应用Cult3D技术实现交互式三维人脸动画

介绍一种新的Web3D实现技术Cult3D，对比了其与VRML在实现网络三维图形技术上的优越性，着重论述了如何使用Cult3D技术并结合照片建模工具实现网络环境下的交互式三维人脸动画。     

三维有限差分计算中大规模网格生成及显示技术

针对爆炸与冲击问题并行仿真计算软件PMMIC-3D（Parallel Multi-Material in Cell 3D）的计算网格为正交六面体网格的特点,开发与PMMIC-3D接口统一的可对任意复杂三维实体模型进行大规模有限差分网格生成的三维前处理软件MESH-3D.MESH-3D采用CSG和STL模型两种建模方式进行复杂实体建模,并采用基于边的整体切片算法,借鉴计算机图形学中的扫描线填充算法完成三维有限差分网格划分.在绘制网格时,删除网格单元的公共面,大大缩短计算时间和减少存储空间,实现对网格的快速消隐显示.MESH-3D可实现百亿量级网格单元的生成和显示.三维前处理软件MESH-3D的开发有力地支持爆炸与冲击问题的仿真计算.     

基于弹簧质点模型的二维/三维映射算法*

提出了一种用于服装设计的二维/三维映射算法.该算法基于弹簧质点变形模型,服装裁剪片二维到三维映射及三维到二维映射可以在该模型中得到统一的实现.在服装裁剪片二维到三维的映射过程中,二维裁剪片被放置在人体模型附近的初始位置,在缝合力的作用下,裁剪片自动变形并缝合到人体模型上.在服装裁剪片三维到二维映射的过程中,三维裁剪片被初始映射到指定的平面内,在弹性变形力的作用下,逐步变形并得到最终的二维裁剪片.在进行服装裁剪片二维到三维映射的过程中,考虑了干涉检验的问题.     

A novel 2D and 3D multimodal approach for in-the-wild facial expression recognition

This study proposes a novel deep learning approach for the fusion of 2D and 3D modalities in in-the-wild facial expression recognition (FER). Different from other studies, we exploit the 3D facial information in in-the-wild FER. In particular, in-the-wild 3D FER dataset is not widely available; therefore, 3D facial data are constructed from available 2D datasets thanks to recent advances in 3D face reconstruction. The 3D facial geometry features are then extracted by deep learning technique to exploit the mid-level details, which provides meaningful expression for the recognition. In addition, to demonstrate the potential of 3D data on FER, the 2D projected images of 3D faces are taken as additional input to FER. These features are then jointly fused with 2D features obtained from the original input. The fused features are then classified by support vector machines (SVMs). The results show that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art recognition performances on Real-World Affective Faces (RAF) and Static Facial Expressions in the Wild (SFEW 2.0), and AffectNet dataset. This approach is also applied to a 3D FER dataset, i.e. BU-3DFE, to compare the effectiveness of reconstructed and available 3D face data for FER. This is the first time such a deep learning combination of 3D and 2D facial modalities is presented in the context of in-the-wild FER.     

Static and dynamic 3D facial expression recognition: A comprehensive survey

Automatic facial expression recognition constitutes an active research field due to the latest advances in computing technology that make the user's experience a clear priority. The majority of work conducted in this area involves 2D imagery, despite the problems this presents due to inherent pose and illumination variations. In order to deal with these problems, 3D and 4D (dynamic 3D) recordings are increasingly used in expression analysis research. In this paper we survey the recent advances in 3D and 4D facial expression recognition. We discuss developments in 3D facial data acquisition and tracking, and present currently available 3D/4D face databases suitable for 3D/4D facial expressions analysis as well as the existing facial expression recognition systems that exploit either 3D or 4D data in detail. Finally, challenges that have to be addressed if 3D facial expression recognition systems are to become a part of future applications are extensively discussed.     

Quantitative study of 3D gradient operators

An analytical and comparative study of 3D gradient operators is presented. Based on 3D models, the general formulas representing the gradient magnitude and direction responses of 3D operators are derived. The responses of several commonly used 3D operators (with different variations) as functions of the 3D edge's position and orientation are computed. By analysing the results, the performances of those operators are evaluated and compared according to our proposed judge criteria. This study shows the different behaviour between 3D operators and their 2D correspondents, and provides useful guidelines in choosing and using appropriate operators in 3D edge detection aplications.     

A survey of memory architecture for 3D chip multi-processors

3D chip multi-processors (3D CMPs) combine the advantages of 3D integration and the parallelism of CMPs, which are emerging as active research topics in VLSI and multi-core computer architecture communities. One significant potentiality of 3D CMPs is to exploit the diversity of integration processes and high volume of vertical TSV bandwidth to mitigate the well-known “Memory Wall” problem. Meanwhile, the 3D integration techniques are under the severe thermal, manufacture yield and cost constraints. Research on 3D stacking memory hierarchy explores the high performance and power/thermal efficient memory architectures for 3D CMPs. The micro-architectures of memories can be designed in the 3D integrated circuit context and integrated into 3D CMPs. This paper surveys the design of memory architectures for 3D CMPs. We summarize current research into two categories: stacking cache-only architectures and stacking main memory architectures for 3D CMPs. The representative works are reviewed and the remaining opportunities and challenges are discussed to guide the future research in this emerging area.     

An evaluation of multimodal 2D+3D face biometrics

We report on the largest experimental study to date in multimodal 2D+3D face recognition, involving 198 persons in the gallery and either 198 or 670 time-lapse probe images. PCA-based methods are used separately for each modality and match scores in the separate face spaces are combined for multimodal recognition. Major conclusions are: 1) 2D and 3D have similar recognition performance when considered individually, 2) combining 2D and 3D results using a simple weighting scheme outperforms either 2D or 3D alone, 3) combining results from two or more 2D images using a similar weighting scheme also outperforms a single 2D image, and 4) combined 2D+3D outperforms the multi-image 2D result. This is the first (so far, only) work to present such an experimental control to substantiate multimodal performance improvement.     

Freehand 3维超声重建算法综述

Freehand 3维超声是近年来超声图像3维重建技术领域的研究热点之一。在对3维超声按获取方式不同进行分类的基础上,阐述了Freehand 3维超声系统特点及其重建原理,对Freehand 3维超声重建算法进行了综述和比较分析,并指出了今后面临的主要挑战和未来发展方向。     

Rotation Scaling and Translation Invariants of 3D Radial Shifted Legendre Moments

This paper proposes a new set of 3D rotation scaling and translation invariants of 3D radially shifted Legendre moments. We aim to develop two kinds of transformed shifted Legendre moments: a 3D substituted radial shifted Legendre moments (3DSRSLMs) and a 3D weighted radial one (3DWRSLMs). Both are centered on two types of polynomials. In the first case, a new 3D radial complex moment is proposed. In the second case, new 3D substituted/weighted radial shifted Legendre moments (3DSRSLMs/3DWRSLMs) are introduced using a spherical representation of volumetric image. 3D invariants as derived from the suggested 3D radial shifted Legendre moments will appear in the third case. To confirm the proposed approach, we have resolved three issues. To confirm the proposed approach, we have resolved three issues: rotation, scaling and translation invariants. The result of experiments shows that the 3DSRSLMs and 3DWRSLMs have done better than the 3D radial complex moments with and without noise. Simultaneously, the reconstruction converges rapidly to the original image using 3D radial 3DSRSLMs and 3DWRSLMs, and the test of 3D images are clearly recognized from a set of images that are available in Princeton shape benchmark (PSB) database for 3D image.     

三维GIS的基本问题与研究进展

经过多年的研究和探索,三维GIS取得了很大成果,成为GIS领域的重要研究内容之一。该文首先分析了三维GIS应实现的功能,然后从三维数据获取、三维空间数据模型、三维空间关系的描述和表达、三维可视化和三维空间分析等几个方面评述了三维GIS的研究进展。     

基于语音驱动的三维人脸动画技术综述

随着三维数字虚拟人的发展,语音驱动三维人脸动画技术已经成为虚拟人交互的重要研究热点之一.其关键技术在于语音-视觉映射模型的建立以及三维人脸动画的合成.首先分析了音-视素匹配法和音-视觉参数映射两类方法的特点;之后阐述了目前三维人脸模型的建立方法,并依据三维人脸模型的表示方法不同,分析了不同运动控制方法的优缺点;然后阐述了语音驱动三维人脸动画的主观评价和客观评价方法;最后总结了语音驱动三维人脸动画技术的未来发展方向.     

逻辑系统G3中命题的D3-随机真度理论

通过引入随机向量序列对赋值集进行随机化,在逻辑系统G3中提出了公式的D3-随机真度的概念,证明了全体公式的D3-随机真度之集在[0,1]中没有孤立点;提出了D3-相似度和D3-伪距离,证明了在D3-逻辑度量空间中没有孤立点;在D3-逻辑度量空间中提出3种不同类型的近似推理模式;引入公式间的相容与独立的概念,研究了其关系。为进一步研究随机推理奠定了基础。     

Design conditions for attractive reality in mobile‐type 3‐D display

Abstract— An autostereoscopic 3‐D display suitable for the mobile environment is prototyped and evaluated. First, the required conditions for a 3‐D display in a mobile environment are considered, and the three major requirements are clarified: small size, viewing‐position flexibility, and application support. An application of a mobile‐type 3‐D display should be different from that of a large‐sized 3‐D display because a mobile‐type 3‐D display cannot realize the feeling of immersion while large‐sized 3‐D displays can realize it easily. From this assumption, it is considered that it is important to realize the feeling to handle a 3‐D image. Three types of 3‐D displays are developed to satisfy these requirements. They are subjectively evaluated to confirm their attractiveness. Results of the tests show that intuitive interaction can increase the reality of the 3‐D image in the sense of unity and also can improve the solidity and depth impression of the 3‐D image.     

On the learning machine for three dimensional mapping

In this paper, we investigate the neural network with three-dimensional parameters for applications like 3D image processing, interpretation of 3D transformations, and 3D object motion. A 3D vector represents a point in the 3D space, and an object might be represented with a set of these points. Thus, it is desirable to have a 3D vector-valued neural network, which deals with three signals as one cluster. In such a neural network, 3D signals are flowing through a network and are the unit of learning. This article also deals with a related 3D back-propagation (3D-BP) learning algorithm, which is an extension of conventional back-propagation algorithm in the single dimension. 3D-BP has an inherent ability to learn and generalize the 3D motion. The computational experiments presented in this paper evaluate the performance of considered learning machine in generalization of 3D transformations and 3D pattern recognition.     

3D建模与编程技术

3D建模与编程技术是3D应用软件实现中非常技巧和关键性的技术，目前应用比较广泛的有OpenGL，Direet3D，Java3D和VRML等。OpenGL主要用于底层软件和复杂场景建模软件的开发，Direet3D和Java3D主要应用于较高层次3D软件的快速开发，而VRML实质是一种描述性的3D建模语言，在Plug-in的支持下，可以增强Web的三维功能。对这四种技术的运行机理、实现机制和程序结构等作了较为详尽的阐述。     

Multilayer hybrid visualizations to support 3D GIS

In this paper, we present a unique hybrid visualization system for spatial data. Although some existing 3D GIS systems offer 2D views they are typically isolated from the 3D view in that they are presented in a separate window. Our system is a novel hybrid 2D/3D approach that seamlessly integrates 2D and 3D views of the same data. In our interface, multiple layers of information are continuously transformed between the 2D and 3D modes under the control of the user, directly over a base terrain. In this way, our prototype system is able to depict 2D and 3D views within the same window. This has advantages, since 2D and 3D visualizations can each be easier to interpret in different contexts.In this work we develop this concept of a hybrid visualization by presenting a comprehensive set of capabilities within our distinctive system. These include new facilities such as: hybrid landmark, 3D point, and chart layers, the grouping of multiple hybrid layers, layer painting, the merging of layer controls and consistent zooming functionality.     

基于数字微镜的旋转体扫描3维显示系统

体3维显示是真3维显示领域最前沿的一种解决方案,其优点是可以直接、多人、多角度同时观察。为了在真实空间显示复杂3维图像,研究并实现了一种基于数字微镜的被动式旋转体扫描3维显示系统,即首先利用人眼的视觉暂留特性,通过数字微镜将序列2维图像切片快速投影至旋转屏来完成真实3维图像的显示;同时分析了系统的组成和原理,并详细讨论了成像空间、体素激活装置和体3维引擎的硬件设计思想与软件核心算法。三棱锥和飞机实体模型的3维显示实验结果表明,用户可在360°范围内观察到轮廓清晰、立体感强的物体3维图像,说明该系统具备在真实空间显示复杂3维立体图像的能力,也说明方案是有效且实用的。     

计算机三维物体实体组建方法的研究

在计算机绘图和三维图像显示,例如激光扫描共焦显微图像、CT图像、MRI图像等的绘制和显示中,三维物体的组建是必不可少的。目前,三维物体的组建都是基于二维物体组建的基础之上。二维物体组建是基于连通性进行二维连通区域检出的,因而三维物体的组建速度比较慢。为此,文章提出一种新方法:围线积分法区域标号和链接表法三维叠片,用于三维图像中三维物体实体的组建。这种方法的基本原理是在三维二值图像中,先采用围线积分法区域标号,组建二维物体切片,再采用链接表法三维叠片,由二维物体切片组建三维实体。这种方法的优点是组建速度比较快。     

工程三视图的三维恢复

本文在总结边界表示法（ＢＲ）的结构式立体几何表示法（ＣＳＧＲ）重建三维图形的基础上，提出了一种基于两者结合的三维重建方法。采用ＢＲ方法，把工程图纸的二维矢量化信息作为原始数据，逐步恢复三维点，三维边，面及ＣＳＧＲ意义下的基元体。采用ＣＳＧＲ方法，组合基元体，最终生成复合体，重建三维图形。算法以多面体为研究对象，在ＷＩＮＤＯＷ５３．０环境下实现。