微波辐射对青霉素菌渣破壁效果的影响

引言近年来,我国发酵类制药行业发展迅速,目前抗生素产量已居世界第一位。抗生素菌渣是抗生素发酵工业中的主要固体废弃物,其主要成分包括抗生素菌丝体、剩余培养基成分、发酵中微生物代谢产物及少量的残留抗生素等[1],由于菌渣对人体及环境产生潜在的耐药性风险,依据2008年修订的《国家危险废物名录》,抗生素菌渣被划入危险废物范畴[2]。抗生素菌渣产生量大、含水率高,且含有蛋白质(约占干重的30%~40%)、多糖(10%以上)及麦角固醇(0.5%~1.0%)等营养物质[3],     

三金属Mn-Ni-Co-O@Ni-Mn-S纳米针/纳米片核壳阵列用于超级电容器的研究

为满足超级电容器对于高性能电极材料的需求,本研究采用水热和电沉积结合的方法,在泡沫镍上合成了具有独特三维(3D)核壳结构的纳米针/纳米片核壳阵列(3D NDNSA)的过渡金属氧化物和硫化物复合赝电容电极材料Mn-Ni-Co-O@Ni-Mn-S(MNCO@NMS)。SEM和TEM分析结果表明,一维MNCO纳米针为核心和二维NMS纳米片为壳层,相互连接并交织形成分层的3D核壳纳米结构的MNCO@NMS。由于过渡金属氧化物和硫化物的协同作用和分层核壳结构带来的导电性和活性位点的增加,制得的3D MNCO@NMS表现出了优异的电化学性能。在3 mol·L^-1 KOH作为电解质的三电极电化学测试系统中,MNCO@NMS电极在电流密度1 A·g^-1下比电容为 2 574.2 F·g^-1;在电流密度 10 A·g^-1下循环5 000次后,表现出接近100%的库伦效率和83.4%的比电容保持率。此外,以制得的MNCO@NMS为正极,活性炭为负极组装的混合超级电容器器件(HSCs)在功率密度799 W·kg^-1下的能量密度为54.4 Wh·kg^-1,在 5 A·g^-1下进行4 000次循环后,库伦效率接近100%和保持初始比电容的81.7%。这些电化学特性表明,核壳MNCO@NMS可以成为超级电容器高性能电极的选择之一。     

Adsorption equilibria of paeoniflorin and albiflorin on cyano-silica column from supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol

Adsorption equilibria of paeoniflorin and albiflorin on a cyano-silica column(CN column) from the solution of supercritical carbon dioxide(scCO_2) modified with ethanol were studied. The adsorption capacity at 308.15 K,313.15 K, 318.15 K and 323.15 K under pressures corresponding to carbon dioxide/ethanol densities from0.347 g·cm~(-3) to 0.662 g·cm~(-3) were determined using the elution by characteristic point method(ECP). The effects of temperature and pressure on the solute loading were investigated. The results showed that the lower the temperature, the higher the adsorption capacity. With the decrease of density of scCO2, the adsorption capacity strengthens. The maximum adsorption capacity of paeoniflorin(albiflorin) on the CN column was15.24 mg·ml~(-1)(31.14 mg·ml~(-1)) in the range of 0–1.84 mg·ml~(-1)(0–1.67 mg·ml~(-1)) of paeoniflorin(albiflorin)standard solution. The adsorption capacity of albiflorin was twice as much as that of paeoniflorin under the same conditions. Adsorption data of paeoniflorin and albiflorin could be well described by the Langmuir model and Freundlich model. Compared with the two model fitting results, the adsorption of paeoniflorin and albiflorin belonged to the monolayer adsorption under conditions of 308.15–323.15 K and 10–17 MPa.     

柠檬酸和谷氨酸N，N-二乙酸优化处理污泥重金属

采用柠檬酸（CA）和谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸（GLDA）处理污泥重金属,研究了试剂浓度、pH和反应时间对重金属去除效果的影响,并以重金属去除率为表征,通过正交试验获得CA和GLDA处理重金属的最佳条件。结果表明,增加试剂用量、降低体系pH均有利于重金属的去除,但延长反应时间对重金属的去除效果影响不明显。CA和GLDA处理污泥重金属的最佳条件分别为：CA 0.3 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间2 h和GLDA 0.05 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间3 h。最佳反应条件下,对于CA和GLDA,重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni的去除率可分别达80.25%、77.75%、64.66%和75.16%,及78.57%、78.48%、64.84%和76.71%。CA和GLDA对重金属的去除效果大小顺序均为：Cd>Cu> Ni>Pb,但GLDA的处理效果优于CA。污泥经CA和GLDA处理后,污泥固相酸溶态重金属含量下降幅度最大,平均达81%,残渣态重金属含量下降52.1%,而污泥液相中重金属含量则增加了17.54倍,说明重金属从污泥固相向液相转移。SEM镜检发现,污泥由处理前表面分散的絮状结构,变成更为明显的团块结构和片层结构,污泥的吸附能力下降,且体积缩小。研究结果表明,CA和GLDA处理污泥能有效降低污泥重金属含量并提高污泥固相重金属的化学稳定性,有利于污泥脱水及脱水后的进一步处理及其资源化。     

梯度金属泡沫池沸腾过程中气泡脱离特性

利用实验手段对梯度金属泡沫池沸腾过程中气泡脱离行为特性进行了探究。实验工质为去离子水、浓度分别为400 mg·L^-1和800 mg·L^-1的正庚醇溶液。梯度金属泡沫材质为铜和镍,铜泡沫层和镍泡沫层厚度均为4 mm,孔密度分别为40 PPI和10 PPI。实验结果表明：添加正庚醇会使池沸腾气泡脱离直径变小,数目减少,但其浓度变化影响不明显;在热通量6.6×10⁴ W·m^-2沸腾时,观察到气泡脱离金属泡沫骨架阻碍两种常见运动形式：气泡破裂和整体滑移;当热通量增加到1.0×10⁵ W·m^-2时,相邻的两个气泡在梯度金属泡沫内合并成一个大气泡脱离金属泡沫。     

烟气中重金属浓度的在线测量

引言 重金属元素在煤粉和城市固体垃圾燃烧过程中会分解释放出来,经历一系列物理化学变化,一部分挥发的重金属元素将富集在飞灰(尤其是亚微米级细小颗粒)上,随着烟气或炉渣排出,它们在大气中有很长的驻留时间,不为微生物降解,并转化为毒性很大的金属有机化合物,从而对人类健康和环境产生极大的危害.     

压力延迟渗透发电技术的影响因素探究

压力延迟渗透技术作为提取盐差能的一种有效方法,已在海洋新能源开发方面展现出巨大潜力,提高盐差能发电效率是目前压力延迟渗透技术尚需解决的重要问题之一。以压力延迟渗透过程膜的水通量和功率密度为评价指标,重点研究了料液流动方式、流速和浓度等因素对压力延迟渗透过程性能的影响。结果表明,采用逆流方式、增大浓度差、提高流速均有利于提高压力延迟渗透过程中的水通量和功率密度,其中,单侧增加原料液浓度,水通量和功率密度均呈逐渐降低趋势;单侧增加驱动液浓度,水通量和功率密度均呈逐渐上升趋势。选取河水-正渗透浓盐水模拟体系,采用逆流操作,在压力差为1 200 kPa条件下,提升原料液流速效果更优;驱动液流速为1.0 L·min^-1,原料液流速从0.5 L·min^-1提升到2.0 L·min^-1时,水通量提升了17.3%,功率密度也从8.01 W·m^-2增加到9.39 W·m^-2。     

污泥热解残渣中重金属形态分布的研究进展

目前,我国城市及工业污水产生量已达7.34×10¹⁰ t/a,对其处理产生的污泥量达7.29×10⁷ t/a。污泥的主要去向为土地利用、焚烧发电和建材利用等。在这些再利用过程中,重金属特别是Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni等对其再利用影响较大。污泥处理多采用热解处理,重金属在处理过程中会富集在热解残渣中。阐释重金属在热解残渣中的形态分布,对于其再利用过程意义重大。本文以改进的欧共体物质标准局(BCR)连续提取法为基础,总结了污泥热解残渣中重金属的形态分布,阐述了热解工况(热解温度、停留时间、催化剂)、共热解及预处理对热解残渣中重金属形态分布的影响,探讨了污泥热解残渣中重金属未来的研究趋势。     

超声辅助碱浸铜冶炼烟灰中铜砷分离

采用超声辅助Na₂S-NaOH浸取体系对铜冶炼烟灰进行研究,在NaOH、Na₂S与烟灰质量比0.4：1,液固比20：1,反应温度75℃,反应时间5 min,超声功率80 W,搅拌速率400 r·min^-1条件下,As浸出率为88.81%,Cu浸出率为0.025%,实现了Cu和As的有效分离。采用该方法处理后,与单独碱浸相比,As浸出率提高9.21%,烟灰中As含量由0.85%降至0.58%,Cu含量由2.21%增至2.30%,且As浸出毒性浓度由12.66 mg·L^-1降至2.84 mg·L^-1,为烟灰的资源化利用创造了条件。超声辅助碱浸除砷动力学满足收缩核混合反应控制模型,表观活化能0.114 kJ·mol^-1。XRD、XPS和重金属形态分析结果表明,超声空化作用可使As（Ⅲ）氧化为As（Ⅴ）,有利于As浸出,故超声过程强化有利于Cu和As在碱浸体系中的选择性分离。     

碳纤维阳极构造对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

微生物燃料电池（MFCs）阳极性能受生物膜的影响,而生物膜则直接与阳极表面积有关。以不同长度和数量的碳纤维丝作为阳极,研究了阳极构造和表面积对MFC输出功率的影响。当阳极为单根长度为1 cm碳纤维丝时,MFC产生的最大功率密度最高,为10.50 W·m^-2,随着碳纤维丝长度逐渐增加（2～14 cm）,MFC产生的最大功率显著下降。以多根的长度为2 cm碳纤维丝构成阳极时,MFC的功率与根数（1～4 根）呈正比,当采用4根2 cm纤维丝时,MFC的最大功率密度为2.92 W·m^-2,该数值为单根8 cm碳纤维丝的2.78倍。观察碳纤维丝长度方向上的生物膜的分布表明：受碳纤维欧姆电阻的影响,在碳纤维丝电流引出端附近的生物量明显大于碳纤维其他地方,这说明：增加纤维丝长度虽可提高阳极的表面积,但并不能提高阳极的产电性能。     

挤出塑料管喷淋冷却的数值模拟

冷却系统是塑料挤出管道生产工艺中的关键设备,其冷却的均匀性和效率直接影响管道产品的质量及生产速度。首先基于ANSYS对喷淋冷却瞬态传热进行模拟,结果表明：对流传热系数小于180 W·m^-2·K^-1时,冷却至目标温度（47℃）所需的时间随传热系数的变化明显;传热系数大于180 W·m^-2·K^-1时,冷却至目标温度所需的时间随传热系数的变化不大。然后基于FLUENT软件对喷淋喷嘴进行模拟,研究了喷淋入口速度、喷嘴高度对喷淋传热系数的影响,结果表明：随着喷淋入口速度的增加（6～15 m·s^-1的范围内）,总体对流传热系数增大,驻点处的传热系数由217 W·m^-2·K^-1增加到386 W·m^-2·K^-1;随喷淋高度的减小（68～128 mm范围内）,壁面传热系数呈增加趋势,驻点处传热系数由227 W·m^-2·K^-1增加到311 W·m^-2·K^-1。基于以上研究,为真空定径喷淋冷却水槽的整体优化提出合理建议。     

Simultaneously energy production and dairy wastewater treatment using bioelectrochemical cells: In different environmental and hydrodynamic modes

A successful design, previously adapted for treatment of complex wastewaters in a microbial fuel cell (MFC), was used to fabricate two MFCs, with a few changes for cost reduction and ease of construction. Performance and electrochemical characteristics of MFCs were evaluated in different environmental conditions (in complete darkness and presence of light), and different flow patterns of batch and continuous in four hydraulic retention times from 8 to 30 h. Changes in chemical oxygen demand, and nitrate and phosphate concentrations were evaluated. In contrast to the microbial fuel cell operated in darkness (D-MFC) with a stable open circuit voltage of 700 mV, presence of light led to growth of other species, and consecutively low and unsteady open circuit voltage. Although the performance of theMFC subjected to light (L-MFC)was quite lowand unsteady in dynamic state (internal resistance = 100 Ω, power density = 5.15 W·m^-3), it reached power density of 9.2 W·m^-3 which was close to performance of D-MFC (internal resistance = 50 Ω, power density = 10.3 W·m^-3). Evaluated only for D-MFC, the coulombic efficiency observed in batch mode (30%) was quite higher than the maximum acquired in continuous mode (9.6%) even at the highest hydraulic retention time. In this study, changes in phosphate and different types of nitrogen existing in dairy wastewater were investigated for the first time. At hydraulic retention time of 8 h, the orthophosphate concentration in effluent was 84% higher compared to influent. Total nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen were reduced 70% and 99% respectively at hydraulic retention time of 30 h, while nitrate and nitrite concentrations increased. The microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), revamped from D-MFC, showed the maximum gas production of 0.2 m³ H₂·m^-3·d^-1 at 700 mV applied voltage.     

Comparison on Thermal Conductivity and Permeability of Granular and Consolidated Activated Carbon for Refrigeration

This paper focuses on the development of three types of activated carbon (AC) adsorbents, i.e. granular AC, consolidated AC with chemical binder, and consolidated AC with expanded natural graphite (ENG). Their thermal conductivity was investigated with the steady-state heat source method and the permeability was tested with nitrogen as the gas source. Results show that the thermal conductivity of granular AC with different sizes almost maintains a constant at 0.36 W·(m·K)^-1, while the value modestly increases to 0.40 W·(m·K)^-1 for the consolidated AC with chemical binder. The consolidated AC with ENG at the density of 600 kg·m^-3 shows the best heat transfer performance and their thermal conductivity vary from 2.08 W·(m·K)^-1 to 2.61 W·(m·K)^-1 according to its fraction of AC. However, the granular AC and consolidated AC with chemical binder show the better permeability performance than consolidated AC with ENG binder whose permeability changes from 6.98×10^-13 m² to 5.16×10^-11 m² and the maximum occurs when the content of AC reaches 71.4% (by mass). According to the different thermal properties, the refrigeration application of three types of adsorbents is analyzed.     

High-performance supercapacitors based on Ni2P@CNT nanocomposites prepared using an ultrafast microwave approach

We present a one-step route for the preparation of nickel phosphide/carbon nanotube (Ni₂P@CNT) nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications using a facile, ultrafast (90 s) microwave-based approach. Ni₂P nanoparticles could grow uniformly on the surface of CNTs under the optimized reaction conditions, namely, a feeding ratio of 30:50:25 for CNT, Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, and red phosphorus and a microwave power of 1000 W for 90 s. Our study demonstrated that the single-step microwave synthesis process for creating metal phosphide nanoparticles was faster and simpler than all the other existing methods. Electrochemical results showed that the specific capacitance of the optimal Ni₂P@CNT-nanocomposite electrode displayed a high specific capacitance of 854 F·g⁻¹ at 1 A·g⁻¹ and a superior capacitance retention of 84% after 5000 cycles at 10 A·g⁻¹. Finally, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using the nanocomposite with activated carbon as one electrode (Ni₂P@CNT//AC), which showed a remarkable energy density of 33.5 W·h·kg⁻¹ and a power density of 387.5 W·kg⁻¹. This work will pave the way for the microwave synthesis of other transition metal phosphide materials for use in energy storage systems.     

Copper (2+), Zinc (2+), and Nickel (2+) Uptake by Activated Sludge

Abstract

This paper reports the results obtained on copper, zinc, and nickel uptake by activated sludge in a completely mixed unit. Removal of these heavy metals from wastewater occurs by uptake and by precipitation, the latter being particularly important in the cases of copper and zinc. The amount of heavy metal taken up by the microorganisms at equilibrium varies with influent concentration for the three metals studied. The values obtained range from 2.3 mg/g VSS for copper at 1 mg/L in the influent to 57.4 mg/g VSS for nickel at influent 25 mg/L. Soluble metal removal from wastewater increases in percentage with influent concentration, being higher for copper and lower for nickel. Experiments with mixtures of these metals have also been carried out.     

Electro-partitioning with composite ion-exchange material: an innovative in-situ heavy metal decontamination process

Selective in-situ removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil/sludge combines the benefits of: (a) being a low risk operation since the soil/sludge is not excavated and transported, (b) being economically prudent since only the target contaminant is removed, and (c) providing the possibility of reuse/recycle of the heavy metals since they are selectively removed. However, the main problem faced in such a process is inserting a material into the soil/sludge which can selectively remove heavy metals from the background of other ions which are much higher in concentration than the target heavy metals but are innocuous from a regulatory point-of-view. The affinity of chelating ion-exchange resins toward heavy metal cations is well established but their morphology (spherical beads of diameter <5 mm) is unsuitable for use in an in-situ process. This communication explores the use of a novel material termed composite ion-exchange material (CIM) which allows microspheres of chelating resins to be entrapped in a Teflon^® network, thus producing a thin sheet (≈0.5 mm) which can be easily introduced into or withdrawn from a soil/sludge sample. The CIM is used in a physico-chemical process where application of DC potential gradient forces the heavy metal cations to move toward the cathode and consequently contact the CIM sheet wrapped around the cathode. The strong affinity of chelating exchangers inside the CIM forces selective uptake of the heavy metals from the contaminated solid phase. After passage of current for a determined amount of time, the CIM is withdrawn from the soil/sludge and chemically regenerated, thus allowing the heavy metals to be concentrated in an acid solution. This communication presents preliminary results of experiments performed to explore the use of this process and also discusses modifications required to achieve higher suitability.     

高比表面积羟基氧化铁的脱砷性能

利用羟基氧化铁的吸附特性可以有效脱除水体中的重金属,考察在不同条件下的脱砷效果。采用浆态床脱除法进行评价实验,主要考察废液砷含量、p H、温度、羟基氧化铁浓度和震荡时间等对脱砷率的影响。结果表明,废液砷含量和p H对脱砷率影响较小,时间、温度及羟基氧化铁浓度对脱砷率影响较大,羟基氧化铁浓度为影响脱砷效果的主要因素,整体来看,脱除率较高。在羟基氧化铁浓度为150 mg·m L-1、震荡时间1 h和温度50℃条件下,可将初始砷含量176.00 mg·L-1的废水降至砷含量为5.46 mg·L-1。     

热电制冷液体冷却散热器的实验研究

旨在开发一种新型热电制冷液体冷却装置,解决微电子设备芯片超频运行后的冷却问题。通过搭建实验测试平台,对该新型冷却装置在不同热通量、不同工况以及热电制冷器（TEC）在不同工作电压下的传热性能进行了实验研究。研究表明,限定热源表面温度（65℃）时,该散热器在实验风速7～13 m·s^-1的条件下,最大散热能力可达45.2 W·cm^-2,装置最低总热阻为0.107℃·W^-1;当热通量为28.5 W·cm^-2、风速为9 m·s^-1和13 m·s^-1时,TEC工作在最佳电压值下,使热源表面温度分别降低4.0℃和4.6℃。实验结果同时表明,新型热电制冷液体冷却装置的制冷性能与TEC工作电压相关,当热通量为28.5 W·cm^-2、风速为9 m·s^-1和13 m·s^-1时,最佳工作电压分别为28 V和32 V。     

生物除磷颗粒污泥去除Pb2+的效能机制

以好氧颗粒污泥的吸附作用和磷酸盐对重金属的螯合作用为基础,采用富含磷酸盐的生物除磷颗粒污泥作为吸附剂来处理含铅废水,考察了不同吸附条件（pH、Pb²⁺的初始浓度、吸附反应时间）下,颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的去除效果。结果表明,除磷颗粒污泥在pH为4,初始Pb²⁺浓度为150 mg·L^-1时,对铅的去除率最高（为99.9%）;在吸附反应20 min时即可达到吸附平衡。生物除磷颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的吸附可以用Langmuir模型拟合（R²=0.993）,最大吸附量为49.5 mg·g^-1。其中离子交换和磷酸盐与Pb²⁺的螯合作用对除磷颗粒污泥去除Pb²⁺起到重要作用;傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）测定表明-COOH、-OH、磷酰基等多种官能团也参与了除磷颗粒污泥除Pb²⁺过程。     

浓浆铁氧体法对含镍重金属污泥的处理

该试验以氢氧化镍重金属污泥为研究对象,在一定条件下与硫酸亚铁反应,使含镍重金属污泥中的大部分镍渣,形成稳定的铁镍复合铁氧体,从而达到对含镍重金属污泥无害化固定的目的。研究了硫酸亚铁投加量、pH、温度和搅拌时间等因素对铁镍复合铁氧体生成的影响。结果表明在n(Fe2+):n(N(iOH)2)=4:1、pH为8.5-9.0、温度为50℃、搅拌时间为1 h的最佳反应条件下,含镍重金属污泥中镍的去除率为90.10%,并且生成的铁镍复合铁氧体性质稳定有一定回收价值。