An editing and reporting system for Fermilab's accelerator controls system database

This paper describes an editing and reporting system for the central database of Fermilab's accelerator controls system. The software is written for the VAX 11/785 in FORTRAN, VAX-Macro, and DCL, the VAX system command language. The editing of device information in the database is implemented through the DABBEL language processor and turnkey account. A reporting facility is provided by the DBPEEKER turnkey account. The present system is described and future plans are discussed.     

包铝镁合金的工艺特点及应用前景

传统的镁及镁合金存在着表面耐蚀性能差、冷加工性能不理想等缺点。采用包覆轧制的方法制备包铝镁板Al/Mg/A1层状复合材料,并对其进行适当的扩散退火处理,可有效地改善镁合金的室温塑性低、耐腐蚀性能差等缺点,且显著地提高了镁合金产品的应用与发展,扩大了镁合金的开发应用领域及应用前景等。     

The failure intensity process and the formulation of reliability and maintenance models

A unified approach to the formulation of failure event models is presented. This provides a common framework for the analysis of both repairable and nonrepairable items, preventive as well as corrective maintenance, and it also applies for items with dormant failures. The suggested procedure is supported by a set of graphs, thereby identifying the significance both of the inherent reliability (i.e., hazard rate) and of the maintenance/repair policy. The definition/interpretation of various failure intensity concepts is fundamental for this approach. Thus, interrelations between these intensities are reviewed, thereby also contributing to a clarification of these concepts. The most basic of these; concepts, the failure intensity process, is used in counting processes (Martingales), and is the rate of failures at time t, given the history of the item up to that time. The suggested approach is illustrated by considering some standard reliability and maintenance models.     

A stochastic regime switching model for the failure process of a repairable system

This paper presents a stochastic model and estimation procedure for analyzing the failure process of a repairable system. We consider repairable systems whose successive interfailure times reveal a significant dependence while showing an insignificant trend. Neither the renewal process nor the non-homogeneous Poisson process are adequate for modeling such failure processes. Especially when the interfailure times show a cyclic pattern, we may consider a switching of the regimes (states) governing the lifetime distribution of the system. We propose a Markov switching model describing the failure process for such a case. The model postulates that a finite number of states governs the distinct lifetime distributions, and the state makes transitions according to a discrete-time Markov chain. Each of the distinct lifetime distributions represents a failure type that may change after successive repairs. Our model generalizes the mixture model by allowing the mixture probabilities to change during the transient period of the system. The model can capture the transient behavior of the system. The interfailure times constitute a set of incomplete data because the states are not explicitly identified. For the incomplete data, we propose a procedure for finding the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters by adopting the expectation and maximization principle. We also suggest a statistical method to determine the number of significant states. A Monte Carlo study is performed with two-parameter Weibull lifetime distributions. The results show consistency and good properties of the estimates. Some sets of Proschan's air conditioning unit data [Technometrics, 1963, 5′ 375–383] are also analyzed and the results are discussed with respect to the number of significant states and the performance of the prediction.     

The Russian system for accreditation of analytical laboratories and prospects for its development

This paper gives a history survey of the Analytical Laboratories Accreditation System in its development and describes its current state.     

A short review of activated carbon assisted electrosorption process: An overview, current stage and future prospects

Stepping into the new globalizes and paradigm shifted era, a huge revolution has been undergone by the electrochemical industry. From a humble candidate of the superconductor resources, today electrosorption has demonstrated its wide variety of usefulness, almost in every part of the environmental conservation. With the renaissance of activated carbon (AC), there has been a steadily growing interest in this research field. The paper presents a state of art review of electrosorption technology, its background studies, fundamental chemistry and working principles. Moreover, recent development of the activated carbon assisted electrosorption process, its major challenges together with the future expectation are summarized and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of electrosorption in the field of adsorption science represents a potentially viable and powerful tool, leading to the superior improvement of pollution control and environmental preservation.     

MEMS版图自动生成与工艺匹配系统研究

根据MEMS工艺设计的特点提出了反馈式专家系统运作方式,并据此给出了MEMS版图自动生成与工艺匹配系统的体系结构.同虚拟MEMS加工工艺相比,该系统可实现工艺流水的逆向推理流程,由此,进一步给出了系统逆向推理所需的专家规则描述方式和推理机实现方法,并实现了一个原型系统,该系统可实现由两种标准MEMS工艺制作器件的版图自动生成与工艺匹配工作,初步验证了系统的可行性.     

Current practice in biodiversity impact assessment and prospects for developing an integrated process

Irish guidance for Integrated Biodiversity Impact Assessment provides a methodological approach for integrating impact assessment requirements, with regard to biodiversity, under EU and Irish legislation. Preparation of the guidance was supported by extensive consultation, including international and national surveys. These offered insights into the issues affecting the treatment of biodiversity in impact assessment practice as well as expert opinion on factors affecting and supporting the development of a more integrated and adaptive approach. This paper contrasts the international literature with the consultation feedback. Among other aspects, the results highlight the requirement for an improved application of evidence-based assessment techniques, continuity in monitoring, enhanced information exchange between scientists, assessors and proponents, as well as increased awareness amongst stakeholders for inclusion of appropriate biodiversity protection objectives and mitigation in final planning decisions. Comparative analysis of results indicates that current practice is characterized by limited information exchange and the use of in-house databases in assessments. A central spatial data repository is identified as key for quantitatively assessing (cumulative) effects through Geographic Information Systems, and thus supporting evidence-informed decision-making towards biodiversity conservation.     

Use of failure rate databases and process safety performance measurements to improve process safety

Employing equipment reliability databases can generate a process of continual improvement. This paper suggests a methodology that uses equipment reliability databases, and a process of benchmarking to establish a continual improvement procedure by learning "how others are doing it". A simple decision-making procedure is suggested too, to assist in prioritizing the processes/equipment that are considered to be improved as well as a methodology to measure the improvement.     

反渗透水处理系统的工艺设计与试验研究

主要讨论了用于地下水除盐的反渗透系统的设计，所产淡水用于啤酒生产．根据水源水质分析报告以及聚酰胺中空纤维Ｂ－９组件对进水的水质要求，确定反渗透系统的工艺流程如下：深井水－中间水池－ＣｌＯ２发生器－活性炭过滤－软化－１０μ精滤－热交换－５μ保安过滤－ＲＯ装置－淡水．反渗透组件采用一级二段进行组合．运行监测结果表明，反渗透系统的设计是成功的．预处理出水的各项水质指标均满足Ｂ－９组件的进水要求，反渗透装置的产水量为１０ｍ３／ｈ，回收率＞７５％，脱盐率＞８５％，达到设计要求     

Development and presentation of the first design process model for sports equipment design

Many design industries have design process models specific to their discipline. However, there is no design process model specific to the design of sports equipment. Sports equipment is highly user-centred to improve the sporting performance of an athlete; therefore, it is anticipated that the outcome of this study will have an impact on the design discipline as a whole, as lessons can be learnt from the user-centred nature of sports design. This paper reports on a practical study and followed a rigorous, iterative approach of development and evaluation. The paper presents the development and validation of a sports design process model with the outcome of a sports design process model that is reflective of sports design practice in industry.     

水平激振模式下压实系统动力学过程及响应特性研究

针对智能振动压路机水平激振特点,根据压实进程中土壤参数变化,按工况分阶段建立二自由度动力学模型,研究纯滚动、滑转、纯打滑三种工况下振动轮与土壤相互作用的动力学过程。以XG6133D型智能振动压路机为例,仿真分析压实系统时频响应特性。结果表明,随压实进程振动轮水平运动发生由单周期至倍周期变化,其时域波形波峰、波谷产生锯齿状、平顶状畸变,频谱呈现除基波外仅含丰富奇次倍谐波。时频响应特性研究可为预测压实状况及提高压实性能提供理论依据。     

Explosive Compaction of powders,principle and prospects

The explosive compaction method consisting of a cylindrical container surrounded by a proper type and amount of explosive is an inexpensive method to achieve high densities close to theoretical density. The explosive's parameters have to be adjusted to the type of the powder to be compacted. The required explosive's pressure is linearly related to the Vickers hardness of the metal powder particles. If higher pressures are applied, an “explosive liquid phase sinter” - process can be achieved, allowing the welding of individual particles. The residual properties of the material are characterized by a high defect structure and by dislocation densities and subgrain sizes comparable to those after heavy plastic deformation. The same is true of compacted ceramic powders. Enhanced sinter reactivity, chemical and catalytic reactivity may be the result of high values of stored energy observed in the ceramic materials, shock wave treated under conditions of explosive compaction. The properties of materials produced by shock-wave synthesis or by shock-wave transformation are also determined by a high-density defect structure.     

过程阻尼对铣削系统稳定性的影响

对铣削加工中过程阻尼的形成机理和其对加工稳定性极限的影响进行分析。过程阻尼来源于后刀面与工件干涉产生的犁耕效应,利用隐式龙格库塔法,计算干涉产生的浸入面积以及阻力,建立考虑过程阻尼的非线性模型。仿真结果表明,相对于传统的,不考虑过程阻尼的线性动力学模型,非线性模型中的低速区稳定性极限可显著提高,并且通过铣削实验予以验证。     

Monitoring acute and chronic kidney failure using statistical process control techniques

Creatinine tests are used to determine a patient's estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for the assessment of kidney function. This article describes how eGFR results for patients who need to have their cases referred for the attention of a specialist can be filtered out from among the numerous patients whose test results indicate that they are either displaying no reduction in kidney function or whose kidney function is reduced but remains stable. Automation of the process is a key ingredient of our solution because this is the means by which the human effort is directed to those patients in greatest need.     

Resisting system and failure modes of masonry domes

The research synthesized in this paper focused on ultimate strength, structural safety assessment, and collapse of masonry domes. Activity was directed at analyzing the relationships between safety factor and geometry, and carrying out research targeted at reducing the incidence and severity of structural failures in cultural buildings. This paper shows that the resisting system of a masonry dome is not the two-dimensional shell, but a one-dimensional mechanism that derives from the splitting of the shell and drum. The resisting system, whose geometry depends on the dome shape and brick or stone pattern, may include the lantern and/or the masonry constructions around the drum.Well-known domes taken from architectural cultural heritage are used to exemplify the pivotal role of geometry and construction techniques in providing ultimate strength. These examples also show the importance of considering the architectural design of the time, in structural analyses.The results found in the paper suggest how to provide masonry domes with adequate safety, using the minimal level of structural intervention; in particular, without altering the way the building reacts to applied loads. Hence, the paper helps understand how to reduce the amount of structural work, which, in turn, guarantees conservation and restoration, as well as safeguarding.The conclusions are devoted to analyzing which observations are valid for seismic assessment and how the other observations have to be modified for seismic actions.     

Product and process modularity: improving flexibility and reducing supplier failure risk

As the dependence on suppliers intensifies, companies can adopt product and process modularity to reduce the potential negative effects of supply disruptions. Indeed, enabling manufacturing postponement can provide firms with a prompt response; by reducing the complexity of the system and allowing for easier configuration of the production process, the negative impact of a supply disruption, such as supplier failure, can be absorbed. This study provides a framework that relates the adoption of postponement enablers (i.e. product modularity and process modularity) to the reduction of the negative impact of a supply disruption. We attempt to determine whether the direct effect can be explained by the impact of these practices on companies’ flexibility. Based on data collected from 54 Italian manufacturing companies, we show that the adoption of manufacturing postponement enablers directly reduces the negative impact of the occurrence of supplier failure. Furthermore, we show that this relationship can only be partially explained by an indirect path through companies’ flexibility.