超滤膜处理水库水研究

超滤膜过滤哈尔滨附近B水库水研究显示,超滤膜通量下降受膜进水浊度影响很大。利用混凝作为超滤的预处理能提高膜通量,并且能减缓膜通量的下降,混凝／超滤工艺所需混凝剂量比自来水厂常规工艺少．并且出水水质好。对于B水库水质量分数0．1％的柠檬酸溶液是较好的膜清洗剂。     

Coagulation pretreatment for a large-scale ultrafiltration process treating water from the Taihu River

A large-scale ultrafiltration (UF) system integrated with coagulation was applied to produce drinking water from the highly turbid Taihu River. This UF installation could produce 10,000 m³ drinking water per day. In this study, the effect of FeCl₃ coagulant on the performance of the UF system was evaluated. Results showed that with the integration of coagulation, not only qualified drinking water was obtained from the high turbidity raw water, but also high UF specific flux was maintained, ca.190 200 L/m²·hr·bar, and the chemical cleaning period was largely prolonged. The natural organic matter removal mechanism by coagulation was also discussed.     

自来水深度处理超滤膜的选择

试验设计、运行了聚砜中空纤维超滤(UF)膜,直接将未经预处理的某自来水管网输出水,处理成优质供水。结果表明,随着UF膜的切割分子量从0.6万增大到5万,产水量提高,对主要水质指标的去除率下降,净化水的水质优良,即使原水的水质突然恶化,UF膜能有效地将被严重污染的高浊度和色度的异常自来水转化成为符合饮用水水质指标的卫生洁净水。     

超滤在饮用水处理中的应用和研究进展

介绍了超滤在饮用水处理中的应用和研究进展;研讨微絮凝+超滤组合工艺、粉末活性炭(PAC)+超滤组合工艺,以及膜污染及其防治技术;从处理效果、经济性能上对超滤工艺与常规过滤工艺进行对比。认为超滤工艺必将成为未来饮用水最重要最有效的处理技术之一;而混凝+超滤工艺比较适合我国国情,具有很好的发展前景。     

原水颗粒物对超滤膜通量的影响及其污染机理

随着原水水质的日益恶化和水厂出水指标逐渐严苛,自来水厂常规处理工艺面临着严峻的考验与挑战。超滤膜技术在现有水厂技术改造及深度处理扩建领域具有广泛的应用空间和价值。不同类型、浓度的原水颗粒物对超滤膜通量及污染机理的影响存在明显的差异。该文针对原水颗粒物的类型和浓度,开展系统的试验研究与分析,以便为超滤膜在自来水厂提标改造工程中的应用提供理论依据。     

Direct drinking water treatment by spiral-wound ultrafiltration membranes

This paper presents the results of a research on direct drinking water treatment through an ultrafiltration pilot plant unit using spiral-wound membranes (3500 MWCO). The source of water is the Guarapiranga Reservoir, an eutrophicated water body located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. The data were collected during a period of almost 3400 h, from August 2005 to January 2006. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the membrane production capacity and contaminant removal efficiency. It was verified that the system was able to produce a high quality permeate with a flow close to the specified by the membrane manufacturer. The average permeate flow was 19.7 L.h⁻¹.m⁻², at 467 kPa and 25°C, with a global water recovery of almost 85%. The removal efficiencies for TOC, UV light absorption, and turbidity were 85%, 56%, and 95%, respectively. The results provide substantial evidence of the technical feasibility of spiral-wound UF membranes for direct drinking water treatment from euthrophicated sources, as an alternative for conventional drinking water treatment systems.     

Integration of immersed membrane ultrafiltration with the reuse of PAC and alum sludge (RPAS) process for drinking water treatment

Effects of PAC and alum sludge generated from water treatment process on the effluent quality and fouling of immersed UF membrane were systematically investigated with representative source of natural water and the efficiency of coagulation, PAC adsorption and RPAS to treat natural surface water prior to UF were compared. It was found that the average turbidity removal by RPAS could reach up to 80.2%, and the turbidity removal of immersed membrane UF was independent of the influent, which could be kept at 99%. Particulates were reduced after being pre-treated by different processes, and particles with sizes ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 μm and larger than 13.5 μm were effectively removed by RPAS. UF coupled with RPAS pre-treatment got the best removal for DOM compared to other processes with average DOC and UV₂₅₄ removal 54.1% and 47.2% due to the high removal in the influent of UF. The residual alum content in the effluent of RPAS with UF was less than coagulation and bacteria were almost all removed by membrane. The membrane-fouling was mitigated by pre-treatment processes at different degrees, TMP of UF coupled with RPAS process was relatively stable in 15 d of run, the adsorption of PAC and large number of Al(OH)₃ complexes and precipitates for the foulant molecules might be an important mechanism.     

Application of ultrafiltration hybrid membrane processes for reuse of secondary effluent

This study evaluates the factors affecting pretreatment conditions for hybrid UF membrane processes for reuse of secondary effluent from the sewage treatment plant. The experimental results obtained from the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process showed that the particles of the size range between 0.2 and 1.2 μm caused a significant impact on membrane fouling in all cases even with or without the coagulation process. As pretreatment of UF membrane process, the coagulation significantly improved the permeate flux. Optimal flux improvement was seen at an alum dose of 50 mg/L. In addition, it was found that the permeate flux was least declined under the coagulation condition of charge neutralization (pH 5.0). Also, the powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption enhanced the permeate flux. Application of the direct filtration as a pretreatment of UF membrane process was also very effective in reducing the UF membrane fouling.     

GAC—UF处理工艺生产优质饮用水的试验研究

本研究就活性炭吸附和超滤膜分离联用技术生产优质饮用水进行试验。试验结果表明、工艺流程自动化程度高、运行稳定、出水水质满足饮用净水标准（DB31／197－1997）的水质标准。PAN超滤膜及其工艺系统不仅能有效地去除细菌、浊度、对有机物也有较好的去除效果。本处理系统对铁的去除效果较好,但对锰的去除效果较差。     

膜生物反应器用于微污染地表水处理的中试研究

引言 地表水作为主要的饮用水源水,其日益严重的污染问题给传统的水处理工艺带来巨大挑战.将膜生物反应器(MBR)应用于微污染水处理,进行饮用水制备是解决上述问题的一项新技术[1].向MBR内投加粉末活性炭(PAC)所形成的MBR-PAC组合工艺集物理吸附、生物净化和膜分离于一体,具有良好的污染物去除能力.目前,将MBR作为微污染水处理主体工艺的研究并不多见.香港大学的李晓岩等[2]研究证实MBR组合工艺处理微污染水效果良好.清华大学的莫罹等[3]也进行了类似的研究.但均限于小试试验,并且对相应的膜污染问题关注不多.     

采用浸没式平板陶瓷膜处理东江原水的应用试验

采用过滤面积0.571 2 m2,孔径为60～70 nm的平板陶瓷膜,对东江原水进行过滤试验,研究在不同渗透通量、原水浊度、原水有机物浓度下陶瓷膜对浊度和有机物的去除效果,以及陶瓷膜跨膜压差的变化。结果表明,渗透通量、原水浊度和有机物浓度的升高都会引起跨膜压差的升高,其中有机物浓度的影响大于浊度的影响;膜出水水质分析表明陶瓷膜出水浊度稳定在0.1 NTU以下,各项指标除氨氮外都满足新的国家饮用水水质标准;陶瓷膜过滤能将病原微生物有效去除,从而提高水体的微生物安全保障水平;陶瓷膜能显著去除水中分子量大于2 000 Da的有机物,但对小分子有机物和无机离子基本没有去除效果。膜清洗试验表明,使用单种化学清洗剂时NaOH的效果最好。     

混凝耦合多孔陶瓷膜净化河水简

Membrane filtration technology combined with coagulation is widely used to purify river water. In this study, micro filtration （MF） and ultrafiltration （UF） ceramic membranes were combined with coagulation to treat local river water located at Xinghua, Jiangsu province, China. The operation parameters, fouling mechanism and pilot-scale tests were investigated. The results show that the pore size of membrane has small effect on the pseudo-steady flux for dead-end filtration, and the increase of flux in MF process is more than that in UF process for cross-flow filtration with the same increase of cross-flow velocity. The membrane pore size has little influence on the water quality. The analysis on membrane fouling mechanism shows that the cake filtrationhas significant in fluence on the pseudo-steady flux and water quality for the membrane with pore size of 50, 200 and 500 nm. For the membrane with pore size of 200 nm and backwashing employed in our pilot study, a constant flux of 150 L-m^-2-h^-1 was reached during stable operation, with the removal efficiency of turbidity, total organic carbon （TOC） and UV254 higher than 99%, 45% and 48%, respectively. The study demonstrates that coagulation-porous ceramic membrane hybrid process is a reliable method for river water purification.     

超滤和反渗透联用的海岛饮用水处理示范装置

针对某些海岛山塘水库含盐量不断变化的水质特点,开发超滤和反渗透联用的海岛淡水净化/咸水淡化一体化装置。结果表明,对于电导率约580μS.cm-1,浊度约20 NTU,CODMn约5.9 mg.L-1的原水,当超滤和反渗透产水比为1:1时,超滤产水电导率基本不变,浊度约0.1 NTU,CODMn降低约40%,混合产水电导率接近于原水的一半,浊度约0.04 NTU,CODMn约1.7 mg.L-1。此外,无论原水电导率如何变化,均可通过调节产水比使最终产水达到生活饮用水卫生标准。介绍了工艺流程、运行情况,并对运行数据进行分析。     

Diafiltration and water recovery of Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R solution by two-stage membrane separation process

The conventional process of Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R production is low purity, labor intensive, inconsistent in the production quality and also causes pollution. The improved process based on membrane technology still generates large volume of effluent though with low pollutants. In this paper, a two-stage membrane separation process is introduced to resolve these shortcomings, in which the first stage is used for diafiltration and concentration of dye solution, and the second is to recover the dye and salt water from the produced permeate. Comparing results from one ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (GH) and four nanofiltration (NF) membranes (AFC40, DL, CA865 and MPT-31), UF membrane ES404 showed the same dye rejection, higher permeate flux and lower sodium sulfate rejection. In the diafiltration and concentration stage, pre-concentration and constant volume diafiltration had the best salt permeability as compared to constant volume diafiltration and post-concentration in addition to variable volume diafiltration. In the dye and salt water recovery, membrane ES404 had the same dye rejection, but higher permeate flux and lower sodium sulfate rejection as compared to membrane GH. The proposed two-stage membrane separation process offers the advantages of high-purity, less labor intensive, consistent in production quality and less pollution.     

超滤膜直接过滤浑浊水的试验

采用聚丙烯腈中空纤维超滤膜,以自来水添加粘土配制成试验用水,进行了直接过滤试验。结果表明:超滤膜具有良好的除浊功能和除菌作用,对水中的有机物也有一定的去除作用。滤后水浊度小于0.1 NTU;菌落总数的去除率大于99.9%;TOC的去除率为10%～18%。原水浊度为300 NTU左右时,超滤的周期产水量比较稳定,归一化比渗透通量保持在55%以上。     

UF膜活性炭组合工艺自来水处理研究

本实验采用超滤与粉末活性炭组合工艺,研究了粉末活性炭的投加对超滤膜运行性能的影响,结果表明:随粉末活性炭投量的增加膜稳定运行时间延长,通量下降率降低。粉末活性炭的投加对膜过滤阻力影响不大。采用粉末活性炭和超滤组合工艺处理饮用水,调整适合的参数,其中CODMn、UV254、TOC和浊度的平均去除率分别为67%、56%、76%和98%以上,粉末活性炭超滤膜组合工艺可用于制备优质饮用水。     

Membrane processes for water reuse from the effluent of industrial park wastewater treatment plant: a study on flux and fouling of membrane

Both the relationship between the flux and the fouling mechanism of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane and the effects of pretreatment before reverse osmosis (RO) process on the treatment of the effluent of industrial park wastewater treatment plant (IPWTP) were investigated to examine the application of membrane processes on the water reuse treatment. For the former, the flux data was first fitted to the Hermia model to give the implication of the fouling mechanism. Then, the fouling mechanism was further identified with the aid of the SEM morphology of membrane surfaces. For the latter, the changes of both water characteristics (turbidity, TOC, conductivity, particle size distribution, and organic solute molecular weight) and membrane properties (surface zeta potential and surface morphology) before and after the treatment of membrane processes were measured. It was found that the major blocking mechanisms of UF membrane process at initial and final stage were standard blocking of pore (causing from colloid materials) and cake blocking of pore (causing from suspended particles), respectively. On the other hand, it was concluded that the permeate from 1 μm/UF/RO process was suitable for the reuse of cooling water and low pressure boiler water.     

Grey water treatment and simultaneous surfactant recovery using UF and RO process

The membrane-based grey water treatment for grey water reuse and surfactant recovery is presented in this research paper. Grey water from washing machine discharges having turbidity and used surfactant was processed through the polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to remove the turbidity. The UF treated grey water is further purified by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for surfactant recovery and water reuse. The surfactant trapped inside the RO spiral wound membrane module is recovered through various membrane physical regeneration techniques such as backwashing, simultaneous backwash–back-flush and ozone back-flush. Among this, backwash–back-flush is found to be effective process for surfactant recovery. The methodology for optimising surfactant recovery is captured by studying effect of various operating parameters such as feed detergent concentration, backwash pressure, backwash temperature and back-flush flow rate. By implementing optimal process conditions, the integrated UF and RO membrane process is able to produce 300 L of reusable pure water and 80 L of concentrated detergent solution and 20 L of turbid water while treating 400 L of grey water discharges. Maximum surfactant recovery of 82% is obtained while treating grey water which consists of 720 ppm of total dissolved solids (detergent) and 45 ppm of surfactant. The extent of UF and RO membrane fouling is determined by measuring the pure water flux before and after the grey water treatment. The membrane performance is found to be stable when membrane is regenerated by backwash–back-flush technique for RO and gravity backwash for UF membrane.     

Ultrafiltration of lake water for potable water production

Ultrafiltration with coagulation or powdered activated carbon pretreatment is used to treat water from a public water supply. While UF without pretreatment is effective in removing turbidity, pretreatment prior to UF greatly enhances the removal of natural organic matter and trihalomethane precursors. Short-term flux loss can be minimized with backflushing, while long-term irreversible fouling seems to be affected most by the type of membrane polymer.     

混凝/超滤处理微污染原水的试验研究

采用混凝／超滤组合工艺对微污染原水进行试验。结果表明：混凝作为预处理可以有效地改善膜的过滤性能和提高去除有机物的效果。存在最佳混凝剂投加量,它可使膜过滤通量最大。