Electrochemical behavior of polyphenol oxidase immobilized in self-assembled structures layer by layer with cationic polyallylamine

We report here a novel bioelectrode based on self-assembled multilayers of polyphenol oxidase intercalated with cationic polyallylamine built up on a thiol-modified gold surface. We use an immobilization strategy previously described by Hodak J. et al. (Langmuir 1997, 13, 2708-2716) Quartz crystal microbalance with electroacustic impedance experiments were carried out to follow quantitatively the multilayer film formation. The response of the self-assembly polyphenol oxidase-polyallylamine electrodes toward different metabolically related catecholamines was studied, to evaluate enzyme kinetics. For the analyzed compounds, only dopamine and its metabolite Dopac gave catalytic currents at applied potential close to 0 V. These responses were proportional to the number of polyphenol oxidase-immobilized layers and were also controlled by the enzymatic reaction. The combination of microgravimetric and electrochemical techniques allowed us to determine the kinetic enzymatic constants, showing that the decomposition rate for the enzyme-substrate complex is slower than the enzymatic reoxidation step.     

Sol-gel thin-film immobilized soybean peroxidase biosensor for the amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in acid medium.

An acid-stable soybean-peroxidase biosensor was developed by immobilizing the enzyme in a sol-gel thin film. Methylene blue was used as a mediator because of its high electron-transfer efficiency. The sol-gel thin film and enzyme membrane were characterized by FT-IR, and the effects of pH, operating potential, and temperature were explored for optimum analytical performance by using the amperometric method. The H2O2 sensor exhibited a fast response (5 s), high sensitivity (27.5 microA/mM), as well as good thermostability and long-term stability. In addition, the performance of the biosensor was investigated using flow-injection analysis (FIA).     

Theoretical and experimental study of microcell and macrocell corrosion in patch repairs of concrete structures

Patch repair is commonly used to rectify localized corrosion induced damage in concrete structures. However, inadequate durability in patch repair systems caused by new corrosion attack is prevalent. From the prevailing understanding, the mechanism is attributed to macrocell corrosion formed between repaired area (called patch) and its adjacent unrepaired area (called substrate), and thereby ensuring electrochemical compatibility between the two areas is deemed to be the key element to reduce the corrosion risk and thus to achieve a successful repair. This paper examined the corrosion mechanism and the concept of compatibility in patch repair systems from fundamental electrochemical principles and experimental verification. It was illustrated that both macrocell and microcell corrosion mechanisms could play significant roles, and the total corrosion could be underestimated if the latter is overlooked. Although the incompatibility serves as the driving force for the macrocell corrosion, in light of corrosion kinetics, it was shown that the corrosion magnitude depends more on the individual corrosion kinetics of the anode or cathode.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the conduction mechanism in Sb2 Se3 alloy

To understand the nature of Sb₂ Se₃ semiconductor as a bulk sample, the X-ray diffraction study was carried out to identify the sample structure. Dc and ac electrical properties measured in the temperature range 290–370 K, and frequency range 10²–10⁵ Hz were the subject of the present work. Properties such as dielectric constant ^\, loss function tan, and electrical conductivities _ac as a function of both frequency and temperature are reported. Different models of electrical conduction in semiconductor materials have been used to explain the observed results. A trail has been made to correlate the results of this paper with the average heat of atomization H _S and the average coordination number M. The experimental and theoretical investigation is in accordance with Liang criterion.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the error of temperature measurement by thermocouples in thermal-insulation materials

On the basis of a numerical study of the solution of a three-dimensional unsteady heat-conduction problem, we formulate practical recommendations for the choice of thermocouples to measure temperature in thermal-insulation materials.     

融合时频域特征的舰船识别方法及实验研究

文章提出了一种融合舰船辐射噪声时频域特征的识别方法,将舰船辐射噪声的线谱特征和线性预测倒谱特征作为输入,分别利用反向传播（Back Propagation,BP）神经网络进行训练、降维及初步判别,并采用加权投票方式,引入置信度算法和拒判机制实现决策级融合识别。实验结果表明,对比基于舰船单一特征的识别方法,利用舰船辐射噪声时频域特征的互补性进行融合识别,减小了单一识别方法误判对总识别率的影响,具有较强的鲁棒性,可有效提高对目标的识别率。     

双声源驱动热声系统的理论声场重构与实验验证

搭建了一套双声源驱动热声热机实验系统,该系统包括双扬声器、谐振管、置于谐振管内的回热器和换热器等元件。利用双声源法,可实现对谐振管及回热器边界声场的任意调制,包括调节幅值(调幅)、调节相位(调相)和调节频率(调频)。在给定双声源条件下,采用双传感器法对该系统谐振管中的声场参数(包括声压、质点速度、当地声阻抗等)分布进行理论声场重构,并通过实验分析,证实了该方法在等径谐振管内非声压腹点和节点处的适用性和准确性,而在声压腹点和节点处(附近)的误差最大达到12.4%。同时,对谐振管内的声场进行了行波驻波分解,得到了谐振管中行驻波成分比例。     

Theoretical and experimental study of the processes of water purification in a biofilter

This paper presents the results of experimental measurements of substrate concentrations characterizing the efficiency of polluted water purification by a drop biofilter. A model describing the process of purification based on the diffusion-kinetic approach is presented. A good agreement between the experimental and theoretically calculated characteristics of the purification process has been shown. A simple semiempirical relation for estimating the operation of the drop biofilter is given. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 273–282, March–April, 2009.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the bleaching of a dye in a film-polymerization process

The quantum efficiency and the molar-absorption coefficients of different phenothiazine dyes are obtained by means of fitting the experimental data of transmittance as a function of time. An analytical expression for the intensity transmitted in a photopolymerizable holographic material is obtained, and good agreement between theory and experience is also achieved. The analysis of these parameters is of fundamental quantities in the photochemical characterization of holographic recording materials.     

钠化富硼渣中硼化物析晶动力学分析与实验研究

富硼渣经熔态钠化—热处理析晶—水浸工艺可制得硼砂晶体。硼的浸出率与渣中硼组分析出形态直接相关,若以NaBO2为主晶相析出,硼浸出率高;若以玻璃态存在,硼浸出率低。根据非晶固体形成动力学理论,计算富硼渣钠化过程中NaBO2成核速度(I)和晶体长大速度(IL),获得了NaBO2晶体在熔体中的最佳形成温度。采用化学分析方法研究了热处理温度对渣中硼浸出率的影响。结果表明,钠化渣的最佳热处理温度与理论计算所得最佳温度一致。     

Theoretical and experimental study of the aluminization of iron and steel in the pack and in the gas phase

A theoretical model which combines gaseous transport and solid state diffusion with the multicomponent equilibria at the gas-pack and gas-coating interfaces was used to study the pack aluminization of iron and steel. It allows the surface composition and the growth rate to be calculated. For a given activator they depend on the temperature and the aluminium activity in the pack. A good agreement is obtained between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results when the parts to be treated are embedded in the pack. Theoretical predictions for deposition in the gas phase, onto substrates out of contact with the pack, can be qualitatively deduced, and the conditions for obtaining uniform coatings in the gas phase are pointed out.     

Scanning electrochemical microscopy. 60. Quantitative calibration of the SECM substrate generation/tip collection mode and its use for the study of the oxygen reduction mechanism

The substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) coupled with linear voltammetry is proposed as a way to quantify reaction intermediates generated in the solution at small substrates (100 mum diameter). The collection efficiency (CE) for SG/TC mode depends on the collector tip radius (a), the tip/substrate distance (d), and the size of the insulating glass sheath surrounding the collector tip (RG). In this work, we present experimental and simulated calibration CE values for different SG/TC geometries. Results of digital simulations in axial 2-D symmetry with the tip approaching a planar substrate are shown and fit experimental results obtained using ferrocenemethanol as a redox mediator very well. This model assumes that the mediator reacts under stationary-state conditions and undergoes diffusion-controlled electron transfer without any heterogeneous or homogeneous kinetic complications. Empirical equations for all SG/TC geometries reported here are provided as a convenient way to predict the maximum CE value for any given distance within the calibration range. Hydrogen peroxide quantification during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at a Hg on Au electrode in acid pH was carried out using the SG/TC mode of SECM to demonstrate the utility of this technique in determining the number of electrons transferred (n) in the ORR. The results (n = 2.12-2.19) clearly point out the predominance of the two-electron pathway over the four-electron pathway when ORR takes place at this electrode material. Therefore, this work presents a powerful alternative to the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) as means of obtaining mechanistic information by calculating the number of electrons transferred during an electrochemical reaction.     

An experimental and finite element study of the transverse bending behaviour of CFRP composite T-joints in vehicle structures

The behaviour of a woven fabric carbon/epoxy composite T-joint (representing a simplified version the T-joint located at the connection between the B-pillar and the longitudinal rocker in a car body structure) is investigated using experimental and numerical methods. Details of the manufacturing process and experimental design factors are considered to understand their influence on the performance of the T-joint structure. The experimental results reveal the influence of manufacturing process and experimental setup on the load-carrying capacity and failure mode of the T-joint. Numerical simulation accurately predicts the stress distribution and load-carrying capacity of the T-joint obtained from experimental tests. The FEM model, which includes the adhesive interface layers at the edges, convincingly represents the experimentally found stiffness: the error is less than 3%. According to Hashin matrix tension criteria, the first ply failure occurs at 3.746 kN when the Hashin failure index (R) becomes equal to 1. Whereas, in the case of experimental tests, the first ply failure occurs around 3.4 kN, at which force the first load drop is observed.     

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the extinction in a dense distribution of particles: nonlocal effects.

We report experimental measurements of the extinction in a suspension of dielectric spheres. We find that the model originally introduced by Keller is in good agreement with the data provided that nonlocal effects are properly taken into account. We also find that the simple criterion establishing the regime of independent scattering previously introduced is not consistent with our data.     

Theoretical model of the operation parameters regulated by the MIMO and SISO system in a cooling chamber

Smart buildings technologies are more and more common in the refrigeration industry. From definition, smart buildings are the integrated monitoring and controlling systems that govern processes inside the rooms and react immediately on every change inside and outside of the building to minimize exploitation costs and maintain functionality. Smart rooms are functional while ensuring suitable conditions (accurate temperature, humidity and air velocity) for food or medicines temporary storage.The temperature, humidity level and an air velocity are regulated in such a way, to improve quality of food and reduce exploitations costs. Modern methods and technologies enable engineers to design and build up an installation of a cold room with integrated subsystems working accordingly to the data gathered by the sensors to maintain specified functions.The article presents:

• •A transient model of the cooling chamber.
• •Transient parameters of cooling processes in MIMO and SISO control.
• •A refrigeration control system design.

     

气泡辅助航行系统降低船模-碎冰相互碰撞的试验研究

通过模型试验探究气泡辅助系统降低船舶与碎冰相互碰撞的机理,依托"雪龙2"号船模设计了气泡辅助航行系统,在哈尔滨工程大学室外冰水池内进行了非冻结模型冰碎冰航道的船模拖航试验。通过机理试验,探究气泡辅助航行系统使用前后船模与浮冰相互作用模式的差异,同时根据船艏、船舯的浮冰清除效果,分析该系统对这两部分浮冰碰撞作用的减轻程度;随后改变试验参数,探究航速、喷气量以及浮冰密集度对该系统工作效果的影响,进一步探究该气泡辅助系统的工作机理。     

Magnetic and structural study of mechanochemical reactions in the Al-Fe3O4 system

The solid state reaction between Al and Fe₃O₄ (magnetite) using mechanochemical activation of powder mixtures under Ar atmosphere is studied. The phase evolution during the reaction is analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At 37 minutes of high-energy ball-milling the disappearance of reactive phases and the production of -Fe, FeAl₂O₄ and -Al₂O₃ is observed, together with significant changes in the magnetic behavior of the system. The composition and properties of samples heated up to 1200°C are also investigated. The behavior of the saturation magnetization M _s is interpreted on the basis of the formation of a variable composition spinel phase Fe [Al _x Fe_2–x ] O₄ with 0 x 2 and a canting effect due to the presence of Al³⁺ ions in the spinel structure.