中国企业参与柬埔寨某铁路建设项目开发模式研究

近年来,中国与柬埔寨两国经贸关系发展较快,合作领域不断拓宽。柬埔寨属世界上最不发达国家之一,国内的基础设施不发达、不完善。在实施“走出去”战略下,研究中国对柬埔寨铁路建设项目的开发模式,有助于推动中国对东盟国家基础设施开发理论与实践相关研究的开展。在国内外铁路投资建设与经营管理实践概述的基础上,介绍了柬埔寨铁路投资建设与经营管理现状,并且列举了中国企业对柬埔寨其他基础设施开发的成功案例,分析了中国企业参与柬埔寨某铁路建设项目可能的投资建设与经营管理模式,对中国企业投资柬埔寨某铁路开发项目实施BLT模式进行了适应性分析,并提出了适合该铁路项目的BLT模式框架。     

基于信息流分析的建设项目可持续性研究

建设项目的可持续性是实现社会可持续发展的重要方面。基于信息流分析方法对建设项目全生命周期所涉及的重要信息进行了深入分析,在此基础上,通过文献分析和专家调查法,指出当前建设项目可持续性实践中在信息流方面存在的主要问题,包括建筑业生产的离散性导致的沟通问题、设计阶段对建设项目可持续性考虑不足、不健全的政策和法律法规、信息自身质量等,并针对这些问题给出了相应的改进方案。研究成果有利于建设项目可持续性的实现。     

公路工程施工安全控制管理研究

目前,国家对很多基础项目都加大了投资力度,公路工程施工也是其中一个受益项目。我们必须要加强公路施工工程的安全控制,给公路施工人员创造一个良好的工作环境。本文主要对公路工程施工的安全控制管理进行了研究。     

Predicting Cost Escalation Pathways and Deviation Severities of Infrastructure Projects Using Risk‐Based Econometric Models and Monte Carlo Simulation

In the past decade, infrastructure‐related legislation in the United States has consistently emphasized the need to measure the variation associated with infrastructure project cost estimates. Such cost variability is best viewed from the perspective of the project development phases and how the project cost estimate changes as it evolves across these phases. The article first identifies a few gaps in the cost overrun literature. Then it introduces a methodology that uses risk‐based multinomial models and Monte Carlo simulation involving random draws to predict the probability that a project will follow a particular cost escalation pathway across its development phases and that it will incur a given level of cost deviation severity. The article then uses historical data to demonstrate how infrastructure agencies could apply the proposed methodology. Statistical models are developed to estimate the probability that a highway project will follow any specific cost escalation pathway and ultimately, a given direction and severity of cost deviation. The case study results provided some interesting insights. For a given highway functional class, larger project sizes are associated with lower probability of underestimating the final cost; however, such a trend is not exhibited by very large projects (total cost exceeding $30M). For a given project size, higher class roads were generally observed to have a lower probability of underestimating the final cost, compared to lower class roads and this gap in probability narrows as the project size increases. It was determined that a project's most likely pathway of cost escalation is not a guarantee that it will yield any particular direction of cost deviation. The case study results also confirmed the findings of a few past studies that the probabilities of cost escalation pathways and the cost overruns differ significantly across highway districts, and attributed this to differences in administrative culture and work practices across the districts. Infrastructure managers can use the developed methodology to identify which projects are likely to experience a particular pathway of cost escalation, the direction and severity of cost deviation, and to develop more realistic project contingency estimates.     

BIM技术在高速公路改扩建中的应用探索

2017年9月初,为贯彻实施《交通运输信息化“十三五”发展规划》,发挥现代信息技术在工程管理中的作用,国家交通运输部决定开展公路BIM技术应用示范工程建设,以提高公路建设管理水平。京沪高速公路莱芜至临沂(鲁苏界)段改扩建工程为五大示范项目之一,示范任务为基于BIM技术的项目管理示范。本文以京沪高速公路改扩建为例,针对高速公路改扩建施工特点,全生命周期运用BIM技术进行公路改扩建深入探索,以用来指导现场施工。通过应用BIM技术,结合高速公路改扩建全过程施工,总结出BIM技术在高速公路改扩建中的综合应用,为后续公路改扩建工程施工在基础设施BIM领域提供应用经验。     

A quantitative evaluation of the sustainability or unsustainability of three tunnelling projects

There is a perception that tunnelling is sustainable. This is because it occurs underground, and consequently does not significantly interfere with surface or atmospheric processes unlike other anthropogenic activities. However, the tools and assessments used in tunnelling projects to evaluate sustainability in the construction and operational phases are primarily concerned with the reduction of carbon footprint and environmental performance. This does not provide a suitable approach to determining the sustainability of a tunnelling project directly. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on the other hand does have this potential. However, it requires two things: (1) a suitable quantitative-based method of EIA; and most critically and (2) a means to evaluate sustainability from the EIA results. Based upon the recent work of Namin et al. (2014) concerning a new EIA methodology for tunnelling projects, this paper applies an established mathematical model of sustainability to the results of the EIA to determine the sustainability or unsustainability of tunnelling projects. The model’s application, in the form of an algorithm, evaluates three case studies assessed by Namin et al. (2014). The results are analysed and discussed in respect to the three projects’ construction and operation phases. The broader context of the results is then discussed in respect to the use of underground space as a means to achieve sustainability.     

基于三方博弈的公路高质量建设共管共治研究

高质量发展新要求下公路工程多方建设主体提出了以共管共治为代表的新管理模式,研究基于公路工程共管共治模式实施过程中复杂动态博弈的现象,分析场景行为构建三方博弈模型和演化方程,借助系统动力学模型仿真求解,通过分析演化曲线图变化特征确定不同策略的实施变化状态及原因,并对行为策略场景进行敏感性分析,提出有针对性的改进措施。研究表明,以“共管共治” 模式理顺业主单位、施工单位与监理单位责权关系是重构高质量管理体系的有效方法,能小幅提高项目综合效益,促进多方共赢。     

A prototype system dynamic model for assessing the sustainability of construction projects

There is a worldwide demand for an increasingly sustainable built environment. This has resulted in the need for a more accurate evaluation of the level of sustainability of construction projects. To do this it involves the development of better measurement and benchmarking methods. One approach is to use a theoretical model to assess construction projects in terms of their sustainable development value (SDV) and sustainable development ability (SDA) for implementation in the project life cycle, where SDA measures the contribution of a project to development sustainability and as a major criterion for assessing its feasibility.     

Schedule risk analysis of infrastructure projects: A hybrid dynamic approach

Schedule risk is a major concern in infrastructure project management. Existing studies have proposed several models for schedule risk analysis, but few efforts have been made on the dynamics and uncertainty of risks and the generality and practicability of the model. To fill the research gaps, this study develops a hybrid dynamic approach for investigating the effect of risks on infrastructure project schedule performance. This approach combines system dynamics (SD) and discrete event simulation (DES) which have mainly been used to analyze the macroscopic and microcosmic construction issues in isolation, respectively. The model is then verified by data which is collected from a bridge construction project. As an application example, the effect of four selected risks on the schedule was explored. The results show that the proposed SD-DES model could be ease of modifying the model to reflect real situation, performing various sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, and showing simulation results more effectively.     

Schedule control model for linear projects based on linear scheduling method and constraint programming

China Railway is undertaking massive construction and development projects.A reasonable and resource-leveled schedule that allows for adjustments for unforeseen circumstances during construction is critical for managing railway construction projects. Currently, most construction projects use traditional network planning methods or the Gantt schedule for project management. However, these methods have limited applicability to railway construction projects, which are typically linear. This study uses the linear scheduling method and constraint programming techniques for solving schedule control problems faced during railroad construction. The proposal comprises a schedule control model, scheduling model, and schedule control system; the scheduling model is central to the schedule control model. Characteristics such as high flexibility and practicality facilitate multi-objective optimization during scheduling and modification of the linear schedule. The proposed model and algorithm were validated by comparing results with actual data from a highway construction project and the Urumqi–Dzungaria railway construction project.     

太长高速M形曲墙式双联拱隧道施工

以山西太长高速公路第15合同段中的官上1号隧道工程为例,介绍了曲墙式双联拱隧道施工原理,详细阐述了该工程施工工艺流程及操作要点,并对其进行了效益分析,总结了该工程的施工特点,从而为类似工程施工积累了一定经验。     

Key performance indicators and assessment methods for infrastructure sustainability—a South African construction industry perspective

This paper identifies key performance indicators (KPI) for infrastructure delivery and maps computational methods required to achieve sustainability objectives in developing countries. It builds on previous research that developed taxonomy of infrastructure sustainability indicators and computational methods, to propose an analytical decision model and a structured methodology for sustainability appraisal in infrastructure projects in a developing country like South Africa. The paper uses the ‘weighted sum model’ technique in multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and the ‘additive utility model’ in analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for multi-criteria decision-making, to develop the model for computing the sustainability index—a crisp value for evaluating infrastructure design proposals. It discusses the development of the KPIs that are encapsulated within the analytical model. It concludes by discussing other potential applications of the proposed model and methodology for process automation as part of integrated sustainability appraisal in infrastructure design and construction in developing countries.     

Analysis of the risk-sharing ratio in PPP projects based on government minimum revenue guarantees

Public-private partnership (PPP) projects have been widely applied in infrastructure construction. A suitable risk distribution strategy is crucial for promoting negotiations between the government and investors. The government usually provides guarantees to investors to distribute risk. However, an excessive guarantee increases the government's financial burden, whereas an insufficient guarantee reduces the confidence of the investors participating in the project. In a minimum revenue guarantee (MRG), the government subsidizes the investors the difference between the actual revenue and the government guarantee line if there is a loss. In PPP power plant and highway projects, investors' revenues come from two sources: government guarantees and the project company's self-sale. To support project companies and to optimize the projects' benefits, the government should set a reasonable benchmark for purchase amounts. Based on the traditional principal-agent model, this paper introduces the reciprocal preference theory to analyze the risk-sharing ratio most suitable for the government. Then, an optimal incentive mechanism is established to guarantee the project's income. The results indicate that by setting a different guarantee strategy for different participants, the government can utilize reciprocal preference to incentivize investors to exert more effort during a partnership and avoid moral hazard.     

基于PPP模式的公共部门投资激励约束机制方法研究

城市基础设施建设中采用 PPP 模式,是带动城市经济与社会双重效益的新特征。公私部门合作需要利用激励约束 机制来调动参与项目建设投资的积极性,以获得经济社会公益与经济效益共赢。通过对实践案例研究发现,有效建立激励机 制,取决于政府在项目建设中为私有部门提供的报酬及其为自身积极努力的程度。激励机制效用是政府独特约束控制权确定 的关键。为了论证研究方法在项目实施中的效用,构建了激励约束机制方法模型。研究结果表明,采用 PPP 模式的项目运 营决策标准存在差异性,激励约束机制在 PPP 项目运营中作用和风险分担能力最强,收益约束监管难度最高。因此,建立 激励约束机制便于规避 PPP 模式在城市建设运营中的风险且有利于促进社会公平。     

Managing short-term efficiency and long-term development through industrialized construction

There is a strong need for a productive and innovative infrastructure sector because of its monetary value and importance for the development of a sustainable society. An increased level of industrialization is often proposed as a way to improve efficiency and productivity in construction projects. In prior literature on industrialized construction, there are however neither many studies addressing more long-term aspects of innovation and sustainability nor studies within the infrastructure context. Organizational theory suggests that firms need to be ambidextrous and focus on both long-term exploration of new knowledge and technologies and short-term exploitation of current knowledge and technologies, in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, an investigation of how both short-term exploitative performance objectives and long-term explorative development can be addressed when implementing industrialized construction in infrastructure projects was conducted. A case study consisting of four infrastructure projects shows that the main drivers for increased industrialization are of an exploitative nature, focusing on cost savings and increased productivity through more efficient processes. The main barriers to increased industrialization are however related to both explorative and exploitative activities. Hence, by managing the identified barriers and explicitly addressing both exploitation and exploration, industrialized construction can improve both short-term efficiency and long-term innovation and sustainability.     

Minimum performance bounds for evaluating contractors performance during construction of highway pavement projects

For project control during construction, evaluating the performance of contractors is usually established through progress measurement that compares the actual performance to the planned performance. Corrective actions and/or performance penalties are then established as relative measures that judge the actual performance based on current project plans without considering the performance of other similar projects or the lowest performance that projects could reach while still being successful. To establish a generalized benchmark measure and a non‐project‐specific project control tool, the concept of minimum performance bounds is explained in relation to their development for highway pavement projects. The bounds were developed using constrained‐parameters polynomial regression and cluster analysis for a sample of 497 highway pavement projects in Washington State. Minimum bounds for small, medium and large projects were fairly distinguishable signifying the project size effect on the location and shape of performance bounds. Bounds were also developed for projects classified by asphalt quantities, contract values, project duration and project length, being the common criteria used by highway agencies. Owners would use the minimum performance bounds as control tools when requesting corrective actions, establishing incentives, imposing performance penalties, initiating a default clause for substandard performance, and/or in pre‐qualifying contractors for new projects.     

普通高等学校基建项目 BLT 模式研究

为解决普通高等学校基建项目存在的融资可持续发展问题,通过对普通高等学校教育经费构成和融资现状的分析,并综合考虑普通高等学校可行的融资方式和学校基础设施建设过程中的任务分配情况,构建了基于决策树分析法的普通高等学校基建项目开发模式。经过方案论证,重点考虑将 BLT 模式引入普通高等学校基础设施建设和开发中,并详细分析了其运作流程和主要风险。应用该模式是普通高等学校基建项目融资方式的创新,有利于缓解普通高等学校基建项目的资金压力并提高项目管理效率。     

住宅建设项目可持续发展的多层次灰色评价模型

基于可持续发展的视角建立了我国住宅建设项目综合评价的指标体系,该指标体系涵盖经济、环境、社会、项目技术及管理等4个方面。以所建立的指标体系为依托,利用多层次灰色评价法构建了综合评价模型,并用一个实例对评价模型进行了验证。结果显示,所建立的评价指标体系是合理的,所构建的多层次灰色评价模型在住宅建设项目可持续发展评价方面,具有较好的可行性和实用性。     

BOT项目风险管理浅析

BOT作为一种先进高效的基础设施建设的投资方式已在国内得到了成功应用,为加快经济发展起到了巨大的促进作用。但是,由于存在投资规模大,建设周期长,结构复杂等特点,BOT项目比一般工程项目面临着更为复杂的风险因素,风险问题已然成为BOT项目的核心问题之一。本文在这一背景下,分析了BOT项目在前期运作期、建设期、运营期以及移交期四个阶段面临的主要风险,探讨了项目过程中实施全面的前期运作风险管理、完工风险管理、运营风险管理及移交风险管理的方式方法。只有实行全过程的风险管理,才能保证项目得以顺利进行并最终产生效益。     

Sustainable construction management: introduction of the operational context space (OCS)

Sustainable construction is an emerging field of science that aims at incorporating the general sustainable development concepts into conventional construction practices. While the foundation of knowledge in this field is continuously expanding, sustainable construction is not yet standard industry practice. One major technical barrier that hinders enacting sustainable construction is the absence of an application framework that integrates both sustainability and construction practices at an operational level. This shortcoming is being addressed through a three‐dimensional operational context space (OCS) that achieves the sought integration aspect. The three dimensions of OCS are: (1) project life cycle phases; (2) project executing entities; and (3) sustainability performance parameters. Such OCS facilitates the association of responsibility, by assigning each sustainability requirement to a specific project entity (or entities) during specific project phase(s), and further provides a numerical assessment for construction projects using sustainability as a criterion. Steps of constructing the OCS and how it could be employed in the evaluation and benchmarking of a project's environmental performance are examined, along with sample illustrations in the area of construction waste management.