A novel method to improve low‐voltage ride‐through capability of wind turbine generators

With increasing penetration of wind farms, power grids have responded by developing specific grid codes to maintain their stability. One of the main grid codes is the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) capability, which requires the wind generator to remain connected when the grid voltage sags for a certain time period. A wind farm with squirrel cage induction generators suffers this LVRT problem the most because of their direct connection to the grid and reactive power consumption. In this paper, a new method is proposed to solve this problem by shunt‐connecting a motor‐driven mechanical load to the cage wind generator. For driving mechanical loads, the induction motor is most widely used in industries. This paper studies the terminal voltage holding effect of an induction machine during grid voltage sag due to the magnetic flux holding effect and the saturation characteristic. Taking advantage of this effect, the induction motor that is used for driving mechanical load is then proposed to improve the LVRT capability of wind turbine generators. Furthermore, the change of the rotating speed or slip of the induction machine is found to have a great impact on improving the LVRT. By adding some inertia to the motor‐driven mechanical load, an enhanced voltage holding effect, and therefore LVRT improvement, is expected for the wind farm. Both simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Power smoothing and MPPT for grid‐connected wind power generation with doubly fed induction generator

Recently, doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and synchronous generators have been applied mostly to wind power generation, and variable speed control and power factor control have been implemented for high efficiency of wind energy capture and for high quality of power system voltage. In variable speed control, the wind speed or generator speed is used for maximum power point tracking. However, the properties of wind generation power fluctuations due to wind speed variation have not yet been investigated for those forms of control. The authors discuss power smoothing by these forms of control for DFIG interconnected to a 6.6‐kV distribution line. The performance is verified by means of the power PSCAD/EMTDC system simulation software for actual wind speed data and is investigated by using an approximate equation for wind generation power fluctuations as a result of wind speed variation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 10–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20958     

基于PSCAD的2MW双馈风力发电机组低电压穿越能力研究

随着以变速恒频双馈异步发电机为主体的大型风力发电机组在电网中所占比例的迅速提高,电力系统对并网风机在外部电网故障,特别是电网电压跌落下的不间断运行能力提出了更高的要求。首先介绍了德国EON风力发电系统低电压穿越标准,在定子磁链定向的基础上推导了双馈风力发电系统的有功无功解耦控制策略,最后在PSCAD中建立了具有Crowbar保护电路的2 MW双馈风力发电系统模型。仿真结果表明双馈风力发电系统具有很好的电压风穿越能力,正常运行状态下能够实现单位功率因素运行。     

基于Crowbar电路的双馈感应风力发电系统低电压穿越的仿真分析

在分析变速恒频双馈风力发电机组和Crowbar电路工作原理的基础上,建立双馈风力发电系统低电压穿越(LVRT)控制模型和Crowbar控制策略。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件中搭建了双馈感应发电机(DFIG)系统模型和LVRT控制模型。针对电网三相对称短路故障下Crowbar的投切策略进行了仿真研究。仿真结果验证,所提策略能实现双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越。     

双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越技术分析

随着风电穿透功率的急剧增加,风力发电对地区电网稳定性的影响不容忽视,双馈式风电系统低电压穿越技术的研究成为热点问题。介绍了欧洲部分国家低电压穿越的标准,详细分析了双馈感应发电机在电网电压跌落时的暂态特性,总结和分析了双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越功能的实现方案,并对双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越技术的发展趋势进行了展望,指出在风电场规划设计阶段,必须慎重选择并网点,同时定制具有相应低电压穿越能力的风机。     

Pitch control based on voltage dip detection for improving the LVRT of wind farm

For the stability of power systems including large‐scale generation of wind power, wind farms are expected to fulfill the requirement with the capability to remain connected to the systems during a momentary voltage dip occurring in power networks. This has prompted many utilities to adopt the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) of wind turbine generators (WTGs) as one of the requirements in interconnection of large wind farms. This paper presents a new method of pitch angle control for fixed‐speed wind turbine (FSWT) to achieve LVRT capability improvement. The FSWT is equipped with directly grid‐coupled squirrel‐cage induction generator and the LVRT behavior of such wind turbine is closely related to the overspeeding of wind turbine rotor during voltage dip. If the turbine rotor speed can be reduced quickly during voltage dip so as not to rise over the maximum speed, then the sudden disconnection of WTG can be avoided. The proposed pitch control system can modify the pitch angle in the short response time by the coordination of protective relay. Then the pitch angle is adjusted by a feedback proportional integral controller based on the measurement of induction generator terminal voltage. Simulation study shows that the application of the proposed pitch control system can improve the LVRT performance of a wind farm equipped with FSWTs. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于变结构准Z源的双馈风电机组强励变换器

当电网电压发生深度跌落时,需要风力发电系统不脱网且向电网提供动态无功支撑,采用传统励磁变换器的双馈风电机组往往需要通过外加装置才能实现这一要求.外加装置使系统变得复杂,可靠性和效率降低.针对这一问题,文中分析了双馈风电机组低电压穿越的瓶颈,提出了构建坚强励磁系统的思想,并设计了一种基于变结构准Z源的新型双馈风电机组强励变换器.将传统的电容型母线替换为准Z源网络,当电网正常时该变换器运行于可调电压的单电容型母线状态,当电网电压发生深度跌落时,该变换器可以迅速升高直流链电压,从而保证转子侧变换器在故障期间始终可控.搭建了双馈风电机组低电压穿越仿真与实验系统,仿真与实验结果表明所提强励变换器拓扑具有良好的稳态与动态性能,在电压深度跌落时能够有效控制转子电流,实现双馈风电机组的低电压穿越和无功支撑.     

提升双馈风力发电系统低电压穿越能力的跟踪控制方法

为提升双馈风力发电系统的低电压穿越(LVRT)能力,提出一种基于状态相关Riccati方程(SDRE)技术的网侧换流器(GSC)跟踪控制方法。并网导则要求风电场在LVRT过程中须注入一定无功功率支撑电压恢复,为了改进非线性状态调节器在无功支撑能力上的不足,针对双馈风力发电系统的GSC设计非线性无功功率跟踪控制器,并采用SDRE技术求解状态反馈控制律。在维持LVRT过程中直流电压稳定的基础上,该方法能充分利用GSC的无功功率调节能力,为电网提供无功功率支撑以避免电压恶化。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台搭建9 MW双馈风力发电系统,并在三相接地故障下进行仿真验证,结果显示,所提出的GSC控制方法具有良好的暂态表现,能够有效提高双馈风力发电系统的LVRT能力。     

含STATCOM的双馈电机风电场无功电压协调控制策略

为增强风电场并网点电压稳定性,提出了变速恒频双馈风电场与动态无功补偿装置STATCOM间的无功电压协调控制策略。电网故障导致风电并网点不同深度的电压跌落时,根据双馈风机Crowbar保护投切状态,对DFIG风电机组转子侧及网侧变流器与STATCOM进行无功功率分配,协调控制促进风电场LVRT期间风电并网点电压的快速恢复。最后,在DIg SILENT/Power Factory仿真软件中建立了风电场和STATCOM控制模型,通过仿真验证该控制策略的有效性。     

改善基于双馈感应发电机的并网风电场暂态电压稳定性研究

提出了改善基于双馈感应发电机的并网风电场暂态电压稳定性的措施以实现风电场的低电压穿越(low voltage ride through, LVRT)功能。目前，大部分基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组不具有故障情况下的暂态电压支持能力，当电网侧发生严重短路故障时，风电场的暂态电压稳定能力会影响到电网安全稳定。该文在DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中建立了具有暂态电压支持能力的变速风电机组转子侧变频器控制模型及用于故障后稳定控制的桨距角控制模型，通过包含风电场的电力系统仿真计算验证了模型的有效性及其对风电机组和电网暂态电压稳定性的贡献。仿真结果表明，当电网侧发生三相短路故障时，风电机组转子侧变频器暂态电压控制能够控制风电机组发出无功功率支持电网电压；桨距角控制能有效降低变速风电机组机械转矩，避免出现风电机组超速及电压失稳。得出结论：采用变频器暂态电压控制及桨距角控制能够改善基于双馈感应发电机的并网风电场的暂态电压稳定性，确保风电机组低电压穿越(LVRT)功能的实现及电网安全稳定。     

电力系统对并网风电机组承受低电压能力的要求

阐述了风电机组低电压穿越原理和相应的控制策略,在电力系统仿真分析软件DIgSILENT/Power Factory中建立了具有低电压穿越功能的双馈风电机组模型。以某地区电网为例进行仿真计算,并提出了一种确定风电机组低电压穿越参数与要求的方法。通过计算系统中所有母线依次发生短路时风电机组在短路瞬间的机端电压值,在地理接线图中标出了系统中不同母线短路时对风电机组端电压的影响程度,据此给出了风电场低电压穿越功能中的电压限制值。分析结果表明,在某些情况下要求风电机组具有很强的低电压穿越能力是不符合实际的;而在另外一些情况下则必须要求风电机组具有较好的低电压穿越能力,否则会对系统的稳定运行构成威胁。因此,应根据具体接入方案计算风电机组低电压穿越功能中的电压限值。     

Controller saturation nonlinearity in doubly fed induction generator‐based wind turbines under unbalanced grid conditions

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely used in wind energy generation systems due to its cost‐effective, partially rated back‐to‐back power converters, variable rotor speed operation, and maximum wind power capture. The conventional design assumes balanced grid voltage and utilizes power protection for the power converters. The DFIG wind turbine is naturally one of the major components in distributed generations of the smart grid system. However, newly developed smart grid system is rich in unbalanced loads. This paper summarizes the limiter settings of controllers and explores the nonlinear behaviors of the DFIG‐based wind power generation system with unbalanced loads. The generator rotor speed and an unbalanced load resistance are chosen as variation parameters. An emerging low‐frequency linear‐modulated oscillation at line second harmonic frequency with DC drifting is identified on the DC link voltage of the back‐to‐back power converters. In terms of second harmonic and the usually reported hazardous low‐frequency oscillation, the saturation nonlinearity and over‐modulation of the back‐to‐back power converter and its power flow are investigated and analyzed. The built‐in detailed model of the DFIG wind energy generation system in Matlab with SimPowerSystems library is used in this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变速恒频双馈异步风力发电系统低电压穿越技术综述

随着以变速恒频(VSCF)双馈异步发电机(DFIG)为主体的大型风力发电机组在电网中所占比例的快速提高,电力系统对并网风力发电机在外部电网故障、特别是电网电压骤降故障下的不问断运行能力提出了更高的要求.本文首先分析了电网电压骤降对DFIG运行的影响,提出了DFIG风力发电系统低电压穿越运行的控制目标,继而总结、评价了各种适合于DFIG风力发电系统的低电压穿越技术,最后指出了DFIG风电系统低电压穿越技术的优化方向,以期展示该技术的最新进展及发展趋势.     

双馈变速风电机组低电压穿越控制

当系统中风电装机容量比例较大时,系统故障导致电压跌落后,风电场切除会严重影响系统运行的稳定性,这就要求风电机组具有低电压穿越（Low Voltage Ride Through,LVRT)能力,保证系统发生故障后风电机组不间断并网运行。分析了双馈风电机组LVRT原理和基于转子撬棒保护(crow-bar protection)的LVRT控制策略,在电力系统仿真分析软件DIgSILENT/Power Factory中建立了双馈风电机组模型及其LVRT控制模型,以某地区风电系统为例进行仿真计算,分析转子撬棒投入与     

电网对称故障下基于active crowbar双馈发电机控制

随着风力发电规模和风电机组单机容量不断增大,要求大型风电机组具有低电压穿越能力,因此需要研究三相对称故障下双馈风力发电机控制方法.在电网电压突然跌落时,由于双馈发电机中的电磁耦合关系,在定转子中感应出过电压过电流,为保护转子侧变换器,需要通过crowbar来短路双馈发电机的转子.针对传统的passive crowbar的不足,采用active crowbar电路的控制方法.当电网故障造成双馈发电机转子过流时,开启active crowbar电路来旁路转子侧变换器.当转子电流下降到一定程度时断开crowbar,转子侧变换器恢复工作,此时双馈电机可以向电网同时提供有功无功支持.理论分析的基础上进行了仿真研究.仿真结果证实了采用active crowbar可以有效地实现双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越.     

双馈感应式风力发电系统低电压穿越研究

双馈感应式风力发电机组以其变流器容量小,有功和无功功率可独立解耦控制的特点,已成为目前变速恒频风力发电机组的主流机型。正因为双馈感应发电机(Double Fed Induction Generator,简称DFIG)的变流器容量小,所以它对电网电压扰动的抵御能力较弱。为防止扩大电网故障,目前欧洲电力系统要求风力发电系统具备低电压穿越(Low Voltage Ride Through,简称LVRT)能力。这里建立了简化的DFIG低电压穿越系统,在22 kW实验平台上进行了实验,其结果说明Crowbar电路能抑制电机定、转子电路中的暂态电流,系统基本具备了低电压穿越能力。     

基于无功判定法的Crowbar保护电路退出控制

"并网难"已成为风电发展的瓶颈,而低电压穿越(Low Voltage Ride Through,LVRT)是风电并网中的核心技术,目前主要采用Crowbar保护电路实现风电机组在大干扰下也具有LVRT能力,而Crowbar电路退出时间对电网故障恢复有很大的影响。根据我国风电大规模远距离的特点,在DIgSILENT中建立了双馈风力发电机组(Doubly-Fed Induction Generator,DFIG)的动态模型,并经过远距离输电线与IEEE9节点电力系统相连,仿真分析了DFIG在各种短路故障条件下的运行特性,提出一种基于无功功率判定的Crowbar退出控制方法,能实现Crowbar电路在故障切除后立刻退出,提高了DFIG的LVRT能力。     

电网故障下双馈风电机组暂态电流评估及分析

为了便于分析并网双馈风力发电机组低电压穿越(LVRT)运行的承受能力,有必要对电网故障下双馈风电机组的暂态电流进行评估.本文利用双馈发电机定、转子磁链的暂态变化机理,推导并提出了双馈风电机组在机端短路故障和电网电压不同跌落程度时的定、转子暂态电流评估的解析表达式,并通过考虑风力机传动链柔性的机组暂态仿真结果验证了推导表达式的正确性.在此基础上,应用推导的表达式对双馈风电机组在不同初始输出有功功率、无功功率以及电网电压不同跌落程度时的定、转子暂态电流最大值进行了计算,并得到了不同运行工况对机组暂态性能的影响规律.     

RBFNN‐based adaptive crowbar protection scheme designed for the doubly fed induction generator in large‐scale wind farms

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and its relative technique, especially in the case where crowbar protection is provided for enhanced low‐voltage‐ride‐through (LVRT) performance, have been hot issues for a long time. In this paper, the wind farm LVRT standard and the dilemma that the conventional crowbar protection encounters are introduced in the first place. Then, the variation of the DFIG rotor faulted current is analyzed, with part of its duration being considered as a black box. Therefore, the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is utilized for the black box modeling. Based on above studies, an adaptive crowbar protection scheme is finally put forward and assessed. Emphasis is mainly placed on the black box modeling, error analysis, and the investigation of its impact on the wind farm LVRT capability. DIgSILENT‐based simulation results indicate that, with the novel scheme, it becomes possible for the crowbar to be adaptively switched out at a certain reasonable moment, so as to generate reactive power within the faulted duration. As a result, the steady‐state voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) is enhanced and the safety of the rotor‐side convertor (RSC) can be ensured at the same time. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于磁链追踪的双馈风力发电系统低电压穿越控制

根据当今世界对风能转换系统提出的必须具有低电压穿越能力的要求,研究了电网跌落对双馈风力发电机的影响。在电网跌落时双馈风力发电机运行特点的基础上,分析并提出了一种基于磁链追踪的双馈风力发电系统低电压穿越控制策略,有效地抑制了双馈风力发电机定、转子过电流,保证了变流器的安全运行,实现了双馈风力发电机在电网跌落时的低电压穿越。依据理论分析,建立了双馈风力发电机磁链追踪控制模型,并通过MATLAB/SIMULINK平台进行仿真研究,仿真结果证实了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性。