P型Yb_yFe_xCo_(4-x)Sb_(12)化合物的制备及热电性能

采用熔融法制备了P型填充式方钴矿化合物Yb_yFe_xCo_(4-x)Sb_(12),并研究了Co位Fe掺杂对该化合物热电传输特性的影响.在300～850 K的温度范围内,测试了化合物的电导率、赛贝克系数和热导率.结果表明,化合物的主要相组成为Yb_yFe_xCo_(4-x)Sb_(12),EPMA结果显示化合物中含有微量FeSb_2和CoSb_2杂质相.化合物的赛贝克系数均为正值,表明为p型半导体.随着Fe掺杂量的增加,化合物的电导率增加,晶格热导率降低,最小室温晶格热导率仅为1.33 W·m~(-1)K~(-1),对于化合物Yb_0.29Fe_1.2Co_2.8Sb_(12),在800 K时获得最大热电优值ZT约为0.67.     

放电等离子烧结原位合成CeyFe1.0Co3.0 Sb12热电材料

以Co、Sb、Fe及Ce为起始原料,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术原位反应合成了填充式Skutterudite化合物Cey Fe1.0 Co3.0 Sb12,并研究了该化合物的合成条件及热电性能.实验结果表明:当y为0～0.30时,用放电等离子烧结法在573 K开始生成Cey Fe1.0 Co3.0 Sb12且在673～873 K时,Cey Fe1.0 Co3.0 Sb12化合物为主晶相,并伴有极少量的FeSb2和Sb相.晶格常数和Seebeck系数随Ce填充分数的增加而呈线性增加,电导率和热导率随Ce填充分数的增加而降低.Cey Fe1.0 Co3.0 Sb12化合物表现为P型传导,Cey Fe1.0 Co3.0 Sb12化合物中Ce的填充分数y为0.30时,Ce0.30 Fe1.0 Co3.0 Sb12化合物具有较高的热电性能,其中在773 K时具有最大的热电优值(ZT值)0.45.     

REy（Fe／Ni）xCO4-xSb12化合物的原位反应合成及热电性能

采用放电等离子烧结（sps）技术在800～1000K温度范围内，原位反应合成了以ce，La作为填充原子及Ni，Fe作为置换原子的填充式方钴矿化合物REy（Fe／Ni）xCO4xsb12（x=0～1．0，y=0～0．4）。系统研究了填充原子的种类、填充方式以及置换原子的种类对晶格热导率及热电性能的影响。结果表明，在Co位置上Fe或Ni的置换，能显著降低其晶格热导率，与Fe相比，Ni对晶格热导率的影响更显著。在Skutterudite结构sb组成的二十面体空洞填充ce，La原子可以显著降低其晶格热导率，在填充分数相同时，两种稀土原子复合填充较单一原子填充更能有效降低晶格热导率。电导率随ce，La填充分数的增加而降低，Seebeck系数随填充分数的增加而升高。填充分数为0．3的ce0.1La0.2FeCo3Sb12化合物具有最低的晶格热导率和最大的zT值，在800K时达0．6左右。     

Te掺杂对TiCoSb基Half-Heusler化合物高温热电性能的影响

采用固相反应法制备了Te掺杂的TiCoSb基half-Hcuslcr化合物。X射线衍射分析表明，Te掺杂的TiCoSb化合物是单相。在300～850K的温度范围内测量了材料的电阻率、赛贝克系数和热导率。结果表明：未经掺杂的TiCoSb化合物是n型半导体，在高温下有很高的赛贝克系数。在Sb位掺杂Te后，材料的电阻率和赛贝克系数的绝对值随着掺杂量的增加明显降低。材料的热导率随着掺杂量的增加而呈小幅度减小。Te掺杂后材料ZT值提高，最高的ZT值比基体提高了5倍多。     

Yb填充下Ni与Te替代对CoSb_3热电性能的影响

选取球磨-退火-SPS的方法制备了填充式方钴矿CoSb_3金属间化合物,研究了在Yb填充下,Co位Ni替代与Sb位Te替代对CoSb_3热电性能的影响。测试了300~800K的温度范围内,其热导率、电导率及赛贝克系数的值。结果表明,其热导率以及赛贝克系数的绝对值均随替代原子的增加而减小,而电导率随替代原子的增加而增加。在Yb填充及Ni与Te共同替代后,化合物获得了较好的热电优值,其热导率在700K时仅为2.2W·m-1·K-1,化合物Yb_(0.3)Co_(3.5)Ni_(0.5)Sb_(11.5)Te_(0.5)在750K热电性能最佳,ZT值为0.75。     

Sb掺杂对Mg_2Si基化合物热电性能的影响(英文)

采用感应熔炼和真空热压的方法制备了Sb掺杂和未掺杂的Mg2Si基热电材料.研究了Sb掺杂对Mg2Si基热电材料的结构以及热电特性的影响.结果表明:通过Sb掺杂使得载流子浓度从3.07x1019 cm-3增加到1.25x1020 cm-3,电子有效质量也相应增加.测试了从室温到800 K下试样的Seebeck系数,电导率和热导率.结果显示,0.3 at%Sb掺杂使得电导率得到显著增加,在783 K时,ZT值达到0.7.     

额外Te的掺杂量对P型碲化铋基合金热电性能的影响

采用区熔法制备了P型（Bi0.15Sb0.85）2Te3＋x％Te（z=0-6）热电材料，利用电子探针（EPMA）观察了区熔材料的显微结构并进行了物相分析，在300～500K的温度范围内分别测量了材料的塞贝克系数α、电导率σ以及热导率κ。结果表明：随着额外Te的含量增加，材料的载流子（空穴）浓度减小，电导率降低；同时，载流子对声子的散射作用减弱，但第二相的存在对声子的散射作用增强，二者的共同作用使晶格热导率在室温附近随着Te含量先减小而后增大。材料的性能优值ZT则随Te含量先增大后减小，当额外Te的质量分数为3％时具有最大的ZT值，约为0．92。     

制备方法对NixCo4-xSb12化合物结构和热电性能的影响

分别采用固相反应-放电等离子体烧结法（SR-SPS）和球磨-放电等离子体烧结法（MG-SPS）两种方法，系统研究了制备工艺对NixCo4-xSb12（x=0.1-0.5）化合物结构和热电性能的影响规律。研究表明：两种制备工艺对于化合物的物相结构及赛贝克系数的影响差异不大，但在Ni含量较低的情况下，SR-SPS的制备工艺增大了材料的电阻率和晶粒尺寸，使材料热导率增加，从而导致热电性能的降低；与SR-SPS相比，MG-SPS方法不但简便快捷，降低能耗，更有利于材料热电性能的提高；本实验范围内，采用MG-SPS方法制备的Ni0.2Co3．8Sb12烧结体在温度T=-773K时，其无量纲热电性能指数ZT达到了0．6。     

Fe－Co－Si－Cu热电材料的输运特性

采用真空悬浮熔炼和真空退火方法制备了Fe1-xCoxSi2-0．1at％Cu热电材料。试样的微观组织中包含大量尺寸在1μm左右的小孔和一些裂纹。输运特性测量结果表明，550K时掺杂载流子的热激发达到饱和，700K以上发生本征激发现象。实验发现Co的最佳掺杂量为lat％左右，名义组成为Fe0.97Co0.03Si2-0．1at％Cu的试样的热电性能最好。     

部分填充Skutterudite化合物La_yCo_(4-x)Fe_xSb_(12)与未填充Skutterudite化合物Co_(4-x)Fe_xSb_(12)的制备及热电性能(英文)

采用机械合金化-热压成形-退火工艺制备了部分填充Skutterudite化合物LayCo4-xFexSb12（x≤1,y≤1）,对比研究了填充化合物LayCo3.5Fe0.5Sb12与未填充化合物Co3.5Fe0.5Sb12的热电性能。结果表明,稀土元素La的填充使热导率显著下降,但同时也降低了功率因子,导致材料热电优值上升不大。因此,要提高材料热电优值,还须优化材料电性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。