竖直矩形可视化流动沸腾换热实验台的设计及初步研究

为了了解矩形窄通道内流动沸腾及传热现象的机理,建立了单面加热竖直矩形窄通道可视化流动沸腾换热实验台进行了实验。实验结果表明:矩形窄通道流动沸腾过程的换热系数存在最大值;随着干度的增加(即热流密度的增加)其换热系数逐渐降低,转为以液膜蒸发为主的流动沸腾换热,此时需控制热流密度,避免干涸现象的发生。     

润湿异质性表面的过冷流动沸腾实验研究

非均匀润湿表面对流动沸腾过程中的流动模式和传热机制有重要影响。本文以去离子水为工质，实验研究了矩形微通道内硅表面和润湿异质性表面的过冷流动沸腾换热特性。通道横截面为0.5 mm×5 mm,过冷流动沸腾的质量通量分别为300、400 kg/(m²·s),热流密度在30～300 kW/m²的范围内。实验在大气压下进行，过冷度为10 K。对比了与流动方向垂直(HC)和平行(HP)的疏水图案，讨论了不同热流密度、质量通量等工况下的硅表面和润湿异质性表面垂直向上流动沸腾，分析了不同工况下过冷沸腾的沸腾曲线、平均传热系数和两相流流型。结果表明：润湿异质性表面的流动沸腾换热表面传热系数最大提高了39.55%,换热机制主要为核态沸腾。     

R1233zd(E)在平行小通道中的流动沸腾可视化研究

本文对低压制冷剂R1233zd(E)在平行小通道内的流动沸腾换热过程进行了可视化实验研究，分析了制冷剂在平行通道内流型的演变与分布，在此基础上讨论了流型对换热特性的影响。结果表明：随热流密度的增加，在通道内观察到泡状流、段塞流、搅拌流和波形环状流；在较高的热流密度下，部分通道出现回流现象。此外，不同通道内流型的分布规律略有不同；通道中局部表面传热系数变化趋势随流型的演变可分为不同阶段，中部与出口处的局部表面传热系数呈现不同的变化趋势；当干度小于0.1时，表面传热系数几乎不受质量通量的影响；随着干度增加，表面传热系数与质量通量呈正相关。     

5 mm小管径内R290流动沸腾换热特性

本文对R290在5mm小管径内的流动沸腾换热特性进行实验研究,重点研究热流密度、质量流率及饱和温度对沸腾换热表面传热系数的影响。实验工况为:热流密度10～60 k W/m2、饱和温度15～25℃、质量流率50～200 kg/(m2·s)、干度0. 1～0. 9。结果表明:增加热流密度可实现强化换热,提高表面传热系数,使干涸现象提前发生,并加剧干涸;质量流率在低干度区间对表面传热系数的影响较小,在中干度和高干度区间表面传热系数与质量流率分别呈正相关;当热流密度较低时,在中干度区间,增大饱和温度会使表面传热系数降低;而在较高的热流密度下,增大饱和温度明显引起表面传热系数的上升。     

微通道内流动沸腾的研究进展

微通道内的流动沸腾在能源、电子冷却、生物医疗等高新技术领域有着广泛的应用.对微通道内流动沸腾的研究进展进行了综述,研究工质涉及到水、制冷剂、液氮等,内容包括微通道与常规通道的划分,微通道的传热特性、临界热流密度、压降特性、主要流型以及流型转变、不稳定性的主要形式及产生机理等.同时指出了微通道内流动沸腾进一步的研究工作.     

微柱群通道内饱和沸腾换热特性实验研究

为实现微小空间高效散热,本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了工质流经高度和直径均为500μm的微圆柱组成的叉排微柱群通道时的饱和沸腾换热特性,并采用高速摄像机记录了通道内不同加热功率的气液两相流型,实验参数设定质量流速为341~598.3 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度为20~160 W/cm~2,蒸气干度为0~0.2。结果表明:随着热流密度增大,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数近似单调递减。在低干度区,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而增大,随着蒸气干度的增加而减小;受过冷沸腾气泡影响,工质进口温度越低,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数越大;随着热流密度增大,微柱群通道流动沸腾气泡流型依次为:泡状流、环状流,且泡状流区的局部沸腾换热表面传热系数明显高于环状流区。     

两种不同工质在微通道内沸腾换热特性的实验研究

为研究流体物性、流动和换热过程的状态参量对微通道内沸腾换热特性的影响规律,本文采用去离子水和无水乙醇在当量直径为0.293 mm的矩形微通道进行了不同质量流量和热流密度条件下的沸腾换热实验研究,通过对实验数据的计算和处理,分析总结了流体的热物性、质量流量、热流密度、干度和Bo数等参量对沸腾换热系数的影响规律。结果表明:沸腾换热系数随着热流密度、干度和Bo数的增大而降低,核态沸腾占主导地位;相同的质量流量和热流密度条件下,去离子水的沸腾换热系数明显高于无水乙醇的沸腾换热系数,并且前者的换热系数随质量流量的增大而增大,而后者变化不明显。根据考虑了通道尺寸效应及流体物性参量总结出的换热系数关联式进行了计算,计算结果对去离子水和无水乙醇的平均绝对误差分别为14.2%和16.6%,可认为该关联式适用于微通道内沸腾换热系数的预测。     

R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性

氨制冷剂存在可燃性和毒性,因此减少其在制冷系统中的充注量极为重要。小管径换热管通常可以提供更高的表面传热系数,这可以作为提升换热器紧凑性同时减少系统中充注量的有效方法。本文搭建了氨制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热及压降测试实验装置,测试了氨制冷剂在4 mm水平光管内的流动沸腾换热及压降,并分析了干度、质量流速及热流密度对换热及压降特性的影响。结果表明:流动沸腾换热表面传热系数随着干度的增加而增大,同时质量流速和热流密度越高,流动沸腾换热表面传热系数越大。此外,氨制冷剂在管内的两相摩擦压降也随着干度的增加而增大,在固定干度下,质量流速的升高导致压降增大。     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m²·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m²时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

水平微细圆管内R290流动沸腾流态可视化研究

本文对水平微细圆管内R290流动沸腾的流态进行了可视化研究，分析不同管径下流动沸腾换热主要流态形式及影响因素，基于理论流态图对比分析流态转变规律。实验工况：热流密度1～70 kW/m²,质量流率50～1 020 kg/(m²·s),饱和温度-10～25℃,管径1～3 mm,干度0～1。实验中共观察到8种R290微细通道内流动沸腾换热流态，其中间歇流和波状流为3 mm管的主要换热流态，弹状流和环状为1 mm管的主要换热流态；实测流态图中3 mm管的泡状流、混状流，2 mm管的泡状流，1 mm管的弹状流与D&W流态转变准则较为吻合，而2 mm管和1 mm管的离散流区域匹配性较差；管径的变化对流态有重要影响，随着管径的减小，气泡形状、流态形式、流态分布及流态转变曲线均发生变化，管径微尺度效应出现。     

5 mm微肋管内R404A沸腾换热模型的适配性

本文针对5 mm微肋管内R404A流动沸腾换热进行实验研究,并将研究结果与筛选出的一批换热模型进行适配性验证。实验工况:热流密度5～25 kW/m²、饱和温度0℃、质量流率200～500 kg/(m²·s)、干度为0.1～0.9。结果表明:Zhang Xiaoyan等的模型由于工质热物性差异较大,过高的预测了部分数据; Liu Zhongliang等的模型低估了热流密度对传热系数的影响,过低的预测了实验数据; S. M. Kim等的模型不能体现高干度区域传热系数的衰减,整体预测精度不高; K. E. Gungor等的模型能够很好的解释管内传热的过程,同时预测精度较高,平均绝对偏差仅27.46%。乘以修正系数1.372后的模型平均绝对偏差仅为8. 95%,落在30%偏差带上的数据多达98.18%。     

An experimental study on condensation of refrigerant R134a in a multi-port extruded tube

In the present study, the local characteristics of pressure drop and heat transfer are investigated experimentally for the condensation of pure refrigerant R134a in two kinds of 865 mm long multi-port extruded tubes having eight channels in 1.11 mm hydraulic diameter and 19 channels in 0.80 mm hydraulic diameter. The pressure drop is measured at an interval of 191 mm through small pressure measuring ports. The local heat transfer rate is measured in every subsection of 75 mm in effective cooling length using heat flux sensors. It is found that the experimental data of frictional pressure drop agree with the correlation of Mishima and Hibiki [Trans. JMSE (B) 61 (1995) 99], while the correlations of Chisholm and Laird [Trans. ASME 80 (1958) 227], Soliman et al. [Trans. ASME, Ser. C 90 (1998) 267], and Haraguchi et al. [Trans. JSME (B) 60 (1994) 239], overpredict. As a trial, the data of local heat transfer coefficient are also compared with correlations of Moser et al. [J. Heat Transfer 120 (1998) 410] and Haraguchi et al. [Trans. JSME (B) 60 (1994) 245]. The data of high mass velocity agree with the correlation of Moser et al., while those of low mass velocity show different trends. The correlation of Haraguchi et al. shows the trend similar to the data when the shear stress in their correlation is estimated using the correlation of Mishima and Hibiki.     

R410A和R22在小管径水平管内冷凝换热特性研究

本文搭建了冷凝换热实验台,对R410A和R22管内冷凝换热系数性能进行对比研究,实验工况为质量流速200~800kg/(m^2·s)、饱和温度40℃、干度0~1、5 mm外径水平光滑铜管,分析了质量流速和干度对管内冷凝换热的影响,并将应用于传统管道的关联式与实验所得数据进行对比。结果表明:冷凝换热表面传热系数与质量流速和干度呈正相关,高干度区域时的冷凝换热表面传热系数增幅显著;M. M. Shah[4]关联式来预测实验数据的效果并不理想,与实际值相比偏差最大可达60%,但是预测低质量流速和低干度区的数据较为理想;当质量流速较小(G=200 kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数要低于R22;随着质量流速的增大(G=400 kg/(m^2·s)),二者冷凝换热表面传热系数的差距减小;当达到中高质量流速(G=600kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数与R22的相似;当质量流速继续增大(G=800 kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数随着干度的增大开始高于R22的。     

Evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of R410A in microchannels

Convective boiling heat transfer coefficients and two-phase pressure drops of R410A are investigated in rectangular microchannels whose hydraulic diameters are 1.36 and 1.44 mm. The mass flux was varied from 200 to 400 kg/m²s, heat flux from 10 to 20 kW/m², as the saturation temperatures were maintained at 0, 5 and 10 °C. A direct heating method was used to provide heat flux into the fluid. The boiling heat transfer coefficients of R410A in the microchannels were much different with those in single tubes, and the test conditions only slightly affected the heat transfer coefficients before dryout vapor quality. The present heat transfer correlation for microchannels, which was developed by introducing non-dimensional parameters of Bo, We_l, and Re_l used in the existing heat transfer correlations for large diameter tubes, yielded satisfactory predictions of the present data with a mean deviation of 18%. The pressure drops of R410A in the microchannels showed very similar trends with those in large diameter tubes. The existing two-phase pressure drop correlations for R410A in microchannels satisfactorily predicted the present data.     

竖直矩形通道内不凝性气体对凝结换热特性的影响

本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了竖直矩形窄通道内少量残余不凝性气体对蒸汽凝结换热特性的影响。采用热阻分离法得到凝结侧换热表面传热系数,分析了不凝性气体的含量、冷却水质量流速、进口温度和热流密度对蒸汽凝结侧表面传热系数的影响。结果表明:当热流密度为1.668 kW/m~2,即蒸汽质量流速较小时,2%体积分数的不凝性气体使凝结侧表面传热系数下降了33%,但当热流密度为3.887 kW/m~2,蒸汽质量流速较大时,2%体积分数的不凝性气体仅使凝结侧表面传热系数降低了14%,此外,凝结换热表面传热系数随冷水质量流速和不凝性气体分数的增加而变小,随冷水进口温度和热流密度的增加而变大。     

水平内螺纹管内R410A流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了R410A在水平内螺纹管内的流动凝结换热特性,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数对管内制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降的影响。结果表明:表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大;虽然表面传热系数随着测试水Re的增加而减小,但测试水Re对压降的影响很小。利用单位压降表面传热系数对换热进行综合性能评价时发现,单位压降表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而减小,随着冷凝温度的增大而增大。将实验数据与经典关联式的预测值进行对比,对于光滑管,除了Akers et al.关联式低估了实验数据,Shah关联式与Thome et al.关联式均高估了实验数据,并且Thome et al.关联式表现出最高的预测精度。而对于内螺纹强化管,Cavallini et al.关联式展现出最高的预测精度,而Koyama et al.关联式与Miyara et al.关联式均低估了实验数据。     

Heat transfer characteristics of the ice slurry at melting process in a tube flow

The heat transfer characteristics were experimentally investigated for ice slurry made from 6.5% ethylene glycol–water solution flow in a 13.84 mm internal diameter, 1500 mm long horizontal copper tube. The ice slurry was heated by hot water circulated at the annulus gap of the test section. Experiments of the melting process were conducted with changing the ice slurry mass flux and the ice fraction from 800 to 3500 kg/m² s and 0–25%, respectively. During the experiment, it was found that the measured heat transfer rates increase with the mass flow rate and ice fraction; however, the effect of ice fraction appears not to be significant at high mass flow rate. At the region of low mass flow rates, a sharp increase in the heat transfer coefficient was observed when the ice fraction was more than 10%.     

Effect of tube diameter on boiling heat transfer and flow characteristic of refrigerant R32 in horizontal small-diameter tubes

This study investigated the effect of tube diameter on flow boiling characteristics of refrigerant R32 in horizontal small-diameter tubes with 1.0, 2.2, and 3.5 mm inner diameters. The boiling heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were measured at 15 °C saturation temperature. The effects of mass velocity, heat flux, quality, and tube diameter were clarified. The flow pattern of R32 for adiabatic two-phase flow in a horizontal glass tube with an inner diameter of 3.5 mm at saturation temperature of 15 °C was investigated. Flow patterns such as plug, wavy, churn, and annular flows were observed. The heat transfer mechanisms of forced convection and nucleate boiling were similar to those in conventional-diameter tubes. In addition, evaporation heat transfer through a thin liquid film in the plug flow region for low quality, mass velocity, and heat flux was observed. The heat transfer coefficient increased with decreasing tube diameter under the same experimental condition. The fictional pressure drop increased with increasing mass velocity and quality and decreasing tube diameter. The experimental values of the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop were compared with the values calculated by the empirical correlations in the open literature.     

Condensing two-phase pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient of propane in a horizontal multiport mini-channel tube: Experimental measurements

This article reports the condensing flow heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop results of propane (R290) flowing through a square section horizontal multiport mini-channel tube made of aluminium having an internal diameter of 1.16 mm and a condensing length of 259 mm. Pressure drop and two phase flow experiments were performed at saturation temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C. Heat flux was varied from 15.76 to 32.25 kWm⁻² and mass velocity varied from 175 to 350 kg m⁻² s⁻¹. The results show that the two-phase friction pressure gradient increases with the increase of mass velocity and vapour quality and with the decrease of saturation temperature. The heat transfer coefficients showed to increase with increases of vapour quality and mass velocity while increases of saturation temperature were observed to reduce heat transfer coefficient. The two phase frictional pressure drop correlations of Sun and Mishima and Agarwal and Garimella, and the two-phase flow heat transfer correlations of Koyama et al. and Wang et al. predicted well the experimental results.