Thermal and rheological properties of breadfruit starch

The thermal and rheological properties of breadfruit starch were studied using DSC and 2 different rheometers. It was found that the gelatinization temperature of starch with excess moisture content (>70%) was at approximately 75 °C. A new endotherm was detected at about 173 °C when the moisture content was lower than required for full gelatinization of the starch. A detailed examination revealed that this endotherm represented the melting of amylose-lipid complexes. Breadfruit starch paste exhibited shear-thinning fluid characteristics, and good thermal and pH stability. The setback viscosity of the breadfruit starch was lower than that of potato and corn starches. The rheological properties of the breadfruit starch paste was well described by the Herschel-Bulkley model at a shear rate of 0 to 100 s(-1), where R(2) is greater than 0.95, and it behaved like a yield-pseudoplastic fluid. Both the storage modulus and loss modulus of the paste initially increased sharply, then dropped after reaching the gelatinization peak. Breadfruit starch gel showed both flexibility and viscosity. Suspension with 6% starch content exhibited very weak gel rigidity; however, this increased significantly at starch contents above 20%.     

Effects of Granule Size and Size Distribution on Rheological Behavior of Chemically Modified Potato Starch

The effects of granule size and size distribution on rheological behavior of hydroxypropylated and phosphate cross‐linked potato starch (HPS) were studied by steady and dynamic viscoelasticity measurements. The rheological behavior of starch dispersions was strongly influenced by granule size and granule‐to‐granule interaction. Average granule size of HPS dispersion at high concentration was smaller than that at low concentration. Time dependence of viscosity was quite different depending on shear rate; thixotropy at low shear rates and antithixotropy at high shear rates. At higher concentrations, HPS dispersion showed a non‐Newtonian behavior, and it tended to a Newtonian behavior when concentration was lowered. Yield stress and creep recovery of HPS dispersion at higher concentrations was more pronounced than those at lower concentrations.     

不同粒径分布对全籽粒玉米粉糊化特性的影响

分析不同粒径大小分布对不同淀粉含量全籽粒玉米粉糊化特性的影响,为其品质分析和加工提供参考依据。选取淀粉含量66%~77%的玉米,通过小型实验磨研磨得到不同粒径的全籽粒玉米粉,研究粒径大小分布、主要成分、损伤淀粉等指标对糊化特性的影响。结果表明,玉米粉的粒径大小和分布对其糊化能力、凝胶特性影响明显,特别是小颗粒粒径大小影响明显,但对回生老化特性影响不显著。平均粒径和小颗粒粒径越小、颗粒表面积越大时,越容易糊化,峰值黏度也越大,玉米粉间糊化能力差异越显著,总淀粉越多、脂肪和蛋白越少也越容易糊化,峰值黏度也越大;小颗粒粒径越小、比表面积越大,凝胶抗剪切能力越差,玉米粉间凝胶特性差异越明显,总淀粉和损伤淀粉含量升高、脂肪和蛋白质降低,也降低凝胶抗剪切能力;粒径大小与分布对玉米粉回生老化特性影响不显著,总淀粉和直链淀粉增加、脂肪减少,提高凝胶回生能力。     

超声处理对小米淀粉结构及理化性质的影响

在相同超声温度及时间下,研究了不同超声功率0、25、50、100、150、200、250 W对小米淀粉聚集态结构及理化性质的影响,测定了超声处理时小米淀粉的水解率、颗粒形貌、晶体结构、官能团结构、粒径大小、流变学特性、糊化特性的变化规律。结果表明:超声处理导致小米淀粉水解率和粒径增大,250 W超声处理40 min小米淀粉水解率为1.037%,平均粒径由9.96 μm增大到12.10 μm,且表现出更好的稳定性;超声处理未引起小米淀粉结晶类型和分子结构改变,但导致分子有序度略微下降;超声处理改变了小米淀粉糊的流动性,其剪切应力和表观黏度随超声功率增加而降低;小米淀粉在超声处理后峰值粘度、最低粘度、终值粘度、崩解值和回生值均显著降低,热稳定性增加。超声波技术广泛应用于变性淀粉加工,本研究的结果可为小米淀粉的改性研究提供理论基础。     

Formation of oil droplets in plasticized starch matrix in simple shear flow

This paper describes the effect of simple shear flow on the formation of triglyceride oil droplets in a plasticized starch matrix. An in-house developed shearing device was used that enabled the application of controlled shear flow and rheological characterization of the native maize starch–triglyceride blends at shear stresses of up to 37 kPa. Due to the high viscosity of starch matrix, the viscosity ratio of the continuous starch phase and the dispersed triglyceride phase varied between 10⁻⁷ and 10⁻⁵. It was possible to create small droplets with a droplet diameter of 2.1 μm using simple shear flow only. An increase in shear rate had no influence on droplet diameter. However, an increase in oil content led to a vast increase in droplet diameter indicating the occurrence of coalescence. The results further show that the maximum stable droplet size in plasticized starch is significantly smaller (up to 100 times) than the predicted values for a Newtonian matrix. The differences of plasticized starch to Newtonian matrices are discussed in detail.     

冻融循环对锥栗淀粉理化性质的影响

目的:本文探讨了冻融循环(以-20℃/22 h,25℃/2 h为一个循环)对锥栗淀粉理化性质的影响,旨在为锥栗淀粉改性和产品的开发利用提供理论参考。方法:以锥栗原淀粉为对照,比较了3次、7次和10次冻融淀粉的基本成分变化;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析淀粉结晶区比重;激光粒度分析仪测定淀粉的粒径分布范围;观察上清液体积变化分析淀粉糊凝沉性;快速黏度分析仪(RVA)测定淀粉糊化特性;流变仪进行剪切稀化的测定及储能模量、损耗模量分析;质构分析仪(TPA)分析淀粉凝胶质构特性。结果:与锥栗原淀粉比较,锥栗冻融淀粉的蛋白质、脂肪和直链淀粉含量降低,破损淀粉含量升高。3次、7次冻融淀粉结晶区比重、粒径分布范围逐渐减少,但10次冻融淀粉又略有回升。在70 h内,原淀粉和冻融淀粉糊均完成凝沉,冻融淀粉糊的析水率降低。冻融淀粉的成糊温度降低,峰值黏度升高,回生值升高。3次、7次冻融淀粉的储能模量均低于原淀粉,而10次冻融淀粉随着剪切应力的增加,储能模量略高于原淀粉。冻融淀粉凝胶的硬度降低,弹性和黏着性升高。结论:冻融循环对锥率淀粉理化性质影响明显,本研究结果对锥栗淀粉基食品冻融机理提供理论参考。     

Physicochemical characteristics of mixed colloidal dispersions: Models for foods containing fat and starch

Mixed colloidal dispersions, consisting of starch granules and lipid droplets, were used as model systems to represent commercial food products, such as sauces, desserts, and soups. Colloidal dispersions were prepared by mixing unheated modified starch (3.5 or 5.0 wt%) and lipid droplets (2.5, 5.0 or 8.0 wt% oil) together and then heating (90 °C for 5 min) to promote starch gelatinization. The lipid droplets were stabilized by a food-grade surfactant consisting of a mixture of diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono-diglycerides (DATEM) and mono-diglycerides. The influence of thermal processing and composition (starch, lipid, surfactant content) on the particle size, microstructure, lightness, and shear viscosity of the model sauces was examined. There was a pronounced increase in shear viscosity upon heating, which was attributed to the swelling of the starch granules leading to a close-packed particle suspension. The shear viscosity and lightness of the colloidal dispersions increased with increasing starch and fat content, with fat droplets dominating lightness and starch granules dominating viscosity. The amount of surfactant present also influenced the rheology of the mixed colloidal dispersions, which was attributed to its ability to modify starch granule interactions. Overall, these results have important implications for designing high quality emulsion-based food products, such as soups, sauces, desserts, and beverages.     

Gelatinization of Thermally Treated Starch Mixed with Sodium Hydroxide in the Solid State

The effect of thermal treatment on maize starch mixed with different amounts of sodium hydroxide, in the solid state, on its gelatinization was thoroughly investigated. Besides, the rheological properties of the products which undergo gelatinization by addition of water at room temperature after treatment were also investigated. It was found that gelatinization of thermally treated starch with sodium hydroxide in the solid state starts only at a ratio of alkali: starch of 1:10 or more regardless of the temperature of treatment. The rheological properties as well as the apparent viscosity at various rates of shear were found to be dependent on both the temperature of treatment an the sodium hydroxide: starch ratio. Storing of the thermally treated gelatinized starch pastes for 7 days is accompanied by a remarkable increase in their apparent viscosity at any specific rate of shear which may be due to the effect of sodium hydroxide on starch during storing.     

The Combined Effect of Oxidation and Carbamoylethylation on the Rheological Properties of Maize and Rice Starches

The combined effect of oxidation and etherification on the molecular structure of starch was investigated. Maize and rice starches were used. Oxidation was effected using sodium hypochlorite while etherification was performed by reacting starch with acrylamide in presence of sodium hydroxide; this reaction is known as carbamoylethylation. The extent of the latter, expressed as % N, was found to increase by decreasing the molecular size of starch through oxidation. The carbamoylethyl starches so obtained could be precipitated by ethanol and they are soluble in water irrespective of the kind of starch. On the other hand, results of rheological properties indicated that they are governed mainly by the molecular size of starch. Oxidized starches with relatively high molecular size exhibit thixotropic behaviour. The degree of thixotropy decreases and changes into pseudoplasticity as the molecular size of starch decreases. The results also indicated that at constant rate of shear the apparent viscosity of carbamoylethyl starches decreases as the molecular size decreases. Furthermore, the rheological properties of carbamoylethyl starch pastes undergo considerable changes and so does the apparent viscosity when these pastes were stored for 3 days.     

Physicochemical properties and application of micronized cornstarch in low fat cream

With normal cornstarch (CS) as material, micronized starch was prepared first by acid hydrolyzed pretreatment and then ball-milling (HMS). A control sample (MS) was prepared by ball-milling without pretreatment. Particle size and shape of micronized starch were investigated, and its application in low fat cream was studied. The Maltase cross of HMS granules almost disappeared and the particle size clearly decreased. It was evident that acid-lintnerised starch granules were more susceptible to break down upon milling. However, the granules would aggregate with an increase in milling time. Compared with full-fat cream, the apparent viscosity of low-fat cream increased, while fat globules partial coalescence rate, overrun and textural properties decreased with the increasing of the fat replacement rate. The average particle size of whipped cream increased with the increase of whipping time. Results indicate that a 15% fat replacement rate would produce cream with good foaming and storage stability.     

Particle Size Fractionation of High-Amylose Rice (Goami 2) Flour as an Oil Barrier in a Batter-Coated Fried System

The particle size effects of high-amylose rice (Goami 2) flour on quality attributes of frying batters were characterized in terms of physicochemical, rheological, and oil-resisting properties. High-amylose rice flours were fractionated into four fractions (70, 198, 256, and 415 μm) of which morphology was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Rice flour with smaller particle size exhibited a higher degree of starch gelatinization, giving rise to increased pasting parameters. When the rice flours were incorporated into frying batters, higher steady shear viscosity was observed in the batters with finer rice flour, which could be well characterized by the power law model. In addition, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the batters were enhanced by the use of rice flour with smaller particle size, which also caused an increase in batter pickup. When subjected to deep fat frying, the batters with finer rice flour exhibited reduced moisture loss. Furthermore, the oil uptake was found to have a positive correlation with the particle size of rice flour (R ²?=?0.88), even showing the reduction of oil uptake by 15%. It could be synergistically attributed to the formation of outer starch granular layers, high batter viscosity/pickup, and reduced moisture loss by finer rice flour.     

Effect of high-pressure homogenization on droplet size distribution and rheological properties of ice cream mixes

The effect of different homogenization pressures (15/3 MPa and 97/3 MPa) on fat globule size and distribution as well as on structure-property relationships of ice cream mixes was investigated. Dynamic light scattering, steady shear, and dynamic rheological analyses were performed on mixes with different fat contents (5 and 8%) and different aging times (4 and 20 h). The homogenization of ice cream mixes determined a change from bimodal to monomodal particle size distributions and a reduction in the mean particle diameter. Mean fat globule diameters were reduced at higher pressure, but the homogenization effect on size reduction was less marked with the highest fat content. The rheological behavior of mixes was influenced by both the dispersed and the continuous phases. Higher fat contents caused greater viscosity and dynamic moduli. The lower homogenization pressure (15/3 MPa) mainly affected the dispersed phase and resulted in a more pronounced viscosity reduction in the higher fat content mixes. High-pressure homogenization (97/3 MPa) greatly enhanced the viscoelastic properties and the apparent viscosity. Rheological results indicated that unhomogenized and 15/3 MPa homogenized mixes behaved as weak gels. The 97/3 MPa treatment led to stronger gels, perhaps as the overall result of a network rearrangement or interpenetrating network formation, and the fat globules were found to behave as interactive fillers. High-pressure homogenization determined the apparent viscosity of 5% fat to be comparable to that of 8% fat unhomogenized mix.     

Effects of Sodium Caseinate on the Rheological Properties of Starch Pastes

Effects of sodium caseinate on the rheological properties of starch-water pastes have been measured under steady shear conditions. In all cases a power law equation was found to describe the variation of viscosity with shear rate. The sodium caseinate increased the viscosity of the starch pastes and a starch-sodium caseinate synergistic effect occurred. Sodium caseinate caused the swollen starch particles in pastes to increase in volume. It is suggested that this is one of the factors responsible for the observed effects of sodium caseinate on rheological behavior.     

酯化淀粉胶流变特性及其在乳液中的应用研究

采用应力控制型流变仪研究了酯化改性前后不同质量浓度淀粉胶的表观黏度、动态振荡及蠕变恢复性质。利用Carreau模型拟合样品的黏度曲线,发现全部淀粉胶样品的零剪切速率黏度(η0)和无限剪切速率黏度(η∞)均具有质量浓度依赖性;利用对数线性回归模型拟合样品振荡曲线,发现酯化淀粉胶(OSG)的黏性特质优于普通淀粉胶(CSG);蠕变恢复数据表明OSG的振荡效率高于CSG。将质量浓度为15%的OSG应用于制备低脂乳液,其能有效阻止乳液脂肪球聚集,脂肪球尺寸控制在0.01~20.20μm范围内,能够有效发挥稳定乳液的作用。     

燕麦淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品的DE值选择

以燕麦淀粉为原料,采用耐高温α-淀粉酶水解制备不同燕麦淀粉水解度(DE值)样品;通过分析样品表观黏度和凝胶强度确定其作为脂肪替代品使用时的上限质量分数和下限质量分数;测定样品的凝胶温度及持水性、持油性、冻融稳定性、乳化性、乳化稳定性等理化性质,选出较适合做脂肪替代品的样品。结果表明：样品的表观黏度随剪切速率、温度的增加而下降,凝胶强度随DE值的增大、样品质量分数的下降呈下降趋势。样品作为脂肪替代品使用时上限质量分数为30%,下限质量分数为25%。DE值为2.39%、2.93%、3.73%、4.11%的样品较适合做脂肪替代品。     

湿热处理对大米淀粉流变特性的影响

本文通过测定湿热处理前后大米淀粉的流变学特性,旨在研究湿热处理对大米淀粉稳态流变、动态流变及温度流变学行为的变化.结果表明,湿热处理后大米淀粉均呈现剪切稀化的现象,且湿热处理增强了大米淀粉的凝胶强度;在动态流变测定中发现,所有大米淀粉样品的弹性模量(G′)都大于黏性模量(G〃),且湿热处理后大米淀粉的弹性模量(G′)和...     

阴米淀粉糊的流变特性

考察两优培九、荆糯六号大米以及阴米淀粉糊在不同质量浓度和温度下的流变特性,结果表明：这两种大米和阴米淀粉糊都是典型的非牛顿型和剪切变稀流体,黏度随剪切速率的增加而降低;同时用幂律函数描述淀粉糊的流变特性,拟合精度较高。淀粉糊的动态流变行为表现为：在升温初期,储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″)的值先显著下降,进而平缓下降,在90℃时出现不同程度的升高,随后又下降。损耗因子(tanδ)随温度的升高呈现先下降后上升的趋势。原米淀粉糊的黏性大弹性小,而阴米淀粉糊的弹性大黏性小。     

含水量对湿热处理荸荠淀粉性质的影响

为有效开发利用荸荠淀粉,以荸荠淀粉为原料,将荸荠淀粉的含水量分别调节为20%、25%、30%、35%,利用鼓风干燥烘干箱在105℃下湿热处理2 h,研究湿热处理对荸荠淀粉糊化特性、流变特性、溶解度与膨胀度的影响。结果表明:随着湿热处理淀粉含水量的增大,淀粉糊峰值黏度和衰减值均有所降低;谷值黏度有所升高,淀粉颗粒的溶解度和膨胀度均有一定程度的下降;剪切稀化现象减弱;损耗角正切值越来越小,荸荠淀粉在湿热处理后所形成的凝胶为弱凝胶。     

Applicability of time-temperature superposition principle: Dynamic rheology of mung bean starch blended with sodium chloride and sucrose - Part 2

Dynamic rheological characteristics of mung bean starch individually and blending with sodium chloride (5-10%) and sucrose (5-10%) in aqueous medium were studied isothermally (70-95 °C). The elastic modulus (G′) of each dispersion was significantly higher than viscous modulus (G″) and showed a predominant solid-like property. Each ingredient affected the rheological behavior differently. Incorporation of sugar increased the gel rigidity, whereas sodium chloride-starch blend lowered the gel strength as function of concentration. The empirical principle of time-temperature superposition (TTS) was examined to bring experimental dynamic rheological data at various temperatures together into single master curves at a reference temperature of 80 °C. The complex viscosity (η^∗) master curve was obtained for the blends with slight deviation. The elastic modulus superposition (G′-ω) has been found to fail in the studied temperature regime. The failure of TTS was believed to be happened due to complex starch-additive-water matrix formation, temperature response of individual components and phase change during gelatinization of starch.     

pH对莲子淀粉糊化特性影响的研究

为探讨pH对莲子淀粉糊化特性的影响,研究采用快速黏度分析仪、流变仪和差示扫描量热仪,测定不同pH条件下莲子淀粉的糊化特性、流变特性和热力学特性,并进行不等温动力学分析。结果表明:莲子淀粉糊黏度随着pH的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,强酸性条件热稳定性较差,碱性条件下热稳定性较强。不同pH体系条件下的淀粉糊均为非牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体特征,pH不会改变淀粉糊的流体类型。通过Power law方程对其流变特性曲线进行拟合,各样本均为剪切稀化现象,所形成凝胶为弱凝胶,体系以黏性为主。在pH5时,莲子淀粉糊具有较明显的触变性。莲子淀粉的热焓值、峰值温度、终止温度、糊化温度随着pH的升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在强酸条件下,淀粉发生酸化,糊化进程及回生进程变缓;由不等温动力学得出:pH5时为莲子淀粉糊化最佳酸碱度。研究结果为莲子淀粉的综合开发利用提供了一定的理论依据。