers and consequent economic losses. Regional climatic zones favor the growth of one or more main mycotoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxin contamination is mainly reported in maize, peanuts and their products, fumonisin contamination in maize and maize products and patulin in apple juice. Lack of awareness of occurrence and risks of mycotoxins, poor agricultural practices and undiversified diets predispose populations to dietary mycotoxin exposure. Due to a scarcity of reports in Southern Africa, reviews on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa have mainly focused on Central, Eastern and Western Africa. However, over the last decade, a substantial number of reports of dietary mycotoxins in South Africa have been documented, with fewer reports documented in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Despite the reported high dietary levels of mycotoxins, legislation for their control is absent in most countries in the region. This review presents an up-to-date documentation of the epidemiology of mycotoxins in agricultural food commodities and discusses the implications on public health, current and recommended mitigation strategies, legislation, and challenges of mycotoxin research in Southern Africa.     

Patulin biodegradation by marine yeast Kodameae ohmeri

Patulin contamination of fruit- and vegetable-based products had become a major challenge for the food industry. Biological methods of patulin control can play an important role due to their safety and high efficiency. In this study, a strain of marine yeast with high patulin degradation ability was screened. The yeast was identified as Kodameae ohmeri by the BioLog identification system and partial 26S rRNA gene sequencing. The degradation products of patulin were identified as (E)- and (Z)-ascladiol through HPLC and LC-TOF/MS. High patulin tolerance at 100 μg ml^–1 and a high degradation rate at 35°C at a pH between 3 and 6 indicates the potential application of K. ohmeri for patulin detoxification of apple-derived products.     

Sodium nitrite: the "cure" for nitric oxide insufficiency

This process of "curing" food is a long practice that dates back thousands of years long before refrigeration or food safety regulations. Today food safety and mass manufacturing are dependent upon safe and effective means to cure and preserve foods including meats. Nitrite remains the most effective curing agent to prevent food spoilage and bacterial contamination. Despite decades of rigorous research on its safety and efficacy as a curing agent, it is still regarded by many as a toxic undesirable food additive. However, research within the biomedical science community has revealed enormous therapeutic benefits of nitrite that is currently being developed as novel therapies for conditions associated with nitric oxide (NO) insufficiency. Much of the same biochemistry that has been understood for decades in the meat industry has been rediscovered in human physiology. This review will highlight the fundamental biochemistry of nitrite in human physiology and highlight the risk benefit evaluation surrounding nitrite in food and meat products. Foods or diets enriched with nitrite can have profound positive health benefits.     

Functional Foods and Nondairy Probiotic Food Development: Trends,Concepts, and Products

ABSTRACT: Recently, the focus of scientific investigations has moved from the primary role of food as the source of energy and body‐forming substances to the more subtle action of biologically active food components on human health. There has been an explosion of consumer interest in the active role of food in the well‐being and life prolongation, as well as in the prevention of initiation, promotion, and development of nontransmissible chronic diseases. As a result, a new term—functional food—was proposed. Among these foods, probiotics may exert positive effects on the composition of gut microbiota and overall health, and the market is increasing annually. An increased demand for nondairy probiotic products comes from vegetarianism, milk cholesterol content, and lactose intolerance. Therefore, the development of these products is a key research priority for food design and a challenge for both industry and science sectors. This article presents an overview of functional food development, emphasizing nondairy foods that contain probiotic bacteria strains.     

Hazard analysis critical control point: A review

Abstract

Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) is a food process control system developed in the early 1970s to ensure the safety of foods for the United States space program. Since the 1970s HACCP has evolved into a recognized means to assure the safety of foods throughout the food industry both within the United States and elsewhere. Based on the principle of prevention rather than detection, HACCP has been extensively and successfully used in the low‐acid canned food industry since the early 1970s. Since that time, HACCP has achieved greater prominence with a refinement of the HACCP principles and the application of HACCP to other processes and products. The purpose of this review is to trace the evolution of HACCP to its present‐day applications in the food industry and discuss its importance for the production of a safer food supply.     

Secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum: Emphasis on recent advances in patulin research

The plant pathogenic fungus Penicillium expansum is a major concern of the global food industry due to its wide occurrence and ability to produce various mycotoxins, of which the most significant is patulin. Relatively less highlighted in the literature, in comparison with the other food-borne mycotoxins, patulin is one of the main factors in economic losses of vegetables and fruits. Otherwise, patulin is a health hazard which results in both short-term and long-term risks. This review includes knowledge on the biosynthetic mechanisms used for secondary metabolite production in P. expansum, with special emphasis on patulin biosynthesis. The abiotic factors triggering the production of patulin and the strategies developed to reduce or prevent the contamination by this mycotoxin are comprehensively discussed. The database presented in this review would be useful for the prioritization and development of future research.     

Application of extrusion technology in plant food processing byproducts: An overview

The food processing industry generates an immense amount of waste, which leads to major concerns for its environmental impact. However, most of these wastes, such as plant‐derived byproducts, are still nutritionally adequate for use in food manufacturing. Extrusion is one of the most versatile and commercially successful processing technologies, with its widespread applications in the production of pasta, snacks, crackers, and meat analogues. It allows a high degree of user control over the processing parameters that significantly alters the quality of final products. This review features the past research on manufacture of extruded foods with integration of various plant food processing byproducts. The impact of extrusion parameters and adding various byproducts on the nutritional, physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological properties of food products are comprehensively discussed. This paper also provides fundamental knowledge and practical techniques for food manufacturers and researchers on the extrusion processing of plant food byproducts, which may increase economical return to the industry and reduce the environmental impact.     

肉制品中苯并[a]芘的控制措施

肉类是人们补充营养物质的重要食物之一, 我国是肉制品生产及消费大国。近年来, 随着国民食品消费需求的转变, 肉制品的安全问题受到人们越来越多的关注。肉制品在热加工过程中易发生美拉德反应以及脂肪热解等现象, 进而产生大量苯并[a]芘等有害物质, 因此探索肉制品中有害物质生成的减控手段成为肉制品安全加工的要点。苯并[a]芘是世界公认的致癌物之一, 还具有强致畸性和致突变性, 严重威胁着消费者的身体健康, 并阻碍肉制品品质的提升。近些年来关于肉制品中苯并[a]芘的减控方法的研究日益增多。本文就肉制品中苯并[a]芘的产生途径及控制措施进行综述, 以期为解决肉制品中苯并[a]芘的污染问题提供一定的理论依据, 进而促进肉制品行业的绿色安全发展。     

我国主要食品中全氟烷基化合物的污染现状及膳食暴露评估研究进展

全氟化烷基化合物（Perfluorinated alkyl substances, PFASs）是一类新型持久性有机污染物（persistent organic pollutants, POPs）,对人体健康危害极大。近年来,随着PFASs被广泛应用于各个领域,全球范围内的多种介质中都普遍检出该物质。食物中PFASs污染水平的研究,已经成为国家和民众关注的重要课题。本文通过论述近年来国内有关食物中PFASs污染水平研究的进展情况,对国内主要动物源食品（蛋、水产、肉、乳制品等四类）和生活饮用水中PFASs的污染水平进行了分析,比较了不同食品中的PFASs污染特征,采用危害指数评估我国人群通过主要食品带来的PFASs暴露健康风险。     

我国预制菜行业的发展现状及趋势

预制菜是将可食用原料经预加工制成的半成品或成品产品,具有一定的保质期,近年来该行业快速发展。该研究对预制菜的定义、分类、发展现状、技术难点、市场规模及主要企业进行了综述,并对预制菜的发展趋势进行了展望。目前的主要产业大省包括广东、山东、福建、江苏、河南等。预制菜技术难点主要有食品安全、感官品质、营养品质与保健功能、原材料质量控制及溯源体系、速冻及解冻技术、包装材料与技术、智能装备成套设备等方面。标准化、细分市场和高质量专业技术人才的培养与输送,将成为预制菜行业的发展方向。该综述可为预制菜领域科研攻关的方向、产业的发展提供参考。     

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of (‐)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and its Potential to Preserve the Quality and Safety of Foods

Quality deterioration of fresh or processed foods is a major challenge for the food industry not only due to economic losses but also due to the risks associated with spoiled foods resulting, for example, from toxic compounds. On the other hand, there are increasing limitations on the application of synthetic preservatives such as antioxidants in foods because of their potential links to human health risks. With the new concept of functional ingredients and the development of the functional foods market, and the desire for a “clean” label, recent research has focused on finding safe additives with multifunctional effects to ensure food safety and quality. (‐)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a biologically active compound in green tea, has received considerable attention in recent years and is considered a potential alternative to synthetic food additives. EGCG has been shown to prevent the growth of different Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria responsible for food spoilage while showing antioxidant activity in food systems. This review focuses on recent findings related to EGCG separation techniques, modification of its structure, mechanisms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and applications in preserving the quality and safety of foods.     

Dityrosine in food: A review of its occurrence,health effects,detection methods,and mitigation strategies

Protein and amino acid oxidation in food products produce many new compounds, of which the reactive and toxic compound dityrosine, derived from oxidized tyrosine, is the most widely studied. The high reactivity of dityrosine enables this compound to induce oxidative stress and disrupt thyroid hormone function, contributing to the pathological processes of several diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cognitive dysfunction, aging, and age-related diseases. From the perspective of food safety and human health, protein-oxidation products in food are the main concern of consumers, health management departments, and the food industry. This review highlights the latest research on the formation pathways, toxicity, detection methods, occurrence in food, and mitigation strategies for dityrosine. Furthermore, the control of dityrosine in family cooking and food-processing industry has been discussed. Food-derived dityrosine primarily originates from high-protein foods, such as meat and dairy products. Considering its toxicity, combining rapid high sensitivity dityrosine detection techniques with feasible control methods could be an effective strategy to ensure food safety and maintain human health. However, the current dityrosine detection and mitigation strategies exhibit some inherent characteristics and limitations. Therefore, developing technologies for rapid and effective dityrosine detection and control at the industrial level is necessary.