分液冷凝器的管程理论设计及热力性能评价

根据分液冷凝器强化换热思想对其管程理论设计方法进行了研究。依据质量流速和干度来判断每一流程中制冷剂的流型,并依此选取Cavallini换热模型公式的方法求其平均换热系数,同时采用Cavallini两相压降模型和Darcy-Weisbach单相压降模型分别确定冷凝区和过冷段的压降。针对一个案例计算了三种管程设计方案下冷凝器管内冷凝换热系数和端压值,并用惩罚因子PF对其综合热力性能进行了评价。计算结果表明:不同的管程设计方案中管内制冷剂的流量分配均匀性存在较大的差异,均匀性越好,其综合热力性能越优。在质量流速为1200~1500 kg/(m2.s)范围内,与同等换热面积的蛇形管冷凝器相比,其中最好的分液冷凝器的PF值减小了48.5%~54.1%,可见设计优良的分液冷凝器的综合热力性能明显优于蛇形管冷凝器。     

多元平行流冷凝器传热流动性能研究

平行流冷凝器空气侧采用间断型扩展表面的波纹型百叶窗翅片,制冷剂侧采用小水力直径的非圆截面微通道多孔铝制扁管,选用适合于该微尺度强化换热结构的传热和压降关联式,对某规格的平行流冷凝器建立数学模型并在一定工况下进行数值模拟.结果分析表明,制冷剂在非圆截面微通道内的冷凝过程中,表面张力对表面传热系数的强化效果明显;通过改变流程数和各流程管数来改变冷凝过程中的流通截面而达到调整流速的作用,从而可以保持较高的冷凝换热系数和较低的流动压降,与常规换热器相比具有显著的优越性.     

分液冷凝器在HFC410A空调系统的替换实验研究

汽液分离式冷凝器是一种管内高效冷凝换热器,它采用了一些强化换热手段,如多管程平行流冷凝、中间排液以及优化管子数目等.这里将该分液冷凝器用于HFC410A空调系统中,并进行了性能测试.结果表明:使用分液冷凝器后,HFC410A的制冷能力仅为原系统的96.4%,EER值为原来的93.8%,该分液冷凝器无法实现替换目的.通过分析发现, HFC410A对分液冷凝器的热力性能影响较大,HFC410A在分液冷凝器的气液分离效果变差,不再维持HCFC22在分液冷凝器中表现出来的近等温冷凝过程;在相同的冷凝温度下,HFC410A系统的循环质量流量较HCFC22系统减少1.2%~9.2%时,分液冷凝器的压降提高39.1%~52.6%.     

分液冷凝器在HFC410A空调系统的替换实验研究

汽液分离式冷凝器是一种管内高效冷凝换热器,它采用了一些强化换热手段,如多管程平行流冷凝、中间排液以及优化管子数目等。这里将该分液冷凝器用于HFC410A空调系统中,并进行了性能测试。结果表明:使用分液冷凝器后,HFC410A的制冷能力仅为原系统的96.4%,EER值为原来的93.8%,该分液冷凝器无法实现替换目的。通过分析发现,HFC410A对分液冷凝器的热力性能影响较大,HFC410A在分液冷凝器的气液分离效果变差,不再维持HCFC22在分液冷凝器中表现出来的近等温冷凝过程;在相同的冷凝温度下,HFC410A系统的循环质量流量较HCFC22系统减少1.2%~9.2%时,分液冷凝器的压降提高39.1%~52.6%。     

家用空调器中平行流冷凝器翅片参数对空气侧传热流动性能的影响

为了推广平行流冷凝器在家用空调器中的应用,根据经验传热及压降关联式,采用数值模拟的方法,研究家用空调器中平行流冷凝器翅片参数对其空气侧传热流动性能的影响规律.结果表明:适当减小平行流冷凝器的翅片高度和翅片间距,可提高其换热系数、增加压降,保证其换热性能变化较小.     

分液隔板结构对分液冷凝系统性能的影响

分液冷凝器(liquid-vapor separation condenser LSC)是一种带分液隔板的平行流换热器,它可实现在冷凝过程中分段排出冷凝液,提高冷凝区域的制冷剂干度。利用标准焓差实验室,对比研究了采用不同分液隔板结构的分液冷凝器对整个制冷系统性能的影响。在保持室内侧工况不变(干/湿球温度为26.7℃/ 19.4℃)条件下,改变室外侧干球温度29~41℃,分别考察了3个具有不同分液隔板结构冷凝器的壁温和压降、系统耗功、制冷量及能效比(EER)的变化规律。实验结果表明,发现具有不同孔径结构分液隔板的冷凝器可以具有不同的热力性能,也可以具有相近的热力性能,设计合理的分液隔板可使冷凝器的冷凝段壁温几乎不变,且端压降最小。其系统的制冷剂流量最大,且制冷量和EER最高。由此可见,汽液分离的效果会使冷凝器获得更均匀的流量分配,降低两相流动阻力,提高制冷系统整体性能。     

机房空调用平行流冷凝器的设计及性能测试

针对数据中心全天候空气调节需求,采用平行流冷凝器设计空调样机,在标准焓差法试验室进行性能试验。结果表明:组合式平行流冷凝器采用两进一出流程的布置方式,并以3:1比例分配扁管,冷凝效率高;制冷冷凝器和热管冷凝器间隔3~5 mm进行叠加组合,节省机组空间,优化空气侧换热效率;不同工作模式下,冷凝器均具有较好制冷能力;平行流换热器的换热系数升高与压降增大是相辅相成的,适当增加系统制冷剂循环流量能够增强换热效果。     

分液冷凝器及其空调/热泵系统的研究进展

分液冷凝技术是一种通过主动调控制冷剂冷凝过程的干度和流量,实现在制冷剂侧增大传热系数和减小压降的管内强化传热方法。本文综述分液冷凝技术原理、各类分液冷凝器的结构实现方式,总结该技术对冷凝器热力性能和空调/热泵系统性能的影响。结果表明,分液冷凝技术可大幅度减小压降,且在高质量流速下可实现强化传热系数;与常规翅片管式冷凝器相比,相同传热面积时分液冷凝器可提升空调/热泵系统能效比;在系统能效比相当时可减小冷凝器传热面积。该技术具有一定的应用前景和工程价值。     

连通微小通道环路热虹吸系统换热特性实验研究

针对芯片级散热场景,设计并搭建了两相环路热虹吸实验系统(TPLT),以R245fa作为工质,在冷凝器入口冷水温度为35℃、热流密度为10—162 W/cm²的工况下,研究了充液率对系统运行特性的影响,以及沟槽宽度为0.2—1.2 mm的连通平行微小通道(IPM)与平行微小通道(PPM)的沸腾换热性能。结果表明:40%是系统的合适充液率,过高的充液率导致冷凝器内部积液产生额外的蒸发器入口过冷度,过低的充液率则无法提供足够的循环流量;由于蒸发器水平放置时,TPLT系统流量启动存在滞后性,其瞬态启动特性会影响微小通道的稳态换热性能;0.2 mm槽宽的连通微小通道(IPM02,命名方式下同)具有较好的核态沸腾换热性能,因此启动阶段不存在温度过冲;最高测试热流密度下,IPM02和IPM07的传热系数相比于PPM分别提升约11%和5.7%,IPM12的传热系数则反而低于PPM。     

风速对冷凝器换热能力的影响

本文采用分布参数法建立了冷凝器数学模型,在此模型基础上编写了冷凝器仿真程序,对三种管排数的冷凝器进行了模拟.通过计算不同风速下空气侧换热系数和管内外温度的变化,来分析风速对冷凝器换热能力的影响.由计算可知在换热面积相同时2排管冷凝器换热能力要比4排管冷凝器换热能力大2.36%;减少管排数可提高空气侧平均换热因子,减小压降.     

Experimental investigation on the thermodynamic performance of double-row liquid–vapor separation microchannel condenser

A double-row liquid–vapor separation microchannel condenser (D-LSMC) was presented, and its tube pass scheme was optimized using the theoretical method. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the heat load, average heat transfer coefficient (AHTC), and pressure drop of the optimal D-LSMC. Experimental results were compared with an optimal common double-row parallel-flow microchannel condenser (D-PFMC). The findings showed that, at the inlet mass flux of 585 kgm⁻² s⁻¹ to 874 kgm⁻² s⁻¹, the AHTC of the D-LSMC was 3.3%–14.4% higher than that of the D-PFMC. However, the pressure drop of the D-LSMC was only 43.4%–52.1% of that of the D-PFMC. The heat exchange capacity of the back row was weaker by almost half of that of the front row. In addition, the tube wall temperature of the back row decreased faster than that of the front row, which indicated that the back row had a larger pressure drop. The minimum entropy generation number (Ns) was used to evaluate the D-LSMC and the D-PFMC, which indicated the greater thermodynamic performance of the D-LSMC.     

Separation in condensers as a way to improve efficiency

This paper introduces the concept of separation of two-phase flow in condensers and discusses its possible application of enhancing the heat transfer performance by capitalizing on the high local heat transfer coefficient of vapor flow. The benefit of vapor–liquid refrigerant separation and the reason why it will improve the condenser performance are explained. Numerical studies are performed on an R-134a microchannel condenser. Model predicts that at the same mass flow rate, the exit temperature is lower by 1.3 K in the separation condenser than in the baseline condenser while the difference of pressure drop remains within 2%. 6.1% more flow rate of condensate is predicted in the separation condenser as another comparison criterion. In addition, the trade-off between high quality and low mass flux for the vapor path downstream of the separation header is investigated by the model and results are presented. Modeling is conducted with pre-assumed separation efficiency in the header. The real value requires further investigation.     

微通道平行流冷凝器两相流传热和压降的修正方法

本文通过建立以R134a为制冷剂的微通道平行流冷凝器的分布参数模型,使用交复检验非线性法对微通道冷凝器两相区的传热和压降关联式进行修正,并与无修正的仿真模拟结果、传统简单多项式拟合修正法的结果进行了比较。结果表明,运用交复检验非线性法修正的效果要优于无修正及传统简单多项式拟合法,使用前者修正后可将换热量误差减少64. 5%,均方误差控制在3%以内;制冷剂侧压降误差减少82. 05%,均方误差控制在10%以内,该方法为换热量和制冷剂侧压降的修正提供了一种预测精度更高的思路和方法。     

Design and analysis of multiple parallel-pass condensers

This paper describes and analyzes a novel design of multiple parallel-pass (MPP) microchannel tube condenser and its applications to automotive A/C systems. A flow distributor concept is introduced in MPP condenser in order to enable parallel flow arrangement in adjacent flow paths. Throughout analysis of two-phase flow and heat transfer processes in MPP condenser, a two-phase zone enlargement technique is developed to enhance condensation heat transfer and reduce pressure drop. Visual observation indicates a more uniform refrigerant quality entering the next cooling pass can be achieved in MPP condenser because superheated vapor through a pass-through hole on flow distributor directly injects into the separated liquid–vapor zone in a header tube. Performance test results show MPP condenser is able to improve heat transfer rate as high as 9.5% while its refrigerant mass flow increases 13.34% when comparing to a benchmark PF condenser.     

Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of CO2 in a microchannel

The condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of CO₂ in a multiport microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 1.5 mm was investigated with variation of the mass flux from 400 to 1000 kgm⁻²s⁻¹ and of the condensation temperature from −5 to 5 °C. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increased with the decrease of condensation temperature and the increase of mass flux. However, the rate of increase of the heat transfer coefficient was retarded by these changes. The gradient of the pressure drop with respect to vapor quality is significant with the increase of mass flux. The existing models for heat transfer coefficient overpredicted the experimental data, and the deviation increased at high vapor quality and at high heat transfer coefficient. The smallest mean deviation of ±51.8% was found by the Thome et al. model. For the pressure drop, the Mishima and Hibiki model showed mean deviation of 29.1%.     

Numerical modeling of serpentine microchannel condensers

Microchannel (or mini-channel) heat exchangers are drawing more attention because of the potential cost reduction and the lower refrigerant charge. Serpentine microchannel heat exchangers are even more compact because of the minimized headers. Using the serpentine microchannel condenser, some thermodynamically good but flammable refrigerants like R-290 (Propane) can be extended to more applications. To well size the serpentine microchannel condensers, a distributed-parameter model has been developed in this paper. Airside maldistribution is taken into account. Model validation shows good agreement with the experimental data. The predictions on the heating capacity and the pressure drop fall into ±10% error band. Further analysis shows the impact of the pass number and the airside maldistribution on the condenser performance.     

微圆管内R1234ze(E)流动沸腾的环状流特性模拟研究

本文建立了制冷剂R1234ze(E)在微圆管内流动沸腾过程中的环状流模型,对传热和气液两相流动压降进行了模拟研究。综合考虑重力、表面张力及气液界面剪切力的影响,模拟分析了周向液膜不均匀分布特性及该特性对流动与换热的影响,经验证,计算结果与已有实验结果吻合较好,此外还研究了不同因素对环状流区域表面传热系数与压降的影响。模拟结果表明：在流动起始区域,截面液膜厚度的分布受重力作用影响,随着流动沸腾过程的进行,该影响作用开始减弱,且有重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数高于无重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数,随着重力加速度的增加,环状流的平均表面传热系数不断增大;随着质量流速的增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之增大;随着管径增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之减小。     

Refrigerant performance evaluation including effects of transport properties and optimized heat exchangers

Preliminary refrigerant screenings typically rely on using cycle simulation models involving thermodynamic properties alone. This approach has two shortcomings. First, it neglects transport properties, whose influence on system performance is particularly strong through their impact on the performance of the heat exchangers. Second, the refrigerant temperatures in the evaporator and condenser are specified as input, while real-life equipment operates at imposed heat sink and heat source temperatures; the temperatures in the evaporator and condensers are established based on overall heat transfer resistances of these heat exchangers and the balance of the system.The paper discusses a simulation methodology and model that addresses the above shortcomings. This model simulates the thermodynamic cycle operating at specified heat sink and heat source temperature profiles, and includes the ability to account for the effects of thermophysical properties and refrigerant mass flux on refrigerant heat transfer and pressure drop in the air-to-refrigerant evaporator and condenser. Additionally, the model can optimize the refrigerant mass flux in the heat exchangers to maximize the coefficient of performance. The new model is validated with experimental data and its predictions are contrasted to those of a model based on thermodynamic properties alone.