Functional stability of frozen normal and high pH beef

The functional properties of whole, diced or minced high and normal pH beef were determined after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 7 month’s storage. There was no interaction between pH, degree of comminution and storage time for most of the attributes measured. Regardless of storage time or comminution method, high pH meat had significantly (P < 0.001) higher sarcoplasmic protein solubility, water holding capacity, cooked batter torsion stress and strain, yield and emulsion stability than normal pH meat. Normal pH meat had significantly (P < 0.01) higher myofibrillar protein solubility and hue angle than high pH meat. Water holding capacity significantly (P < 0.01) decreased and hue angle increased with the increase in the degree of comminution. Protein solubility in raw meat and the cooked batter stress, strain, yield and emulsion stability of both high and normal pH meat deteriorated with time. However, this deterioration was faster in the normal pH meat compared to high pH meat except for total and myofibrillar protein solubility. Within the parameters of the present study, it is concluded that frozen high pH meat possesses superior functional attributes compared to normal pH meat regardless of the degree of comminution or storage time.     

Effect of cooking temperature and time on the physico-chemical, histological and sensory properties of female carabeef (buffalo) meat

The effect of cooking temperature (80-100°C) and time (30-60min) on collagen solubility of Semimembranosus muscle in carabeef were investigated. The pH, cooking loss, shear force value, collagen content, collagen solubility, sensory evaluation and histological observations of water bath cooked and pressure cooked Semimembranosus meat samples were measured. Increase in pH, cooking loss, collagen solubility and tenderness scores with decrease in shear force value and collagen content was observed with increases in cooking temperature and time. However, no statistical difference was observed for shear force values, collagen solubility values and tenderness scores in pressure cooked meat and meat cooked in a water bath at 100°C for 45min, inferring that cooking of buffalo meat at 100°C for 45min improved collagen solubility and tenderness to the same extent as that due to pressure cooking.     

偏最小二乘回归法分析藏鸡胸肉质地特性

为揭示藏鸡肉独特的质地特性,探寻鸡胸肉质地特性与其化学成分和微观结构的关联性,本研究对5 种不同的鸡肉原料（藏鸡、与藏鸡同日龄或体质量接近的雪山草鸡、淘汰蛋鸡（对照）和白羽肉鸡（对照））进行剪切力、质地剖面分析（texture profile analysis,TPA）和应力松弛特性测定,并将上述质地特性分析结果和鸡肉的基本化学指标（水分质量分数、粗脂肪质量分数、粗蛋白质量分数、胶原蛋白质量分数、pH值）、组织学特征（肌纤维直径和密度）进行关联性分析,利用偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）法揭示影响鸡肉质地特征的显著因素。结果发现,利用PLSR能够将多个与肌肉质地特性相关的化学指标量化为鸡肉品质综合评价指标,其中剪切力的预测模型更适合预测鸡肉的质地特性。该模型的R2X为0.621,R2Y为0.739,模型拟合效果较好。Q2cum在0.6以上,说明该模型的可预测性能够被接受。载荷图显示剪切力与pH值、总胶原蛋白质量分数和肌纤维直径呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,而与粗脂肪质量分数、可溶性胶原蛋白质量分数、胶原蛋白溶解性和肌纤维密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。贡献度评价结果显示,胶原蛋白溶解性、肌纤维密度、可溶性胶原蛋白质量分数和肌纤维直径4 个指标均在模型中贡献显著。本研究可为从质地特性角度揭示藏鸡胸肉特有“咀嚼感”提供数据支持,并为丰富肉的力学特性研究提供一定的理论参考。     

基于宰后蛋白质磷酸化研究L-组氨酸和L-赖氨酸对鸡胸肉加工特性的影响

为研究低盐（1% NaCl）条件下添加L-组氨酸（L-histidine，L-His）及L-赖氨酸（L-lysine，L-Lys）调节宰后鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化的变化规律及其对鸡胸肉加工特性（蒸煮损失、质构、蛋白溶解度、流变特性）的影响，提取腌制后鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白，进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，再通过荧光染色和液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定。结果表明：L-His和L-Lys的添加不影响肌原纤维蛋白的整体磷酸化水平，但是可以改变单个蛋白质的磷酸化水平；相比于1% NaCl处理组，1% NaCl＋0.06% L-His/L-Lys处理组硬度和蛋白溶解度均有显著提高，蛋白流变特性改善，蒸煮损失无显著变化；相关性分析得出，多个蛋白质磷酸化水平与肉的蒸煮损失及蛋白溶解度等加工特性呈显著正相关或负相关，且单个蛋白质的磷酸化水平还会受到其他蛋白质磷酸化水平的影响；将11 条磷酸化水平差异显著的条带进行质谱鉴定后，发现大多是与肌肉收缩或糖酵解有关的酶，表明L-His、L-Lys的添加可能通过对肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化水平产生正面效应影响宰后僵直成熟过程，进而影响肉品品质。     

Characteristics of Bovine Plasma Gels as Affected by pH Sodium Chloride, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate

A model system, which simulated the pH, sodium chloride (NaCl), and alkaline phosphate (STP) levels of typical processed meat products, was used to determine the effect of NaCl, STP and pH on firmness and percent cooked yield of bovine plasma gels. Bovine plasma gel firmness increased with increasing plasma pH, whereas percent cooked yield was not affected. In contrast, when the pH, of the plasma solutions, was adjusted to a constant 5.6 to simulate the pH and buffering of meat, percent cooked yield was affected; gel firmness was not affected. With increased levels of NaCl and STP, the percent cooked plasma gel yield increased.     

金枪鱼肌原纤维蛋白热凝及流变特性的研究

鱼肉的组织学特性和肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶学特性有很大的相关性。深入探讨金枪鱼肉肌原纤维凝胶体系的凝胶机理,有利于开发保证质量的金枪鱼肉制品。本研究通过小振幅及大振幅振荡剪切流变学方法,探讨NaCl浓度(0.3~0.6mol/L)对金枪鱼肌原纤维蛋白热凝胶特性及流变特性的影响。结果表明,热诱导凝胶过程中,在47℃之前,弹性模量(G’)随NaCl浓度的增加而增大,在47℃之后总体趋势发生改变,G’在NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L达到最大值。NaCl浓度在肌原纤维蛋白凝胶形成过程中对流变的影响最大。对数模型能很好地关联线性粘弹性区间的应变同G’的数量关系。大振幅振荡测试(LAOS)表明,随着浓度的增加,网络结构更紧密,剪切一周期所消耗能量越大,在较大的应变下能够更稳定地保持线性粘弹性。      

No Effect of Hydrodynamic Shock Wave on Protein Functionality of Beef Muscle

ABSTRACT: The protein functionality of meat proteins after treatment with hydrodynamic shock wave was determined. Frankfurters (cooked to 71 °C) were evaluated for cooking yield, CIE L*a*b*, nitrosylhemochrome, Texture Profile Analysis (hardness, cohesiveness), and stress and strain (torsion testing). Compared to the control samples, the hydrodynamic shock waves (HSW) did not affect ( P < 0.05) myofibrillar or sarcoplasmic protein solubility, cooking yield, or color. Textural properties and gel strength of the frankfurters were not affected ( P < 0.05) by HSW. These results suggested that beef trim obtained from HSW-processed meat could be used interchangeably with normal meat trim in the production of further processed meats since the functionality of meat protein was not affected significantly by the HSW process.     

Effect of age and gender on the processing characteristics of buffalo meat

Comparison of processing characteristics of meat from young male, spent male and spent female buffaloes was made to find the suitability of the meat for developing ready to eat meat products. Intensively reared young male buffalo meat showed higher moisture, collagen solubility, sarcomere length, myofibrillar fragmentation index and water holding capacity than meat from the other animals. A higher pH, total meat pigments, salt soluble protein, emulsifying capacity and lower collagen solubility were observed in spent male buffalo meat. Spent female buffalo meat had higher fat, total collagen, muscle fibre diameter and shear force value. Sensory evaluation of pressure cooked meat chunks indicated a marked toughness in spent male and female buffalo meat samples. These results suggest that young male buffalo meat is more suitable for processing in chunks and spent male and female buffalo meat is more suitable for processing in smaller particles.     

SHEAR PROPERTIES AND WARNER-BRATZLER TENDERNESS MEASUREMENT OF BEEF 1

The shear properties of raw and cooked beef and their relationship with Warner-Bratzler (WB) tenderness measurement were evaluated. Shear tests were performed on four muscles, biceps femoris (BF), longissimus dorsi (LD), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST), with three different aging treatments (0, 1, and 2 weeks), using a specially designed device and the WB shear device. Raw beef exhibited a nonlinear behavior characterized by linearity at small deformations, stress yield at intermediate deformations, and work hardening at large deformations. Cooked beef had a different nonlinear behavior with the slope of the force-displacement curve increasing with displacement before the peak force. Cooking resulted in a large increase (p=0.01) in maximum shear force and strain energy. The effect of muscle type and aging on shear properties was mostly significant (p=0.05). The maximum shear force of cooked beef was correlated with WB measurement with the R² value ranging from 0.65 to 0.34 for LD, SM, and BF except for ST with a R² value of 0.10. Correlations of the shear properties of raw meat with WB measurement were low (R²<0.36), indicating the difficulty of predicting WB tenderness from the shear properties of raw meat.     

Effects of pH adjustment with phosphates on attributes and functionalities of normal and high pH beef

Longissimus dorsi muscles from six normal- and six high-ultimate pH bulls were selected for fine mincing and subsequent pH adjustment with acid and alkaline pyrophosphate. Four pH treatments were prepared: initially high remains high (mean of pH 6.37), high becomes normal (5.62); initially normal remains normal (5.65), and normal becomes high (6.21). The addition level of phosphate as P(2)O(5) was the same in all replicates. Before pH adjustment, colour and water holding capacity (WHC) values were strongly affected by higher (initial) pH in expected ways: darker, lower chroma, higher capacity. After pH adjustment, these values were affected only by the final pH, not the initial pH (the pH history). Total protein solubility was likewise affected by final pH but not initial pH. In contrast, the combination high initial pH-high final pH improved sarcoplasmic protein solubility by 20% over the combination normal initial pH-high final pH. Sarcoplasmic protein solubility is an indicator of strain required to fracture cooked batters made from the minced meats; in the event, the rank order of the four treatments for strain-to-fracture matched that of sarcoplasmic protein solubility. Statistically, sarcoplasmic protein solubility and strain-to-fracture were both affected by initial pH (P<0.01) and final pH (P<0.001). However, stress required to fracture cooked batters was entirely controlled by initial pH (P<0.01). In other words, the stress-to-fracture advantage of initially high pH meat was not matched by upward pH adjustment of initially normal pH meat. Emulsion stability, which is better with higher pH meat, was affected by initial and final pH (both P<0.01). Cook yield, like WHC of pH-adjusted raw meat, was more due to final pH than initial pH, similarly cooked batter colour, whereas final pH had a significant effect on quality attributes (generally better when higher). An initially high pH history conferred an enduring advantage on three important batter attributes, stress-to-fracture, strain-to-fracture, and emulsion stability. Therefore, prior exposure of beef to normal pH conditions (pH 5.4-5.7) renders it less useful as a manufacturing grade product.     

Effect of muscle type, salt and pH on cooked meat haemoprotein formation in lamb and beef

The rate of cooked meat haemoprotein formation, measured as the rate of loss of myoglobin solubility, in lamb was dependent on the muscles anatomical location and temperature. Lamb longissimus dorsi musle at 55 to 70°C formed cooked meat haemoprotein more rapidly than the muscles in the shoulder and leg. The formation in lamb was more rapid than in beef. The rate in high pH beef (7.25) l. dorsi was lower than found in beef l. dorsi of normal pH but in low pH lamb (5.38) l. dorsi the rate was, at most temperatures, also slower than found in this muscle from lamb of normal pH. In the presence of NaCl the rate of cooked meat haemoprotein formation was faster (almost doubled at 2g/100g meat) than found in the corresponding salt free lamb and beef samples. Other additives commonly added to meat products (mechanically recovered meat, oil, polyphosphates, soya, whey and caseinate) had little effect on the rate of cooked meat haemoprotein formation, at the levels normally used in meat products. It is concluded that for lamb products little if any myoglobin will remain soluble, and the products will look cooked before the recommended thermal treatment to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been achieved. ?     

Effect of Brine Concentration and Brining Time on Quality of Smoked Rainbow Trout Fillets

ABSTRACT: Frozen rainbow trout fillets were brined in 8.7 or 17.4% sodium chloride solutions for various periods. Brine uptake, brined and cooked pH, cook yield, shear force, total and water-phase salt content, and brined and cooked proximate composition were determined. Fish mince was used for texture (hardness and cohesiveness) and protein solubility (total soluble and myofibrillar proteins) evaluations. Increasing the brine concentration increased fillet weight loss after brining, cook yield, water-phase salt content, shear force, brined fat, brined and cooked ash, brined pH, and brined and cooked moisture.     

养殖暹罗鳄肉肌原纤维蛋白的理化性质

筛选养殖暹罗鳄肌原纤维蛋白含量最高部位,提取并分析离子强度、pH值和温度对肌原纤维蛋白溶液的溶解性、乳化性和热诱导凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：暹罗鳄尾部肌原纤维蛋白所占比例最高（（7.95±0.12） g/100 g,以湿质量计）,暹罗鳄尾肉中肌原纤维蛋白主要为肌球蛋白重链、副肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白和原肌球蛋白。在低离子强度条件下,肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度和乳化性较低,但有良好的凝胶特性,随着离子强度的升高,肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度和乳化性升高,凝胶特性则呈现下降趋势。随着pH值升高,肌原纤维蛋白溶解度呈现先迅速下降后升高的趋势,乳化性和凝胶特性则呈现持续缓慢下降的趋势,其中溶解度和保水性在pH 5.5达到最低点。随着热变温度升高,其凝胶特性显著增加,保水性先下降后略有升高,在低温（40 ℃）下有较好的保水性,在80 ℃保水性升高至又一峰值随后下降。结论：肌原纤维蛋白在NaCl浓度0.2 mol/L进行调配,并在80 ℃条件下加热处理,暹罗鳄肉类产品将具有较好的质构特性及保水性。     

Gelation of Turkey Breast and Thigh Myofibrils: Changes During Isolation of Myofibrils

The relationship between functional properties of meat and myofibrils was examined for turkey breast and thigh by determining gel-forming ability of proteins at each step in a myofibril isolation procedure. Physical properties of thermally induced gels (70°C for 30 min) were determined by torsional fracture analysis. Maximum shear stress (force) was obtained after removal of water-soluble components, whereas filtration was required to achieve maximum shear strain (deformability). Shear stress increased 150% and shear strain 59%. Changes in fracture properties were similar between meat types, and therefore, not the cause of meat type-associated differences in comminuted turkey.     

Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to cooked poultry meat

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to cooked poultry muscle proteins have been developed for the detection of poultry adulterants in cooked mammalian meat. Saline (0.85% NaCl) extract of heat-treated (100 °C, 15min) chicken muscle proteins was used to immunize mice for MAb development. The specificity of MAbs was tested against chicken antigen and protein extracts from seven other meat species (pork, beef, lamb, deer, horse, turkey and duck) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunoassay (ELISA). The immunogenic components in the poultry protein extracts were determined by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting. A total of six hybridoma cell lines that secrete IgG class MAbs have been developed: MAbs 3E12 and 1A5 were able to distinguish between cooked poultry and mammalian meats, MAbs 9C6 and 6F7 reacted strongly with cooked chicken only, and MAbs, 5D2 and 6G8, reacted with both cooked turkey and chicken but not other species. All six MAbs demonstrated a proportional increased ELISA response to respective adulterated poultry samples in pork over a 0-100% range of aduleration.     

Influence of Poultry Species, Muscle Groups, and NaCl Level on Strength, Deformability, and Water Retention in Heat-Set Muscle Gels

The effects of poultry species (chicken and turkey), muscle groups (breast, thigh, and drum) and NaCl concentration (1% and 2%) on a low fat gel system were compared using measurements of shear stress (strength), shear strain (deformability), and two water retention measurements. Results showed doubling NaCl tended to double stress for all species and muscle groups and increased strain by 30–50%. Cross species differences showed higher stress in turkey gels than in chicken gels with 2% NaCl. For both species, stress, strain and water retention were lowest in breast gels with both NaCl concentrations, and strain was greater in thigh gels than in drum gels with 2% NaCl.     

Gelling properties of protein fractions and protein isolate extracted from Australian canola meal

Gelling properties of canola albumin and globulin fractions, and canola protein isolate (CPI) were examined in this study. The effects of pH and salt concentration on canola protein gelling properties were studied primarily by means of dynamic oscillatory rheology and gel texture analysis. The findings were supported by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of the gels, isoelectric point, and solubility measurement data. All canola proteins showed typical heat-set gel protein profiles. Gels formed at higher pH had better gelling properties including higher overall resistance to deformation (G*), higher gel elasticity (low tan δ ), higher fracture stress and firmness, and denser gel microstructure. Isoelectric points of canola proteins used in this study were in the range of pH 3.0–4.7 where low protein solubility was observed. The albumin fraction was able to form a very weak gel at pH 4, whereas the globulin fraction and CPI precipitated due to loss of protein surface charge. The effects of NaCl on gelling were protein sample dependent. The presence of NaCl negatively affected gelling properties of albumin and globulin fractions, with decreases in overall resistance to deformation (G*), and fracture stress and firmness, but positively affected CPI gels in the same aspects. The elasticity (tan δ) of all canola protein gels remained constant in the presence of NaCl. Frequency sweep analysis revealed that the albumin fraction and CPI formed weak gels, whereas the globulin fraction formed a strong gel. Strain sweep analysis further confirmed that the globulin fraction formed a stronger gel with a critical strain of at least 10%. This study demonstrates the high potential of canola proteins, particularly the globulin fraction, as a prospective gelling agent.     

Gelation of Turkey Breast and Thigh Myofibrils: Effects of pH, Salt and Temperature

Salt concentration >0.1M and pH were important to the development of gel fracture properties. Howcvcr, meat type and salt concentration (0.5–1.0M) did not influence gel shear stress or shear strain. Isothermal heating temperature (55°C or 70°C) affected only gel shear strain. Rheological properties at fracture and nonfracture did not respond alike to changes in gclation conditions. General similarities between breast and thigh myofibril gels implied that protein isoforms were not the main factor influencing gel structure formation.     

Meat quality and cooking attributes of thawed pork with different low field NMR T(21)

A relationship of low field NMR T(2) components to meat quality and cooking attributes of pork was investigated. Longissimus muscle was removed from 23 pig carcasses at 24h postmortem for meat quality measurements and cooking test. Frozen samples were classified into three groups by LF-NMR T(21) of thawed samples: A (<40ms), B (40-44ms) and C (>44ms). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in pH, lightness (L* value) and pressing loss among the three groups. Cooking time to attain 70°C was slightly lower in group C than the other groups. Shear force value of cooked samples was not affected by T(21). The component T(21) correlated (P<0.05) with L* value, muscle pH and pressing loss, while L* value correlated (P<0.05) with thawing loss and muscle pH. Therefore, combined LF-NMR and color measurements could be a good way to differentiate water holding capacity of pork.     

Changes in Shear Parameters,Protein Degradation and Ultrastructure of Pork Following Water Bath and Ohmic Cooking

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ohmic (OH) and water bath (WB) cooking on shear parameters, protein degradation and ultrastructure changes of porcine longissimus dorsi muscle at the same endpoint temperatures (EPTs; range, 20–100 °C). The cooking loss and Warner–Bratzler shear force of the OH-cooked meat were significantly lower (P?<?0.05) while protein solubility, pH and endothermic transition temperature were higher than those obtained by WB cooking at the same EPTs (range, 20–80 °C). Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that during OH cooking, the meat had slightly fainter protein bands than that of WB-cooked ones. Less obvious shrinkage of the sarcomere and loss in the structure of Z discs were detected especially in OH-cooked meat at EPTs (100 °C). Strong correlations among pH, cooking loss, Warner–Bratzler shear force, sarcoplasmic protein solubility, T _max2, and T _max3 were observed in meat following OH cooking.