Speed control system and design of resonant system with disturbance observer

In industrial motor drive systems such as industrial plants and industrial robots, a torsional vibration often is generated because of the elastic elements in torque transmission. This vibration makes it difficult to achieve quick responses of speed and may result in damage to the plant. Such systems simply are modeled as a two mass system. The shaft torque feedback system with the disturbance observer, which is called “resonance ratio control,” is proposed to suppress the vibration for the two-mass system. In this paper, the design of controller gains in the shaft torque feedback system is examined considering not only the control performance such as the vibration suppression and dynamic responses, but also the robust stability against the noise and the model uncertainties. This paper shows the validity of the control system and the examinations by several experiments.     

Robust feedforward control system considering sudden disturbance for optical disk recording system

This paper proposes a new robust feedforward tracking servo system for optical disk recording systems in the case of a sudden disturbance for the optical disk recording system. In optical recording systems, the tracking servo system must suppress tracking error below its tolerance. This paper designs the robust feedback control system by using the coprime factorization and disturbance observer. The proposed robust feedback control system suppresses the sudden disturbance caused by walking and running. The detecting signal of optical disk recording systems is only a tracking error. Hence, the feedforward controller of the proposed tracking control system is constructed based on both Zero Phase Error Tracking (ZPET) control theory and prediction of tracking error. The experimental results point out that the proposed tracking servo system has a quick and precise tracking response and keeps the residual tracking error below its tolerance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 60– 68, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20257     

High‐precision positioning of table drive system using strain feedback and disturbance observer

This paper presents a control design methodology for high‐precision positioning. In particular, the compensation for the effects of vibration modes and nonlinear friction on the positioning performance is taken into account in this methodology. In the controller design, the servo bandwidth of the feedback control loop should be expanded to compensate for nonlinear friction, while robust stability with respect to frequency variations in the vibration modes should be ensured. In this study, therefore, strain feedback for vibration modes is adopted to provide robustness with respect to frequency variations and to improve the disturbance suppression performance by expanding the bandwidth of a disturbance observer. This strain feedback is based on the use of a piezoelectric element. The efficiency of the proposed positioning control approach has been verified by conducting experiments using a prototype for industrial table drive systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(3): 46–55, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21306     

Measurement of mechanical parameters in two-mass resonant system using disturbance observer

In application fields for two-mass resonant system, control theory-based various techniques that use feed-forward/feedback control have been proposed to achieve high performance motion control. Although these schemes effectively suppress resonant vibration, they are quite sensitive to system parameters because the design of such controllers basically relies on system mechanical parameters. This paper presents a disturbance observer-based novel mechanical parameter measurement scheme for a two-mass resonant system. In the proposed measurement, load inertia and torsional constant of the resonant system can be measured by using error components of the estimated disturbance torque due to setting errors of the parameters in the observer. With this measurement algorithm no additional tool other than the observer is required for parameter measurement. The effectiveness of the proposed measurement scheme is verified by experimental results that are obtained by a prototype. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (2): 19–29, 1997     

Construction of a control system for disturbance rejection using a dual observer

A well‐known control system which can reduce the adverse effects of disturbances is a disturbance observer. However, in many cases of mechanical systems, system disturbances which do not satisfy the matching condition may be imposed. Therefore, it may be difficult to reduce the adverse effects of the disturbances by the traditional disturbance observer. In this paper, a method of control system synthesis for disturbance rejection using a dual observer is proposed. This method is based on the zeroing induced by the disturbance localization problem. This problem may be solved by dividing the state space into observable subspace and unobservable subspace. As compared with an H_∞ controller based on perfect observation, the usefulness of the proposed control system for disturbance rejection is demonstrated by numerical simulations for a two‐mass spring system. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(4): 50–60, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1138     

一种改进线性扩张状态观测器的自抗扰控制宽频带振荡抑制方法研究

针对自抗扰控制策略在并网系统参数变化时能否维持逆变器接入弱电网的稳定性展开了进一步研究。首先,建立了计及频率耦合的自抗扰控制型并网逆变器等效单输入单输出序阻抗模型,并采用Nyquist稳定判据定量分析逆变器输出功率、电网短路比、锁相环以及自抗扰控制器参数变化对并网系统稳定性的影响。其次,针对上述参数变化所导致的弱电网下自抗扰控制型逆变器稳定性降低、宽频带振荡等问题,提出了一种改进线性扩张状态观测器(enhanced linear expansion state observer, e-LESO)的自抗扰控制宽频带振荡抑制方法。通过在传统一阶自抗扰控制器中LESO内部增添比例支路和滤波环节,重塑自抗扰控制型并网逆变器输出阻抗,拓宽其中频段(100 Hz~1 kHz)内呈正阻尼特性的频率范围,从而增强自抗扰型并网逆变器鲁棒性,实现宽频带振荡抑制。最后,通过仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Anti‐Sway Crane Control Considering Wind Disturbance and Container Mass

A method for estimating the sway angle using an observer has already been proposed. The state observer estimates the sway angle accurately and must use the detected sway angle value. However, the estimated sway angle has an error owing to rope length error, friction force, and wind. Moreover, the container mass cannot be determined, and therefore the observer parameter is not suitable. We already proposed robust antisway control for overcoming rope length error without adding a new sensor. Further, we designed a friction disturbance observer to cancel out the influence of the friction force. In this paper, we first propose a container mass estimation method when a crane system performs rolling up control. The observer parameter can be selected using the estimated mass value. Second, in crane parallel shift control, we propose a robust antisway control even when there is a wind disturbance. We design a wind disturbance observer and propose a wind disturbance estimator to separate the friction observer output from the wind disturbance observer output. We confirm through experiments that the proposed method can reduce vibration.     

具有扰动观测及实时补偿的大型光电望远镜主轴控制技术

为了降低各种内外干扰对大型光电设备成像精度的影响,对控制回路进行了扰动观测补偿器设计。首先,通过开环实验方法估计出设计观测器所需要的控制量增益b;其次,通过仿真建模给出控制器的参数设计,并进行性能分析。结果表明,该控制方法能够在不增加系统闭环带宽的前提下,将系统在中低频段的扰动抑制能力提高10dB。最后,在直流有刷力矩转台上进行了性能对比实验。实验结果表明,与PI控制器相比,系统性能在低、中、高速3种状态下都得到了明显改善。0.1°/s的阶跃响应下调节时间减少3.7s;1°/s的阶跃响应下调节时间减少0.25s,且稳态误差从0.025 7°/s减小至0.018 9°/s;10°/s的阶跃响应下稳态误差从0.113°/s减小至0.061 7°/s。可见,使用同一组控制参数,该控制方法能实现在中低、中、高速运行下的高性能控制,且只需调试2个参数,简单易实现。     

基于 GMS 摩擦力补偿和干扰观测器的高精度速度控制

为了降低机械轴系摩擦力扰动对于伺服控制器在低速运动控制精度的影响,进一步提高传统伺服控制器对于稳定平 台的控制能力,提出了一种基于广义 Maxwell 滑动(generalized Maxwell-slip,GMS) 摩擦力模型前馈和干扰观测器的高精度 摩擦力补偿方案。首先在传统控制基础上引入GMS 摩擦模型前馈补偿对摩擦扰动进行初步的补偿;然后,通过加入干扰观 测器,对残余扰动及其他扰动进行第2次的抑制。利用实物平台对控制方法的低速运动性能进行了测试,对比设计的控制算 法和传统 PI 控制器的控制结果,验证提出的控制策略抑制摩擦扰动的效果。结果表明,基于 GMS 摩擦力前馈和干扰观测器 的控制方案有效的补偿了摩擦非线性、模型不确定性等因素对于控制系统的影响。新方法可将稳定平台低速运动时的控制 误差降低到0.015°/s, 在实际工程中具有较高的应用价值。     

永磁同步电机抗扰控制技术优化设计

在某些自动化设备中,对永磁同步电机常具有较高的稳定性要求和抗扰要求,故针对永磁同步电机位置伺服系统设计了一种高性能抗扰控制策略,采用等价输入干扰(EID)估计器来估计和补偿系统所受干扰,采用backstepping方法保证系统稳定性,并在此基础上引入电流前馈提升系统在负载突变时的响应速度,对系统的抗扰性能进行优化。仿真结果表明,所设计的抗扰控制策略可以使系统在干扰作用下保持较高精度的阶跃响应和信号跟踪能力,具有良好的稳定性和抗扰特性,对永磁同步电机抗扰控制技术优化有一定的可行性和参考价值。     

A study on higher‐order disturbance observer and robust stability

In earlier papers, it has been reported that a fast and precise servo system, which has low sensitivity to parameter variation and disturbance, can be realized with simple structure by using a high‐order disturbance observer. However, no clear and simple design method satisfying specifications for robust stability, the influence of measurement noise, and relative stability (damping characteristics) for large parameter variation has been proposed. In this paper, we clarify the class of robust servo systems realized by adjusting the order of the disturbance observer and the control parameters. We apply this strategy to the design of a second delay system, such as a position servo system, and realize a high‐performance robust servo system using a high‐order disturbance observer. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(1): 37–44, 1999     

A robust current control method with disturbance observer for matrix converter under abnormal input voltage

This paper presents a robust current control method with a disturbance observer for a matrix converter (MC) under an abnormal input voltage. The MC can directly convert power from an input alternating current (AC) source to a load without any direct current (DC) link. Since the MC has no reactive elements, the imbalance and distortion of the input voltage immediately influence the load. Therefore, a high‐performance current control of the load is impossible in this condition. In this letter, we propose a robust current control method for the MC under an abnormal input voltage. Adapting the disturbance observer to a load current control, current control is possible without the influence of the imbalance and distortion of the input voltage and of a fluctuation of a load paramerter, a resistance, an inductance and so on. This current control is robust under these conditions. The proposed method is effective for the application of a high‐performance AC motor drive employing vector control because it is necessary for the proposed method to coordinate with a reference frame. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by simulation results. © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Polynomial fuzzy controller design with disturbance observer using the SOS‐based approach

The polynomial fuzzy model is an effective model to design a fuzzy controller for nonlinear systems. In order to improve the control performance, a so‐called lumped disturbance is considered in the model. For countering the influence of the lumped disturbance, a new fuzzy disturbance observer (FDO) is proposed. Compared to the existing FDO, which is designed on the basis of an individual rule and whose estimate may not match the disturbance properly, the proposed method is able to follow the disturbance, in principle. As a result, the estimate of the new FDO is used directly to synthesize a part of controller along with the regular control input where such a disturbance is not considered. Finally, a set of conditions in the form of the sum of squares for the asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is provided. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Improving transparency of bilateral control system by sliding mode assist disturbance observer

Transparency is an important indicator to evaluate the performance of a bilateral control system. Uncompensated disturbances in high frequency degrade the transparency in the traditional disturbance observer (DOB) based bilateral control. This paper analyzes the influence of the uncompensated disturbances, and proposes a sliding mode assist disturbance observer (SMADO) to solve the problem. The sliding mode technique helps the original DOB to estimate the disturbances in high frequency by making use of a rapid switching control value. The required switching gain is small in the proposal, which is good for alleviating the chattering. Moreover, to avoid conservative and arbitrary design of the switching gain, a reasonable benchmark is proposed by employing the estimation error between the original DOB and another parallel DOB with a different cutoff frequency. The validity of the proposal is confirmed by experiments. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Robust gain-scheduled control for vibration suppression

Limited control authority is a key issue in the field of structural control and is a major research area since most of the practical control problems are dominated by constraints on the control signal. The paper presents a simple and practical gain-scheduled controller design procedure for active vibration suppression of a three-storey flexible structure. First, system identification experiments are performed and the plants uncertainty is derived. Next, robust controller design with constraint on the control signal is presented. For a better trade-off between control performance and control constraint a gain-scheduling approach is investigated. Stability analysis of the gain-scheduled controller is analysed using a parameter-independent Lyapunov function (quadratic stability) as well as a parameter-dependent Lyapunov function (biquadratic stability). Finally, the gain-scheduled controller is tested experimentally when the flexible structure is excited with a scaled historical earthquake record (1940 El Centro record). Successful experimental results show that the proposed robust gain-scheduled control approach offers good performance in the case of control authority limitation.Nomenclature M mass matrix - C damping matrix - K stiffness matrix - q relative displacement vector to base - m_a active mass - active mass acceleration - ground (base) acceleration - K_gap transfer gain of the displacement sensor - K_acc transfer gain of the acceleration sensor - K_AMD transfer gain of the active mass damper - _id frequency range of system identification experiments - r control reference - u control signal - d external disturbance - y control output - e control error - x state vector - p(t) time-varying parameter - N_p parameter boxs dimension - V(x) Lyapunov function - V(x,p) parameter-dependent Lyapunov function - largest parameter box where quadratic stability holds - S(s),T(s) sensitivity and complementary sensitivity transfer functions - G_n(s),G(s) transfer function of nominal and real plant - K_rate rate feedback gain - P_n(s) transfer function of nominal plant modified by rate feedback - P(s) transfer function of real plant modified by rate feedback - G_red transfer function of the reduced-order plant - _m(s) multiplicative uncertainty - W_S(s),W_T(s) performance and robustness weighting functions - G_c(s) controllers transfer function - G_c1(s),G_c2(s) transfer function of robust controller for vertex 1 and vertex 2 - G_cs(p,s) transfer function of the gain-scheduled controller - u_A amplitude of the control signal - K_min,K_max minimum and maximum controller gain - K(p) scheduled controller gain - J₁,J₂,J₃,J₄,J₅ performance evaluation parameters     

Robust boundary stabilization of a vibrating rectangular plate using disturbance adaptation

This paper considers robust boundary control with disturbance adaptation to stabilize the vibration of a rectangular plate under disturbances with unknown upper‐bounds. Disturbances are considered to be distributed both over the plate interior domain and along the boundary (in‐domain and boundary distributed disturbances). Applying Hamilton's principle, the dynamics of the plate is represented in the form of a fourth‐order partial differential equation subject to static and dynamic boundary conditions. The proposed model considers the membrane effect of axial force and the effect of actuator mass dynamics on the plate vibration. A robust boundary control is established that stabilizes the plate in presence of both in‐domain and boundary disturbances. A rigorous Lyapunov stability analysis shows that the vibration of the plate is uniformly ultimately bounded and converges to the vicinity of zero by proper selection of control gains. For the vanishing in‐domain disturbances, it is seen that exponential stability is achieved by the proposed control. Next, a disturbance adaptation law is introduced to stabilize the plate vibration in response to disturbances with unknown bounds, and the stability of the robust boundary control with disturbance adaptation is studied using Lyapunov. Simulation results verify the efficiency of the suggested control. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive neural prescribed performance output feedback control of pure feedback nonlinear systems using disturbance observer

In this study, an adaptive output feedback control with prescribed performance is proposed for unknown pure feedback nonlinear systems with external disturbances and unmeasured states. A novel prescribed performance function is developed and incorporated into an output error transformation to achieve tracking control with prescribed performance. To handle the unknown non-affine nonlinearities and avoid the algebraic loop problem, the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is adopted to approximate the unknown non-affine nonlinearities with the help of Butterworth low-pass filter. Based on the output of the RBFNN, the coupled design between sate observer and disturbance observer is presented to estimate the unmeasured states and compounded disturbances. Then, the adaptive output feedback control scheme is proposed for unknown pure feedback nonlinear systems, where a first-order filter is introduced to tackle with the issue of “explosion of complexity” in the traditional back-stepping approach. The boundedness and convergence of the closed-loop system are proved rigorously by utilizing the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, simulation studies are worked out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Sliding mode control for a class of uncertain nonlinear system based on disturbance observer

In this paper, a sliding mode control (SMC) scheme is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems based on disturbance observers. For a nonlinear system, the disturbance that cannot be directly measured is estimated using a nonlinear disturbance observer. By choosing an appropriate nonlinear gain function, the disturbance observer can well approximate the unknown disturbance. Based on the output of the disturbance observer, an SMC scheme is presented for the nonlinear system, and the stability of the closed‐loop system is established using Lyapunov method. Finally, two simulation examples are presented to illustrate the features and the effectiveness of the proposed disturbance‐observer‐based SMC scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration control of two-mass system with low inertia ratio considering practical use

In some industrial motor-drive systems, a torsional vibration is often generated because of an elastic element in torque transmission. Such a mechanical system is modeled as a two-mass system and it is well-known that the suppressing vibration of a low inertia ratio two-mass system where the motor inertia is larger than the load inertia is very difficult. This paper proposes a speed control system of a low-inertia ratio system, taking into account not only the dynamic responses but also a robust stability. The proposed control system is based on the H^∞ control theory and the resonance ratio control due to the feedback of the estimated shaft torque. Combining the H^∞ controller with the resonance ratio controller, the control system with high robust stability can be obtained comparing with the conventional resonance ratio control. The variable feedback gain system and the construction of the disturbance observer are discussed in order to reject the effects of noise. The simulated and experimental results show that the proposed speed control system is useful for the two-mass system with low inertia ratio. ©1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 125(2): 1–9, 1998     

基于干扰观测器的永磁同步电机反推控制

为了改善具有外源干扰的永磁同步电机(PMSM)调速控制系统的控制性能,提出一种基于干扰观测器(DOB)的反推控制调速策略。首先,针对来源于PMSM外部系统的动态干扰,利用系统状态变量构造干扰观测器,并将DOB的设计问题转化为系统误差的稳定性问题。进一步,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论,获得基于线性矩阵不等式的DOB的存在条件和设计方法。然后,在实时重构干扰的基础上,采用反推控制策略来设计系统控制器,使系统具有良好的速度跟踪、转矩响应及干扰抑制性能。最后,通过MATLAB仿真和实验验证系统设计的有效性和可行性。仿真表明,与传统的PID控制相比,当设定速度为500 r/min,电机起动直至达到稳定状态所需时间从0.025缩短为0.008 s,转速峰值从680降至520 r/min。通过基于DSP的实验测试表明,所提出的控制策略响应速度快、超调量小、稳态精度高,能够有效抑制负载干扰。