内置式永磁同步电机的效率最优直接转矩控制

为提高内置式永磁同步电机驱动系统的运行效率,提出了一种内置式永磁同步电机的效率最优直接转矩控制方法。在建立计及定子铁心损耗的内置式永磁同步电机模型的基础上,分析了电机损耗与转矩、转速和定子磁链的关系,导出了不同运行工况条件下效率最优定子磁链幅值的计算式。通过动态调节定子磁链给定值,实现了内置式永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统的效率最优控制。实验结果表明,给出的优化控制策略在保持直接转矩控制快速动态响应特性的同时,可有效提高电机的运行效率。     

Magnet design and motor performances of a double‐layer interior permanent magnet synchronous motor

In this paper we discuss the results of our investigation of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPM), with permanent magnets embedded in the rotor, and particularly the double‐layer IPM synchronous motor, which has two layers of magnets embedded in the rotor, layered in the radial direction. For this investigation, we studied the arrangement of permanent magnets both through simulation and by experiments with a prototype. The results concerning the form of the magnets clearly show the advantages of the reverse arc configuration, which makes it possible to increase the surface area creating magnetic flux. We further determined that to maximize both the q‐axis flux and the flux of the permanent magnets, the optimum width of the q‐axis flux path between the magnets for the motor investigated here is 2 mm. The results also clearly show that chamfering the ends of magnets is effective in achieving better utilization of the q‐axis flux.© 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(1): 62–69, 1999     

Machine parameters and performance of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors with different permanent magnet volume

Permanent magnet synchronous motors are widely used for several industrial applications. Some applications such as electric vehicles and compressor drives require a constant power operation. The operating limits and the constant power speed range deeply depend on the machine parameters. The relationships between the motor parameters and the operating performance have been theoretically examined. This paper examines the performances of the prototype synchronous motors, where the stator structure and the rotor structure of all motors are the same. The permanent magnets are inserted into the rotor slits and the volume of the permanent magnet is adjusted to control the magnet‐flux linkage. The effects of adding the magnet to the rotor on the machine parameters and the operating performance are examined based on the various experimental results. The prototype motor has flexibility as to speed versus power performance by adjusting the volume of the permanent magnet. The theoretical results with respect to the operating limits and the motor parameters are also confirmed experimentally. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(4): 70–77, 2000     

Optimum design of a multilayer interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using reluctance torque

The report analyzes the results of experiments done with an inverter drive interior permanent‐magnet (IPM) motor. We examine results of both FEM (finite element method) simulation and experiments using a prototype motor with identical conditions set for stator and magnet volume. The results indicated that with magnets implanted inside the rotor, the values for the d‐axis inductance of the motor remained roughly the same, unaffected by the shape or number of layers. However, the q‐axis inductance exhibited significant change. This research report compares an IPM motor having two layers of permanent magnets with a motor having a single layer. The dual layer shows a 30% or greater increase in torque using the same current. These results indicate that this motor is especially effective for such applications as robots, plant machinery, compressor motors, and electric vehicles. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(1): 64–72, 1999     

Development of interior permanent magnet motors reducing harmonic iron losses under field weakening control

In this paper, we present the development of interior magnet motors reducing iron loss at high rotational speed under the flux weakening control. The rotor core and magnet shapes are determined by the automatic numerical calculation using combination of the optimization method and the adaptive finite element method. The optimized motor is manufactured to prove the effectiveness by the measurement of the iron loss. Both results of the calculation and the measurement indicate that the iron loss of the proposed motor at the high rotational speed under the flux weakening control is reduced by half compared with the initial rotor shape while the torque is nearly constant. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(3): 59–66, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20827     

Relationship between magnetic poles and characteristics of revolving permanent‐magnet type magnet wheels

The authors earlier proposed a revolving permanent‐magnet type wheel called the “magnet wheel,” which has the functions of both induction repulsive magnetic levitation and thrust. In this paper, the relationship between magnetic poles and lift force or thrust characteristics is examined to investigate the performance. Five types of magnet wheels are discussed in an experimental study and four more types are used in a theoretical study with three‐dimensional numerical analysis. The following parameters are considered: magnetomotive force (mmf) of a permanent magnet; thickness of the magnet in the magnetizing direction; total volume of magnets; fundamental factor; distortion factor of the space mmf distribution of poles; pole pitch; diameter of magnet wheel; mechanical clearance; and thickness and resistivity of conducting plate. The results show the following: 1. The lift force per unit of magnet volume is approximately proportional to the fundamental factor of the space mmf distribution of the poles. A low degree space harmonic mmf is effective in increasing lift force. 2. The driving power per unit of lift force is almost entirely independent of the configuration of the primary member, including pole arrangement and position relative to the secondary conducting plate, respectively, and depends only on the resistance of the conducting plate. 3. In both the “partial‐overlap type” and “tilt type” magnet wheels, many poles with sufficiently large pole pitch are useful. In the tilt type the use of a small tilt angle is desirable. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(4): 111–120, 1999     

永磁体不对称放置削弱内置式永磁同步电动机齿槽转矩

针对内置切向式转子结构磁极偏移时,每极磁密的大小和分布都不相同的问题,基于解析法研究了偏移角度的确定方法.与表面式永磁电机不同,内置切向式结构在永磁体不对称时,每极极弧宽度会发生变化,影响每极磁密的大小和分布,两者都对齿槽转矩有影响,因此确定永磁体位置时须考虑两者的影响.基于内置式永磁同步电动机齿槽转矩解析表达式,分析每极磁密大小与分布对齿槽转矩的影响,研究磁极偏移角度的确定方法,并与表面式永磁电机磁极偏移角度进行了对比.采用有限元法计算不同偏移角度对齿槽转矩有影响的磁密谐波和齿槽转矩,有限元计算结果表明,由于考虑了磁极偏移对每极磁密的影响,磁极偏移能有效地削弱齿槽转矩.     

Optimum design approach for low‐speed,high‐torque permanent magnet motors

This paper presents an optimum design approach for low‐speed, high‐torque permanent magnet motors. The approach is divided into two steps: the first consists of the rough estimation of torque by linear analysis, and the second the optimization of the motor configuration by nonlinear FEM analysis. Under restricted dimensional specifications and electrical requirements, a 16‐pole, 18‐coil permanent magnet motor with a rating of 600 Nm and 300 rpm was designed and constructed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 52–63, 2001     

Trends of permanent‐magnet synchronous machine drives

This paper presents recent trends of permanent‐magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive technologies in Japan. Since the PMSM drives have many advantages over other drives, e.g. high efficiency, high power density, etc., many of the motor applications have been changing their power sources to the PMSMs. Particularly, interior permanent‐magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) are epoch‐making and are intensively studied among researchers, scientists and engineers. According to the survey of the recent innovative technical trends, the PMSM drive technologies have been making a remarkable advancement in the fields of analysis‐and‐design techniques, various sensorless‐control techniques, power converter control techniques, and application specific drive systems. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A new modeling approach for circuit‐field‐coupled time‐stepping electromagnetic analysis of saturated interior permanent magnet synchronous motors

This paper proposes a new modeling approach for circuit‐field‐coupled time‐stepping electromagnetic analysis of a saturated interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). To predict the drive performance quickly, the proposed approach consists of a dynamic simulator based on a new analytical model of the d‐ and q‐axis magnetization characteristics (λ‐i_d‐i_q‐θ). The model can take into account not only cross‐saturation but also the harmonics of the inductance distributions and EMF waveforms. The validity of the model is verified from suitable simulation results for the instantaneous current and torque waveforms of the IPMSM. The proposed analysis leads to a dramatic reduction in the computation time compared to circuit‐field‐coupled time‐stepping FEA, while maintaining analytical accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally verified using a 10‐kW, 15,000‐rpm concentrated‐winding IPM motor. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 49–58, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21024     

Magnet shape optimization of five‐phase surface‐mounted permanent magnet machine to improve torque performance based on equivalent permanent magnet method

This paper studies the magnet shape optimization of a five‐phase surface‐mounted permanent magnet (PM) machine to improve its torque performance. First, a sinusoidal PM with third and fifth harmonics (sine + third + fifth PM) is presented to enhance the torque. An equivalent PM method is then proposed to avoid the complicated interface conditions between PM and the air gap, making the derivation of torques with magnet shapes using 2‐D analytical models possible. Besides, the influence of PM edge thickness on torque improvement is considered. Moreover, under the condition that the copper losses of machines with different magnet shapes are kept unchanged, optimal harmonics of sinusoidal PM with third harmonic (sine + third PM) and sine + third + fifth PM are analytically derived. Finite element (FE) analysis is performed to validate the equivalent PM method and analytical results. Finally, machines with sine + third PM, sine + third + fifth PM and conventional (without shaping) PM are comparatively studied using nonlinear FE analysis and the experimental results of machine with sine + third + fifth PM are presented, verifying the effectiveness of the analytical optimization of magnet shape. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Development of a new sensorless vector‐controlled and transmissionless electric vehicle using a permanent‐magnet synchronous motor

One of the most important technologies for electric vehicles (EVs) will be drive control technology for the main motor. It is desired that the drive control technology have the following characteristics. (1) It does not require a position/speed sensor for controlling motor drive, which has been mounted on the rotor shaft. (2) It has vector controls that can produce torque quickly, efficiently, and/or precisely. (3) It has wide driving‐range and allows developing EVs with no variable transmission. This paper proposes new drive control technologies for such EVs using a permanent‐magnet synchronous motor as a main motor, and verifies its usefulness through development of an actual EV that can drive on public roads. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(3): 83–94, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20459     

Power factor improvement of single‐phase diode rectifier circuit by field‐weakening of inverter‐driven IPM motor

This paper proposes a novel inverter drive system to improve the input power factor of single‐phase diode rectifier. Conventional rectifiers need a high‐frequency switching device and a reactor to improve the input power factor. However, the proposed power converter does not need the switching device, electrolytic capacitor, or reactor. By making many ripples across the DC‐bus voltage, the input power factor can be improved. The proposed system consists of only a single‐phase diode rectifier, small film capacitor, three‐phase inverter, and motor. The proposed system adopts an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor. The IPM motor is well known as a high‐efficiency motor and can realize field weakening. The basic ideas of the inverter control method are based on the following operations: the inverter's controlled synchronous with the DC‐bus ripple voltage by field‐weakening method, and direct active power feeding from the source side to the motor without smoothing the DC‐bus voltage. This paper describes that the proposed method can obtain an input power factor of 97.3% by experimental tests, and realizes the goals of small size and long life of the system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 66–73, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20047     

A new identity dimensional D‐state observer for sensorless drive of permanent‐magnet synchronous motors

A new identity dimensionless D‐state observer whose state variables are the stator reaction flux and rotor flux is proposed for the sensorless drive of permanent‐magnet synchronous motors. Furthermore, sufficient conditions are newly and analytically derived for the observer gains that guarantee stable convergence of state variable estimates. Additionally, two new methods for designing observer gain are presented; these methods, the constant and speed‐dependent gain methods, satisfy the derived analytical conditions. The observer gain conditions used in the design methods are validated through extensive numerical experiments. In addition, typical design examples of the observer gains using the proposed design methods are presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(1): 45–61, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21200     

基于田口法定子冲片优化研究

高速永磁同步电机的噪声、振动和发热问题不可忽视。为改善高速永磁同步电机的噪声和振动性能,采用田口法对电机定子冲片进行优化。以定子冲片的槽口宽度、槽口高度和定子槽高度参数作为优化过程中的变量,选出一组最优的定子冲片结构参数组合来降低电机的转矩脉动、齿槽转矩和定子铁耗。仿真结果表明,田口法可以有效优化定子冲片结构,降低转矩脉动、齿槽转矩、定子铁耗,大大缩短了优化所需的时间。     

Analytical study of optimal layout of permanent magnet in IPMSM for generating sinusoidal flux‐density distribution in air gap

This paper demonstrates an analytical optimization method for rotor designs of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines with multiple flux‐barriers. In particular, this study focuses on the optimal layout of permanent magnets for generating a sinusoidal flux density distribution in the air gap. In addition, practical design methods for realizing the optimal layout are proposed, and the designs are verified through finite‐element analyses. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 39–46, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22344     

Miniaturization design method and performance evaluation of prototype permanent‐magnet synchronous motor optimally designed by thermomagnetic field coupling analysis

This paper reports on the results of the miniaturization design of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, for which an optimal design technique based on thermomagnetic field coupling analysis is used. We derived the optimal solution for various motor flatness ratios and determined the relationship between the motor size and the flatness ratio. For motors with different flatness ratios, we calculated the speed–torque characteristics by considering the voltage, temperature rise, and demagnetization limits and compared them. Moreover, we manufactured and tested the smallest designed motor. The measured temperature rises demonstrated the high accuracy of the proposed miniaturization design. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 58–66, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22279     

考虑旋转磁通的PMSM铁心损耗数值计算

为了准确计算交流永磁同步电机(PMSM)铁心损耗,采用二维有限元法对PMSM定子与磁极区域电磁场进行了分析研究,阐述了定子铁心不同区域磁场的变化规律及磁极区域涡流场的分布规律.在此基础上,借助谐波分析的方法,综合考虑电机中交变与旋转磁场的影响,给出了一种较准确求解定子铁心损耗和PMSM转子涡流损耗的计算方法,并与传统的计算方法进行了比较.结果表明,考虑旋转磁场及谐波磁通密度影响时的定子铁心损耗计算值与传统的仅考虑交变基波磁通密度时的损耗计算值相比有显著增加,更接近于实际测量值,磁极涡流损耗值与定子槽口大小密切相关,占电机总损耗的比重较大,是不可忽略的.     

Potentiality of a new minimum‐order back‐EMF state observer taking acceleration into account for sensorless vector control of permanent‐magnet synchronous motors

This paper proposes new sensorless vector control methods for permanent‐magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which are based on a new minimum‐order back‐EMF state observer taking acceleration into account, and examines potentiality of the improved back‐EMF observer through experiments. Conventional sensorless vector control methods for PMSMs using an estimate of back‐EMF are established under the assumption of constant speed or zero acceleration, and consequently cannot operate properly at modes requiring rapid speed change especially in low speed region. On the other hand, the proposed back‐EMF observer has the following features: (1) it is a new back‐EMF state observer taking acceleration into account and requiring no additional approximation to motor mathematical model; (2) it is a minimum‐order state observer; (3) it utilizes motor parameters in the simplest manner; (4) it can be applied to both salient‐pole and non‐salient‐pole PMSMs; (5) it can be realized in both rotor and stator reference frames. Detailed designs and analyses for the improved state observer and the sensorless vector control systems in both rotor and stator reference frames are given. In relation to the sensorless vector control systems, this paper newly proposes a double‐integral‐type PLL method and an integral‐feedback‐type acceleration/speed estimation method. Their potentialities are examined through experiments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(4): 78–92, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20630     

Examination of new vector control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor for high‐speed drives

A new vector control system for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives has been developed. To stabilize the current control loop in the high‐rotating‐speed region, a novel configuration of current controller is introduced. The unique characteristic of the proposed current controller is that the current regulator is connected to the conventional motor model in a series. By analyzing the transfer characteristics of the control, it became clear that the influence of the coupling component between the d–q axes can be deleted theoretically if the control parameters are set properly. The stability and torque response of the proposed vector control system were improved, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller was demonstrated by a time domain simulation and some experiments. In addition, the robustness of the controlling system was investigated experimentally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 61–72, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21123