基于吸气喷液的制冷系统热力性能理论研究

吸气喷液是降低压缩机排气温度的有效手段,通过建立制冷系统热力循环计算模型,研究基于吸气喷液的制冷系统热力学状态,以制冷剂R410A为工质,分析在不同工况下热力性能随喷液流量比例的变化趋势。计算结果表明,当喷液流量比例增加到5%时,排气温度平均降低幅度为9℃,功率、制冷量和COP值分别平均下降0.4%、0.6%和0.3%;若蒸发温度增加,功率呈先上升后下降的趋势,蒸发温度每增加5℃,排气温度平均降低幅度为4.5℃,制冷量、COP值分别平均增加17.6%、16.9%;冷凝温度每降低5℃,排气温度平均降低幅度为8℃,功率平均下降11.3%,制冷量、COP值分别平均增加6%、17.9%。     

半封闭活塞式制冷压缩机喷液的研究

文章分析了喷液对半封闭活塞式制冷压缩机性能的影响,并以三洋C-L150M82型号压缩机进行试验,试验分析了不同工况下喷液对压缩机的排气温度、制冷量、功耗和COP的影响,以及喷液量随蒸发温度与冷凝温度的变化趋势。试验表明制冷剂喷射可以有效的降低排气温度,但同时也降低了制冷量和COP,增加了功耗。喷液的质量流量主要由喷液管和喷液吸气腔的压差,喷液率的变化与制冷量以及温度的变化不是简单的线性比例关系,合理的选择喷液毛细管,就可以优化喷液量,既能有效的降低压缩机的排气温度,又能确保压缩机的性能。     

采用喷水螺杆式水蒸气压缩机的高温热泵设计及性能分析

针对高温热泵的工业需求,设计并分析以水为介质的闭式高温热泵系统,系统引入喷水螺杆式水蒸气压缩机,利用喷水实现压缩机排气为饱和状态,满足工业应用高温升(高压比)的技术要求的同时,克服高排气温度会导致的机械及安全问题。计算结果表明:系统在蒸发温度为90℃,冷凝温度为100℃时,COP高达31.48,压缩机喷水注入比为0.019;蒸发温度为75℃,冷凝温度为100℃工况下,系统COP为5.99,对应的压缩机压比为7,注入比为0.103;压缩机比功率随压缩机压比升高而增加,增加幅度随蒸发温度的升高而增大;系统COP随注入水温度的升高而降低,但变化趋势并不大。     

R32热泵系统排气温度控制及理论预测

根据R32在空气源热泵中的研究和应用现状,介绍系统排气温度控制的3种途径,即中间压力补气（EVI）、中间压力喷液（ELI）和吸气干度控制（SX）;提出根据压缩机效率和制冷剂物性预测排气温度的模型,得到R32在EVI,ELI和SX热泵系统的排气温度预测矩阵表,以压缩机吸、排气饱和温度分别为-20℃和40℃为例,为使得排气温度控制在100℃左右,EVI系统补气干度应约为0.90,ELI系统喷液量比率应约为9%,SX系统吸气干度应约为0.96。     

初始水温对空气源热泵热水器系统性能的影响

本文针对空气源热泵热水器加热至较高水温时系统效率明显下降的问题,研究初始水温对系统性能的影响,通过实验改变初始水温,分析系统各参数随加热水温的变化规律,得到实际运行特性及制热性能恶化的原因。结果表明:相同初始水温,随着加热的进行,COP不断下降,加热前期下降趋势较为平缓,后期变大;不同初始水温,因系统开机时存在"预热"阶段,加热后期又受压缩机大量吸气带液的影响,故平均COP随初始水温的升高呈先减小后增大的趋势;少量吸气带液能有效降低排气温度,改善系统性能,大量吸气带液却增大系统功耗,加剧COP的下降趋势。此外,提出以排气温度下降后再次上升时的拐点作为压缩机开始大量吸气带液的参照点,从而提升系统性能。     

滚动转子式压缩机吸气状态与排气温度的实验研究

利用变频滚动转子式压缩机实验台,研究了压缩机吸气带液对系统性能和排气温度的影响,以寻求降低压缩机排气温度有效、安全的方法。结果表明:在大部分空调工况和运转频率下,当吸气干度约为0.95~0.98时,系统制冷量和COP达到最大值,且压缩机的排气温度显著降低至吸气压力对应的饱和等熵压缩排气温度。考虑到运行的安全性,吸气干度合适的范围为0.95~0.98。     

基于不完全过热循环的制冷系统低频运行性能的研究

本文以制冷系统不完全过热循环(从压缩机吸气过热至吸气带液)为基础,通过将滚动转子式压缩机分别运行于不同的低频工况下,研究了性能系数、制冷量、压缩比、压缩机功耗、电效率及排气温度等各项制冷系统性能参数的变化特性,提出了该特性下的最佳优化控制策略。结果表明:可适当降低压缩机运行频率并将干度短期控制在0. 98≤x1,此时制冷量相比于常规过热度控制工况(5～10 K)提升8. 3%～16. 6%,性能系数COP提升12. 5%～15%。此外,压缩机电效率仅较常规过热度控制工况降低0. 3%～0. 7%,且实验最低频率(25 Hz)下的电效率值最大;实验最低频率下,节能效果显著,压比进一步降低,排气温度大幅减小,x0. 90时降幅达到40. 3%。     

高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵系统性能实验研究

为研究变转速压缩机对复叠式热泵系统的影响,本文搭建了高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵实验台。通过实验研究了不同运行工况下系统排气温度、中间温度、制热量、功率及COP随高温压缩机转速的变化规律。结果表明:在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-35℃～-10℃时,压缩机运行安全可靠;在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-25℃,高温压缩机转速从1 200 r/min增至6 000 r/min,制热量提升了129. 7%,低温压缩机功率减少43.4%; COP随高温压缩机转速的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,存在最大COP和对应的最佳高温压缩机转速。     

改善空气源热泵在夏季高温工况下运行性能的试验研究

针对空气源热泵系统在高温工况下所引起的系统能效降低、排气温度过高等问题,对采取提高电机绝缘等级、喷液旁通法的空气源热泵进行理论分析与试验研究。结果表明:提高电机绝缘等级可降低电机绕组温度、延长电机使用寿命;在室外温度较高的条件下,采用喷液旁通法不仅可提升系统制冷量和EER,而且可以大幅降低排气温度,如室外温度53℃时,系统制冷量较常规系统增大4.29%,EER提升幅度可达40.66%,排气温度降低21.8℃,降低幅度为18.02%。同时,针对系统性能随旁通量的变化进行理论分析并建立数学模型,分析得出系统制冷量和EER均随旁通量的增大先增大后减小,排气温度随旁通量的增大而持续降低;最后通过试验验证该规律,并得出空气源热泵系统的卸荷毛细管存在最佳长度,测试本系统卸荷毛细管最佳长度为450 mm。     

R32变频滚动转子压缩机变工况模型及运行特性

本文研究了R32变频滚动转子式制冷系统,实验分析了压缩机运行频率、吸排气压比、蒸发温度对不同吸气状态下压缩机电效率变化规律的影响,并以此建立了适用于吸气过热和吸气带液的压缩机电效率模型。结果表明:1)在相同压比、相同蒸发温度下,压缩机电效率均随电子膨胀阀开度的变大呈线性下降趋势,且吸气带液段斜率大于吸气过热段,即压缩机吸气带液时,压缩机电效率下降程度更大;2)相同压比下,蒸发温度越高,电效率越小;相同蒸发温度下,压缩机压比越高,电效率越小。同时,压缩机压比越高,蒸发温度对压缩机电效率的影响越大;3)验证工况下模型计算值与实际值最大相对误差为1.83%,最小相对误差为0.03%,具有较好的可靠性;4)压缩机在低频率下运行时性能会恶化,此时模型的准确性会降低,因此模型适用于压缩机频率高于额定频率、吸气干度大于0.88的工况。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.