提高半导体冷却除湿效率的探讨

本文运用半导体制冷器进行除湿的工作原理 ,将热管引入半导体制冷器热端 ,强化散热 ,分析了除湿机在较大热负荷下高效工作的可能性。     

有限散热强度下半导体制冷器性能的实验研究

由于热端散热能力总是有限的，制冷量的波动将导致半导体制冷器热端温度的波动，此时仍假定热端温度不变进行设计是不妥的。给出了半导体制冷器在有限的热端散热强度下不同制冷工况的实验结果，经过比较选出其中的最佳工况，并推导出计算最佳工况下半导体制冷器的工作电流和制冷量的近似公式，与实验结果比较吻合，可供半导体制冷器的设计者参考。     

分离式热管蓄冷空调释冷性能实验研究

本文设计了基于分离式热管换热的蓄冷空调系统,针对其释冷性能进行了因素实验和响应曲面实验研究。结果表明:分离式热管蓄冷空调释冷性能稳定,实验条件下最大制冷量可达5.09 kW;制冷量随循环风量的增加而增加,而除湿量存在最佳除湿循环风量,最佳除湿循环风量约为620 m^3/h,除湿量约为4.32 kg/h;制冷量随环境温湿度的升高而增加;得到了不同工况下制冷量的回归方程,分析了不同影响因子对制冷量的影响规律,在循环风量较低的工况下,热管阀门对制冷量影响较弱,随着循环风量的增加,对制冷量影响增加。     

半导体制冷器优化设计工作状态的实验研究

模拟小空间制冷环境,在实验确定半导体制冷器最大制冷系数状态和最大制冷量状态工作参数基础上,综合分析计算给出了等功率状态和最佳工作状态参数,弥补传统设计理论的不足,为半导体制冷器优化设计提供依据.     

半导体制冷与固体除湿结合装置的性能探究

半导体制冷（又称热电制冷）因为降温迅速、易于控制等优点,广泛应用在工业生产、日常生活等方面。而热端散热效果成为制约半导体制冷效率的主要因素。半导体制冷在空气除湿领域的应用研究日趋深入,但传统的冷却除湿要求半导体冷端温度较低,使半导体制冷效率降低。建立半导体制冷（热管排热系统）、固体吸附剂结合的除湿模型,通过6级半导体制冷与热管散热系统的实验装置对干工况进行模拟验证,再模拟固体除湿工况在不同输入电流下的性能。模拟结果表明：当除湿量与文献中半导体冷却除湿装置相同时,该半导体与固体除湿结合的模型的系统COP为1.78,明显高于文献中装置的COP。说明结合固体吸附剂后可以加强传质动力提高冷端温度,从而提高系统性能。     

水冷式半导体冰箱制冷性能的研究

研究了水冷式散热方法对半导体冰箱制冷性能的提高.以常用的半导体小冰箱为实例,分别测试了在风冷、循环水和恒温水条件下小冰箱的制冷性能.结果表明,水冷制冷效果明显优于传统风冷式,且其制冷性能与冷却水的温度有关.水温越低,半导体制冷器的制冷效率越高,制冷温度越低.当冷却水温度为171 ℃时,水冷半导体小冰箱很快达到冷冻.建立了水冷式半导体冰箱的制冷模型,计算分析了在不同恒定冷却水温度下半导体制冷器冷端温度随时间的变化关系,并将理论结果与实验测量结果进行了拟合分析,发现理论模型与实验测量结果一致.研究结果为水冷式半导体冰箱制冷性能的提高提供了实验和理论依据.     

界面接触效应对不同尺度半导体制冷器性能的影响

本文建立了半导体制冷器的实际模型,讨论了界面接触效应对不同尺度半导体制冷器性能的影响,并对比分析了接触热阻、接触电阻、冷端温度等对制冷效率和单位面积制冷量的影响。研究发现:接触热阻对半导体制冷器性能的影响比接触电阻大,且界面接触效应对薄膜型半导体制冷器件性能的影响不可忽视。在设计高效率半导体制冷器时,应尽量优化其界面接触效应,并减少接触热阻。     

半导体制冷器制冷参数的性能分析

本文研究了半导体制冷器冷、热端在第三类边界条件下对N-P型电臂进行传热分析和数值计算,并考虑了汤姆逊效应的影响,得出了半导体制冷器的制冷参数随散热强度和电流改变的变化规律,为实际工作状态下的半导体制冷器的优化设计提供了依据。     

加热炉控制柜降温室内实验及现场应用

加热炉控制柜内温度过高,会导致加热炉频繁出现通讯模块故障、BMS燃烧器损坏、卡件及保险烧坏等问题,从而导致停炉。本文首先进行了半导体制冷器对箱体内部制冷的室内实验研究,结果表明,制冷器可以使箱体内温度比环境温度降低10℃～16℃,同时制冷器冷面板发生了结露现象。鉴于室内实验研究取得的良好效果,将半导体制冷器运用到集气站加热炉控制柜,采取半导体制冷器对箱体内部制冷;使用保温材料阻止外部热量进入到箱体内部,保存制冷器的制冷量;并用遮阳棚防止光线的直接照射。采用以上综合措施达到了加热炉控制柜的降温目的,满足了控制柜内部元件的温度要求,极大地降低了加热炉故障发生的概率。上述的方案保障了气井的正常生产。     

太阳能半导体制冷的实验研究与数值分析

建立了以水为热交换媒介的太阳能光伏半导体制冷模块实验系统.制冷装置模块化,用以适应制冷功率变化较大的不同空间布局,通过太阳能光电半导体制冷实验获得了不同工作状态下电流、制冷量、制冷系数等重要参数,该参数可为确定系统最佳工作区域提供可靠依据.给出了太阳能热电制冷系统组合方案,介绍了一种新型组合式半导体制冷器和半导体热电发电装置,其数值计算的结构参数、最大制冷系数和制冷率等重要参数以及热电器件最佳工作区域和结构参数的最优范围,可为系统优化设计的配置提供理论上的指导.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...