空调热源的寿命周期评价

基于寿命周期评价方法建立了空调热源的寿命周期清单模型,用寿命周期影响评价法对热泵、电锅炉、燃油锅炉、天然气锅炉和燃煤锅炉作为空调热源的环境影响进行了评价。评价结果表明天然气锅炉的环境影响最小,寿命周期评价方法可用于可持续节能的研究。     

基于价值工程的既有工业建筑改造技术经济评价研究

基于建设项目全寿命周期评价原理,采用价值工程和层次分析方法来进行既有工业建筑可持续利用改造的技术经济分析.从改造方案的综合效益出发,构建一套综合评价指标体系,运用层次分析法赋予不同权重,并从全寿命周期角度考虑成本,然后利用价值工程基本原理对改造方案进行综合评定.最后通过实例说明模型的应用.     

酒店餐饮服务系统能耗合理性评价

为了研究酒店餐饮服务系统能源消耗合理性评价问题,基于可持续节能的原理,利用能耗全寿命周期评价方法,建立了酒店餐饮服务系统能耗寿命周期清单模型,使用寿命周期影响评价法对国内有代表性的八家酒店餐饮服务系统年能耗产生的温室气体、大气污染物对大气环境的影响进行了对比分析;以对环境影响、单位产值定额能耗、人均使用能耗这三项指标为依据,对能耗合理性进行综合评价。     

大型公共建筑全寿命周期设计体系研究

剖析传统设计存在的弊端,坚持建筑性能与生态性能、经济性与艺术性相结合的原则,提出大型公共建筑全寿命周期设计理念,并与生态设计、可持续设计等方法进行对比分析;建立以可靠性与安全性设计、可施工性设计、工程系统寿命匹配性设计、全寿命周期费用优化设计、可维护性设计、可扩展性设计、防灾减灾设计、环境友好型设计和人性化设计九项目标为核心的大型公共建筑全寿命周期设计目标体系;构建大型公共建筑全寿命周期设计的集成分析路径由战略目标集成、工程系统集成、系统环境集成三个层次构成。为推动全寿命周期设计在大型公共建筑中的实施,制定了实施流程和EBS-OBS矩阵方法,并以某办公楼为例阐述了全寿命周期设计的实施步骤。     

基于全寿命周期理论的可持续住宅研究

将全寿命周期理论应用于住宅系统工程中,提出可持续住宅的理论内涵和内容要求,同时采用系统工程学的方法、层次分析法和模糊数学综合方法,建立全寿命周期可持续住宅的评价模型和方法;通过对设计方案的评价,选择最优的实施方案,将住宅作为一个有机循环的可持续发展系统,实现其全寿命周期的成本最佳化、质量最优化、效益最大化。     

工程全寿命周期设计的集成体系与协调机制研究

在充分认识工程全寿命周期规律性的基础上,阐述工程全寿命周期设计理念与内涵,提出九项基本设计准则,并利用结构分解方法形成工程全寿命周期设计的准则体系;通过战略目标集成、工程系统集成、系统环境集成三位一体的设计集成思路,建立工程全寿命周期设计的集成框架和配套的方法体系;基于映射模型构建EBS-OBS映射矩阵,进行工程系统和设计目标间的映射关系分析,形成工程全寿命周期设计的协调机制。     

建筑工程设计质量寿命和费用评价模型研究

建筑工程设计质量评价在我国当今建设中越来越重要,建筑工程设计质量评价不仅仅局限于建筑工程设计质量本身上,还需要对设计质量的寿命和全寿命周期的费用进行评价。提出了建筑工程设计质量寿命评价和全寿命周期费用评价,并分别建立了相应的评价模型。     

基于全寿命周期的绿色住宅评价研究

绿色住宅的评价是一项复杂综合的系统工程,除了要建立科学全面的评价体系外,还得从建筑全寿命周期的角度出发。由于评价指标在不同的寿命周期阶段存在很大的差异性,仅仅从规划设计角度去预测建筑的绿色性能是不科学的,其参考价值也是有限的。基于完善绿色住宅评价体系的目标,尝试从资源节约、环境质量和运营管理3个方面建立基于全寿命周期的绿色住宅评估体系,分析不同寿命周期阶段的评价指标的重要性,并运用改进的多层次模糊综合评价法对住宅绿色等级进行评价。     

建筑材料的未来发展趋势

从科学技术和可持续发展两方面，论述了建筑材料发展的客观环境，并在此基础上总结了建筑材料发展的趋势，即建筑材料追求功能多样性、全寿命周期经济性以及可循环再生利用性的发展趋势。     

基于碳排放核算的低碳建筑全寿命周期评价及其决策应用

建筑业作为碳排放的重要来源,是我国实施节能减排的关键领域。从低碳建筑的全寿命周期视角出发,分为设计、施工、运营及拆除 4 个阶段进行碳排放核算。构建了低碳建筑全寿命周期评价体系,将低碳监管融入到全寿命周期过程;根据人员消耗、化石能源、电能等 3 种主要的碳排放因子,建立低碳建筑全寿命周期的 CO 2 排放核算模型;在政府实施碳税政策背景下,基于作业成本法建立了 CO 2 排放成本核算框架,对住宅、商业建筑、工厂厂房、办公楼、会展中心、学校等 6种不同类型低碳建筑项目进行全寿命周期评价,并运用 0-1 混合整数规划模型分析了建筑投资商的项目组合选择问题。     

建筑材料生命周期中环境状况的评价与研究

建筑材料是构建建筑物的物质基础,其环境影响是建筑物生命周期环境影响的一个重要组成部分。通过生命周期评价方法评价建筑材料在预建构阶段、建设阶段、后建设阶段三部分产生的环境影响。积极推行建筑材料的再生循环,贯彻资源与环境可持续发展的战略决策。     

Green building assessment tool (GBAT) for integrated BIM-based design decisions

The benefits of BIM such as effective decision making, improved analysis, easier access to information and simpler green building certification provide an optimised solution for sustainable design and construction. This study proposes an IFC-based framework within an integrated BIM and sustainable data model for the design stage of the building project life cycle. We present the green building assessment tool (GBAT), which implements the proposed model and aids the design team in the generation of documentation necessary for obtaining green building certification. It extracts the necessary data from BIM models for calculating the green rating and provides feedback for further evaluation. A sample project is run and a green rating score table for the BREEAM materials category is obtained for validation of the model. This tool serves as a proof of concept that green data relevant for BREEAM certification can be automatically processed and used to inform the design.     

城市大宗固废制备建材的环境评价体系研究

城市大宗固废资源化于制备建材是消纳固废的重要手段,本研究初步建立起科学合理的城市大宗固废制备绿色建筑材料的环境评价体系,以企业为主体,结合生产过程中的大气排放和建材产品使用和废弃时可浸出重金属进行评价,有助于提升我国固废资源化利用的整体技术水平,促进我国建材和建筑业的可持续发展。     

Integrated assessment method for building life cycle environmental and economic performance

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to identify a building’s environmental impact throughout its life cycle. However, LCA does have limits in practice because it does not consider the economic aspect of project implementation. In order to promote LCA application, a more comprehensive evaluation of building life cycle environmental and economic performance must be performed. To address these issues, we propose life cycle green cost assessment (LCGCA), a method that combines LCA with life cycle costing (LCC). In LCGCA the building’s environmental loads are converted to environmental costs based on the trading price of CO₂ certified emission reductions (CERs). These environmental costs are then included into the building life cycle cost. Subsequently an evaluation index of green net present value (GNPV) for LCGCA can be obtained. A governmental office building in Beijing was studied using LCGCA. Several design options were compared and the sensitivity of the CER price was analyzed. The research also shows that conclusions reached by LCGCA may be different from those of traditional LCC, which does not include environmental costs. The application of LCGCA needs the support of environmental policies. A sound environmental tax mechanism is expected to be established in China soon, which will enable LCGCA to be a useful tool to guide sustainable building design efficiently.     

建筑生态位原理探析及其生态位构建研究

如同自然生物体的产生、生长、成熟和衰亡一样,一栋建筑通常要经历从材料的开采、加工运输、规划设计、建造、使用维修、更新改造,直至最后的拆除和废弃物的处置这一整个"生命周期"过程。建筑活动涉及材料、技术、能源、社会、经济、文化等诸多因素,是一个复合生态系统。本文以建筑为生态元,视影响建筑的各种自然和社会要素为生态因子,引入生态位概念,探析建筑生态位原理。而后,应用生态位构建原理,从自然与社会两方面探讨可持续发展的建筑生态位策略,为建筑规划设计提供一种新的思路和实践方法,从而打开研究建筑规划设计的新视角。     

Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA

This review brings together research on life cycle assessment (LCA) applied within the building sector. More than ever, the construction industry is concerned with improving the social, economic and environmental indicators of sustainability. By applying LCA it is possible to optimise these aspects, from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal of waste building materials. Firstly, this review details LCA concepts and focuses on the LCA methodology and tools employed in the built environment. Secondly, this paper outlines and discusses the differences between the LCA of building materials and components combinations versus the LCA of the full building life cycle. Finally, this work can be used by stakeholders as an important reference on LCA including up to date literature on approaches and methodologies to preserve the environment and therefore achieve sustainable development in both developed and developing countries.The present review has tried to compile and reflect the key milestones accomplished in LCA over the last 7 years, from 2000 to 2007 within the building sector. In summary, it can be stated that the application of LCA is fundamental to sustainability and improvement in building and construction. For industrial activities, SMEs must understand the application of LCA, not only to meet consumer demands for environmentally friendly products, but also to increase the productivity and competitiveness of the green construction markets. For this reason, this review looks at LCA because of its broad international acceptance as a means to improve environmental processes and services, and also for creating goals to prevent adverse environmental impacts, consequently enhancing quality of life and allowing people to live in a healthy environment.     

可持续建筑与设计方法探讨

可持续发展的核心是协调发展与环境两者之间的关系 .可持续建筑从建筑的各个环节出发力求达到建筑寿命周期的资源有效利用的原则 ,即从土地开发、建筑布局、建筑布局、建材选择、建筑施工到建筑使用及维护等 .立足于综合环境效益的提高 ,研究可持续建筑及其环境的设计方法和原则 .探讨了可持续建筑的内涵及一些设计重点和手法 ,探索以设计 (非机械 )手法协调建筑与环境途径     

Sustainability assessment of dwellings – a comparison of methodologies

Building sustainability assessment tools (BSATs) aim to promote and rank the sustainability of building stock. This paper makes a deep comparative analysis on how dwellings are evaluated by five BSAT and one performance-based design tool. The comparison is based on: (i) the purpose of assessment; (ii) sustainability dimensions considered; (iii) indicators addressed; (iv) life cycle phases considered by the indicators; (v) type of indicators; (vi) measurements; (vii) aggregation processes; and (vii) life cycle phases during which the assessment was carried out. The evaluation showed that the scope of BSAT varies significantly as well as the life cycle phases addressed in the assessment. Financial issues are often excluded from the assessment. None of the schemes is totally quantitative or qualitative in their measurement system; all have different types of indicators and different ways to assess them. This research provides researchers and stakeholders with important inside knowledge on the tools that allow the development and construction of more sustainable buildings.     

Integrating building information modelling with sustainability to design building projects at the conceptual stage

Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. In general, sustainability integrates the following three related components: (1) environmental, (2) economic, (3) social well-being. Incorporating these components at the conceptual stage is achieved by using sustainable design, through which designers must identify associated materials and systems based on any selected certification (rating) system. The use of building information modelling (BIM) concepts helps engineers design digital models that allow owners to visualize the building before the physical implementation takes place. To apply BIM concepts, designers use tools to create 3D models of buildings where the design materials and systems are selected from the built-in database of these tools. Designers will not be able to quantify the environmental impacts of these materials to support the decisions needed to design sustainable buildings due to the following reasons: (1) a lack of information about the sustainable materials that are stored in the database, (2) a lack of interoperability between the design and analysis tools that enable full life cycle assessments (LCAs) of buildings. This paper presents a methodology that integrates BIM and LCA tools with a database for designing sustainable building projects. The methodology describes the development and implementation of a model that incorporates a database in which information about sustainable materials is stored and linked to a BIM (3D) module along with an LCA module and a certification and cost module. The goal of this model is to simplify the process of creating sustainable designs and to evaluate the environmental impacts (EI) of newly designed buildings at the conceptual stage of their life. An actual building project is presented in order to illustrate the usefulness and capabilities of the developed model.