基于改进概率数据关联滤波的红外小运动目标跟踪

在跟踪弱小运动目标过程中,低信噪比和高虚警率使得即使是在波门内也存在较多的虚假目标,加大目标识别的不确定性,降低跟踪的可靠性和精度。该文分析了红外成像系统中目标信号特点,根据概率数据关联滤波的思想,提出了一种基于目标幅度连续性和运动一致性的弱小目标跟踪识别方法,重点比较了极大似然-概率数据关联滤波和改进算法的目标识别与跟踪性能。理论分析和实验结果表明,该方法较大程度上减少了弱小目标跟踪过程中测量点与航迹关联的不确定性,提高了目标识别与跟踪性能。     

一般仅方位目标跟踪系统可观测的必要条件

对一般的仅方位目标跟踪系统的可观测性进行了分析。这里"一般"的含义是指目标的运动假设突破了以往匀速直线运动的限制,扩展为更为一般的各种复杂运动。得出了这种条件下系统可观测的必要条件。在目标作匀速直线运动的假设下,仅方位目标跟踪的一个熟知结论是:系统可观测的必要条件是观测者必须机动。将这一结论推广到任意的目标运动条件,指出:在二维仅方位目标跟踪系统中,系统可观测的必要条件是观测者作比目标更为复杂的运动,并且独立方位数等于待定参数数。这一结论不仅有助于仅方位目标跟踪系统本质的认识,对于诸如跟踪算法开发和观察者机动策略优化等工程实践也有着十分重要的意义。     

Probabilistic data association techniques for target tracking in clutter

In tracking targets with less-than-unity probability of detection in the presence of false alarms (FAs), data association-deciding which of the received multiple measurements to use to update each track-is crucial. Most algorithms that make a hard decision on the origin of the true measurement begin to fail as the FA rate increases or with low observable (low probability of target detection) maneuvering targets. Instead of using only one measurement among the received ones and discarding the others, an alternative approach is to use all of the validated measurements with different weights (probabilities), known as probabilistic data association (PDA). This paper presents an overview of the PDA technique and its application for different target tracking scenarios. First, it describes the use of the PDA technique for tracking low observable targets with passive sonar measurements. This target motion analysis is an application of the PDA technique, in conjunction with the maximum-likelihood approach, for target motion parameter estimation via a batch procedure. Then, the PDA technique for tracking highly maneuvering targets and for radar resource management is illustrated with recursive state estimation using the interacting multiple model estimator combined with PDA. Finally, a sliding window (which can also expand and contract) parameter estimator using the PDA approach for tracking the state of a maneuvering target using measurements from an electrooptical sensor is presented.     

Tracking the direction-of-arrival of multiple moving targets bypassive arrays: algorithm

We propose a maximum likelihood (ML) approach for tracking the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of multiple moving targets by a passive array. A locally linear model is assumed for the target motion, and the multiple target states (MTSs) are defined to describe the states of the target motion, The locally linear model is shown to be strongly locally observable almost everywhere. The approach is to estimate the initial MTS by maximizing the likelihood function of the array data. The tracking is implemented by prediction through the target motion dynamics using the initial MTS estimate. By incorporating the target motion dynamics, the algorithm is able to eliminate the spread spectrum effects due to target motion. A modified Newton-type algorithm is also presented, which ensures fast convergence of the algorithm. Finally, numerical simulations are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm     

距离多假目标干扰下低可观测目标跟踪处理

距离多假目标干扰下,当雷达对低可观测目标进行跟踪时,会遇到虚假航迹较多、真-假目标鉴别难度大、真实目标跟踪不稳定等难题,针对这些问题,本文提出了基于角度量测统计特性差异的真-假目标识别方法与基于等效量测构建的低可观测目标跟踪方法,实现了虚假目标的有效剔除,有效提高了目标跟踪的稳定性,仿真验证了该方法的有效性.     

Bearings-Only Target Motion Analysis Using a Dual-Waveband Infrared System

Infrared systems are widely used for target detection, designation and tracking. For example, an Infrared Search and Track (IRST) system, as a typical airborne or shipboard detecting device, is widely equipped for the remote target detection and tracking. In recent years, the problem of target motion analysis (TMA) and tracking has been studied increasingly extensively. In an airborne infrared system, the problem becomes more difficult due to absence of range information. In this paper, the infrared model and motion model of typical aerial targets are described. An airborne dual-waveband IRST system, which is quite familiar nowadays, is choosed for implementation of target motion analysis. Based on the above, a novel and more practical algorithm of target tracking via bearings-only measurements is formed and the major parameters are defined according to a typical airborne dual-waveband IRST system. Finally, data simulation is implemented, and the results demonstrate the new algorithm has a better performance than before for bearings-only target tracking.     

机动目标跟踪时组网机会阵雷达功率分配算法

针对机动目标的高动态属性导致雷达系统不能精确地分配系统资源问题,本文提出了一种基于改进的当前统计模型的组网机会阵雷达功率分配算法。该算法通过改进的当前统计模型预测机动目标运动状态,采用预测的条件克拉美罗界作为功率分配时目标跟踪性能的衡量基准。针对目标信息的不确定性,引入随机变量表征目标RCS,建立基于机会约束规划的功率资源分配模型,并设计混合智能优化算法求解满足机会约束的最优功率分配。仿真结果表明,预测的条件克拉美罗界能够提供一个更加精确的跟踪性能衡量边界,该算法能够有效提高雷达系统资源利用率。     

Bayesian Multi-Object Filtering With Amplitude Feature Likelihood for Unknown Object SNR

In many tracking scenarios, the amplitude of target returns are stronger than those coming from false alarms. This information can be used to improve the multiple-target state estimation by obtaining more accurate target and false-alarm likelihoods. Target amplitude feature is well known to improve data association in conventional tracking filters, such as probabilistic data association and multiple hypothesis tracking, and results in better tracking performance of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets. The advantage of using the target amplitude approach is that targets can be identified earlier through the enhanced discrimination between target and false alarms. One of the limitations of this approach is that it is usually assumed that the SNR of the target is known. We show that the reliable estimation of the SNR requires a significant number of measurements, and so we propose an alternative approach for situations where the SNR is unknown. We illustrate this approach in the context of multiple targets for different SNRs in the framework of finite set statistics (FISST). Furthermore, we illustrate how this can be incorporated into approximate multiple-object filters derived from FISST, including probability hypothesis density (PHD) and cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filters. We present simulation results for Gaussian mixture implementations of the filters that demonstrate a significant improvement in performance over just using location measurements.     

宽带单通道单脉冲跟踪接收机设计

单脉冲跟踪体制在遥测遥控、目标跟踪等领域有重要地位,并得到了广泛应用。其特点是设备简单、实时性好、动态滞后小、没有与差通道幅度及相位不一致的问题,但是较大的通道噪声也会影响跟踪精度。叙述了单通道、单脉冲跟踪接收机的工作原理及实现方法,提出了工程实现中的关键技术和难点。该跟踪接收机已成功应用在某型号产品上,证明该接收机设计的合理性和可靠性。     

General direction-of-arrival tracking with acoustic nodes

Traditionally, in target tracking, much emphasis is put on the motion model that realistically represents the target's movements. We first present the classical constant velocity model and then introduce a new model that incorporates an acceleration component along the heading direction of the target. We also show that the target motion parameters can be considered part of a more general feature set for target tracking. This is exemplified by showing that target frequencies, which may be unrelated to the target motion, can also be used to improve the tracking performance. In order to include the frequency variable, a new array steering vector is presented for the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation problems. The independent partition particle filter (IPPF) is used to compare the performances of the two motion models by tracking multiple maneuvering targets using the acoustic sensor outputs directly. The treatment is quite general since IPPF allows general type of noise models as opposed to Gaussianity imposed by Kalman type of formulations. It is shown that by incorporating the acceleration into the state vector, the tracking performance can be improved in certain cases as expected. Then, we demonstrate a case in which the frequency variable improves the tracking and classification performance for targets with close DOA tracks.     

一种基于多普勒信息的雷达目标跟踪方法

机载预警雷达采用脉冲多普勒体制,具有良好的低空探测性能,但其存在不可忽略的多普勒盲区问题。在目标跟踪的过程中,该盲区容易造成目标中断和重起批。针对多普勒盲区条件下的目标连续跟踪问题,文中提出了一种基于多普勒预测的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(Doppler Prediction EKF,DP-EKF),该方法将多普勒盲区的先验信息并入到扩展卡尔曼滤波算法中,通过状态预测判断目标在未来时刻是否落入多普勒盲区,从而自适应地调整跟踪滤波规则,解决多普勒盲区条件下目标连续跟踪问题。仿真结果表明,该算法对于运动模型已知的航迹不连续目标具有较好的跟踪效果,能够维持其航迹的连续性。     

机载双频曲线SAR系统与试验

曲线合成孔径雷达(SAR)是一种孔径流形特殊的成像雷达,其所搭载平台通过作曲线运动,能观测到目标更多的方位散射信息、获取更高的空间分辨率,同时还具备一定的三维成像能力.随着成像技术的不断发展,机载曲线SAR在重点区域侦测相关任务中呈现广阔的应用前景.本文主要介绍了研究团队近年研制的机载双频曲线SAR系统,以及于2020...     

一种基于毫米波/红外复合制导的跟踪滤波算法

信息融合技术是毫米波/红外复合制导的关键技术之一,其中目标跟踪算法的优劣直接决定了系统的性能.针对毫米波与红外复合制导的目标跟踪,首先对毫米波传感器和红外传感器的量测数据进行了融合,并提出了一种改进的跟踪滤波算法.该跟踪算法能根据目标的机动情况实时获得滤波增益,并及时调整滤波方程,从而获得良好的跟踪效果.最后对目标的直线运动和改变航向的直线运动进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明,与其它滤波算法相比,该算法的跟踪效果良好,跟踪精度较高且计算量少.     

基于距离像长度特征辅助的雷达目标跟踪

传统雷达目标跟踪仅利用角度和距离数据,由于获取的测量信息较少,跟踪精度受限。本文利用现代雷达所具有的距离高分辨能力,提出了一种基于距离像长度特征辅助的跟踪模型,并结合先进的非线性滤波算法得到了一种高性能目标跟踪算法—FAT UKF。该算法将目标的运动状态与距离像长度信息联系起来,通过增加观测量的维数来提高雷达的跟踪能力。对典型实例的计算机仿真结果表明,基于特征辅助的跟踪算法不仅收敛速度快,且能有效突破传统跟踪算法的理论误差下限,大大提高了雷达跟踪系统的整体性能。      

一种有效降低寄生频谱的包络移动补偿方法

长时间积累或高速目标跟踪场合常用移位或插值方法避免目标运动导致的积累损失,但移位或插值操作引入的寄生频谱干扰了小目标的检测和跟踪。结合数字脉压过程,本文提出一种新的补偿方法,利用chirp信号的多谱勒-距离耦合特性控制包络走动。新算法有效控制了幅度调制和由此带来的寄生频谱。仿真结果表明,新算法能进一步改善低信噪比条件下的检测性能。      

一种ISAR多目标实时成像方法

本文提出了一种逆合成孔径雷达（ＩＳＡＲ）多目标的实时成像方案。它利用改进的加窗傅氏变换估计目标运动参数，并分离目标回波得到图像轮廓，然后用散射重心跟踪方法成像，得到较好质量的图像，其运算量较单纯用参数估计做运动补偿小得多，便于实时实现。     

回波幅度信息辅助的群目标航迹起始方法

航迹起始是群目标跟踪的首要环节,其性能好坏直接影响着目标跟踪航迹的质量。传统的群目标航迹起始方法仅利用目标的位置信息完成分群检测和等效量测求解等步骤,没有充分利用回波幅度信息,存在分群检测不理想、等效量测求解不准确等问题,有可能引起失跟现象。针对此问题,该文提出一种回波幅度信息辅助的群目标航迹起始方法。首先利用目标位置信息和幅度信息完成分群检测,然后综合采用幅度加权和位置加权求解等效量测,最后基于修正的逻辑法进行群目标航迹起始。该文方法在分群检测和求解等效量测等步骤充分利用了回波幅度信息,不仅可以在集群数量未知的情况下正确划分群,而且降低了失跟率,提高了群目标的跟踪性能。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。      

Autonomous mobile target tracking system based on grey-fuzzycontrol algorithm

This paper presents a new position-based tracking system for autonomous mobile target tracking task. A grey-fuzzy controller (GFC) is developed for motion control of the tracker, in which dynamics models of the target and tracker are not required a priori. The target detection is based on the adaptive visual detector (AVD), which can online adjust the histogram model based on the change of surrounding conditions, such as light variation, in a natural environment. The AVD and GFC are integrated together for mobile target-tracking applications. There are several advantages of the integrated system, in particular: (1) it can rapidly learn the target appearance model for the detection involved with the tracking task; (2) the temporal dynamics model of the target motion can be approximated for the predictive localization of the moving target; and (3) the system can deal with the uncertain environmental conditions to ensure the tracking performance by GFC. Three mobile robots in the authors' laboratory have been used to demonstrate the success of this integrated system experimentally. They also conduct target tracking experiments, in which Chung Cheng-I tracks various moving targets. The results demonstrate the robustness and flexibility of the overall system in dealing with mobile target-tracking problems under varied natural environment conditions     

基于交互多模型的低空目标跟踪算法研究

研究了基于交互多模型(IMM)的低空目标跟踪问题。分析了低空目标的运动特征,给出了目标匀速(CV)直线、匀加速(CA)直线、曲线飞行航迹模型。在交互多模型(IMM)算法中,采用多种运动模型跟踪低空目标。在所研究的大机动模型情况下,通过多次数据处理优化参数后,统计分析结果表明,该算法滤波后数据误差明显降低,数据精度有较大的提高,能够稳定精确地跟踪低空目标。因此,该低空目标跟踪算法是有效的。     

对静止轨道卫星成像的SAL载星轨道

星载合成孔径激光雷达对卫星成像面临相对运动复杂、目标搜索困难、成像时机难把握等问题。以对静止轨道卫星成像为例,初步设计了一种适于对同步轨道卫星成像的载星轨道。推导了载星与目标间相对运动关系式;绘制并分析了两星相对运动曲线;分析了两星距离最近期间距离、径向速度、加速度变化规律。提出了基于径向速度门限的成像时机判定方法,研究了成像期间光束指向偏移和成像时机判决速度门限。研究结果表明:轨道高度低于目标星轨道,并与之有一定偏角的载星轨道适于对目标进行成像;两星相距最近的时间附近是较佳成像时机,可降低相位误差补偿难度,提高系统工作效率;在对目标进行搜索跟踪和判决成像时机时,系统需根据两星轨道特性进行动态调整。