麦麸酶解产物对糖尿病大鼠氧化应激损伤的保护作用

用四氧嘧啶制备SD大鼠糖尿病模型,以麦麸酶解产物(EHWB)为受试物,测定各实验组大鼠血糖,血清、肝脏和睾丸总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)和黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,与糖尿病组相比,EHWB治疗组大鼠血糖明显降低,TAOC能力升高,GSHPx和SOD活性增强,XOD活性降低,MDA含量明显降低。表明EHWB具有显著降血糖和提高糖尿病大鼠抗氧化能力的作用。     

酶解麦麸产品抗氧化活性研究

采用黑曲霉发酵制备阿魏酸酯酶和阿拉伯木聚糖酶混合酶制剂，利用该酶制剂降解麦麸获得麦麸酶解产物（E—HWB）；通过测定它的DPPH清除能力、还原能力和对亚油酸过氧化的抑制作用，探讨了其抗氧化能力。结果表明，EHWB的抗氧化活性强于Vc及阿魏酸，是一种天然、无毒、高效的天然抗氧化剂。     

酶解燕麦蛋白质制备抗氧化肽工艺研究

通过对Alcalase、Trypsin和Pepsin酶解燕麦麸蛋白所得产物的抗氧化活性和产物得率的研究,确定Alcalase作为酶解燕麦麸蛋白制备抗氧化肽的初步用酶。在Alcalase单酶作用的基础上,研究Alcalase+Trypsin和Alcalase+Pepsin耦合酶解燕麦蛋白对产物活性的影响。通过研究Alcalase对燕麦麸蛋白的酶解速度可知,Alcalase酶解燕麦麸蛋白速度的降低主要是因底物消耗和酶活损失所致。     

复合风味蛋白酶酶解麦麸蛋白制备麦麸抗氧化肽的研究

以麦麸蛋白为原料,复合风味蛋白酶为水解酶,探讨麦麸蛋白水解度(DH)与麦麸肽抗氧化能力的关系,并以超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)清除率为指标,采用正交试验设计优化制备麦麸抗氧化肽的工艺条件.试验结果表明,制备麦麸抗氧化肽的最佳酶解条件为pH 5.0,加酶量为6000U/g麦麸蛋白,底物浓度5%,温度55℃,酶解7.5h,在该条件下制得的麦麸抗氧化肽清除超氧阴离子自由基的清除率可达53.70%.     

鳄鱼皮酶解产物功能特性及抗氧化活性

为了解鳄鱼皮酶解产物功能特性和抗氧化活性,采用2种商业蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶)在各自最适反应条件下分别酶解鳄鱼皮,研究水解度(DH)、酶种类及pH值对酶解产物功能特性及抗氧化活性的影响.结果显示:随着酶解时间延长,鳄鱼皮水解度逐渐增加,鳄鱼皮在碱性蛋白酶酶解作用下水解度较高,水解4h时可达12％;木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物与碱性蛋白酶酶解产物的溶解性差异不显著(P＞0.05).相同水解度下,碱性蛋白酶酶解产物的热稳定性在pH4时优于木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物.酶解时间在1h之内,木瓜蛋白酶酶解物亚铁离子螯合力明显增强;随着时间延长,酶解产物亚铁离子螯合能力变化不显著(P＞0.05).酶解3h后碱性蛋白酶酶解产物亚铁离子螯合能力高于木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物,但木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物具有较强的清除DPPH自由基能力.综上表明,碱性蛋白酶水解作用的鳄鱼皮水解度较高,其酶解产物乳化活性和热稳定性优于木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物;鳄鱼皮酶解产物抗氧化能力较强,有较高的开发利用价值.     

蜂王浆水溶性蛋白及其酶解产物的抗氧化活性

本研究分别采用清除二苯基-2- 苦肼自由基(DPPH·),抑制亚油酸氧化和总抗氧化能力测定等方法,探讨蜂王浆水溶性蛋白及其酶解产物的抗氧化特性。结果表明,蜂王浆水溶性蛋白(WSPs)本身的抗氧化活性很弱,但酶解后抗氧化活性增强,其中胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶共同酶解产物(PT-WSPs)的抗氧化活性最强。对WSPs 及其酶解产物进行膜分离后发现,分子量小于3kD,尤其是小于1kD 的肽类物质其清除DPPH·、抑制亚油酸氧化及总抗氧化能力最强。     

丝胶蛋白酶解产物抗氧化活性的研究

本实验采用六种蛋白酶对丝胶蛋白进行酶解,并分析其酶解产物清除二苯代苦味酰基 (DPPH) 自由基能力.通过脂质过氧化体系、还原力、金属螯合能力评价其酶解4h酶解产物的抗氧化活性.结果表明:各种酶解产物都呈现一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力,其中以碱性蛋白酶最强 (p＜0.05);各种酶解产物都存在抑制脂质过氧化活性,与其他蛋白酶相比碱性蛋白酶的抑制活性显著的高于其他酶 (p＜0.05);各种蛋白酶解产物具有一定的还原力和金属螯合能力.这些结果表明:六种酶解产物都具有显著的抗氧化活性.     

富硒糙米抗氧化肽酶法制备工艺优化

以富硒糙米蛋白为原料,优化富硒糙米蛋白抗氧化肽酶法制备工艺。以酶解产物抗氧化能力指数(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)和水解度为评价指标,考察酶种类、酶解时间、pH值、底物浓度、加酶量及酶解温度对酶解产物抗氧化活性的影响。在单因素试验基础上,采用三因素三水平响应面法确定富硒糙米抗氧化肽的制备工艺。结果表明:中性蛋白酶较适宜制备富硒糙米抗氧化肽,其最佳酶解工艺条件为:pH 8.0,底物浓度3%,酶解时间69 min,酶解温度55℃,加酶量12 000 U/g。在此条件下,富硒糙米蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化能力为(1 232.57±62.34)μmol TE/g,显著高于同等条件下非富硒糙米蛋白酶解物的抗氧化能力。     

酵解和酶解麦麸吸附脂肪和胆固醇的研究

采用离体法探讨黑曲霉固体发酵麦麸、液体发酵麦麸和酶解(多糖水解酶和阿魏酸酯酶)麦麸的持水力及对脂肪和胆固醇的吸附作用。结果表明,麦麸经发酵和酶解后,持水力和对脂肪的吸附能力均大大增加,酶解后持水力增加1倍以上,对脂肪的吸附能力增加48.7%;固体发酵麦麸和酶解麦麸对鸡蛋中胆固醇的吸附能力大大高于原麦麸,而液体发酵麦麸则低于原麦麸。扫描电镜观察结果表明,发酵或酶解后麦麸的上述物性会发生较大改变,主要原因是由于麦麸的内、外结构产生了较大变化。     

不同麦麸材料吸附脂肪和胆固醇的研究

目的探讨黑曲霉固体发酵麦麸、液体发酵麦麸和酶解(多糖水解酶和阿魏酸酯酶)麦麸的持水力、对脂肪和胆固醇的吸附作用,为其在食品中的应用提供依据.方法采用离体法.主要结果麦麸经发酵和酶解后,持水力和对脂肪的吸附能力大大增加,酶解后持水力增加1倍以上,对脂肪的吸附能力增加48.7%.固体发酵麦麸和酶解麦麸对鸡蛋中胆固醇的吸附能力大大高于原麦麸,而液体发酵麦麸则差于原麦麸.扫描电镜观察结果表明,发酵或酶解后麦麸的上述物性之所以发生较大改变,其主要原因是由于麦麸的内、外结构产生了较大变化.     

发酵麦麸对面包膳食纤维组成及烘焙特性的影响

采用马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵麦麸制得富含天然酶的功能配料,分析麦麸发酵过程中纤维素酶活力变化,比较制作的麦麸面包(B₁)、发酵麦麸面包(B₂)、木聚糖酶麦麸面包(B₃)和复合麦麸面包(B₄)的膳食纤维组成及烘焙特性的差异。结果表明:马克斯克鲁维酵母具有较强的胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶生产能力,其酶活为6.98 U/g;在48 h麦麸发酵过程中,外切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活不断提高,其酶活分别增加至6.06和21.70 U/g,不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)也持续降解至38.30 g/100 g。面团搅拌、醒发过程中,还原糖含量不断增加,且添加发酵麦麸的面包效果最明显。相比未发酵麦麸面包,添加发酵麦麸的面包体积、弹性及持水力都显著提升(p<0.05),气孔结构更加细腻。制作的4种面包中总膳食纤维(TDF)和阿拉伯木聚糖(AX)含量没有显著差异,而添加发酵麦麸及木聚糖酶都能促进面包中IDF和AX溶解。     

好食脉孢霉发酵麦麸制备可溶性膳食纤维及其理化性质

采用好食脉孢霉对小麦麸皮进行固态发酵制备可溶性膳食纤维（Soluble dietary fiber,SDF）,通过单因素结合响应面法Box-Behnken探究发酵过程中含水量、接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间对可溶性膳食纤维得率的影响,确定培养基的最佳发酵条件。同时对发酵过程中纤维素酶活性和木聚糖酶活性进行测定,并研究发酵前后SDF的理化性质。结果表明:当发酵温度为29℃、接种量为11%（v/w）、含水量为74%（v/w）、发酵时间为83.5 h时SDF得率最高,为13.41%,比发酵前提高了1.05倍。发酵过程中纤维素酶活性与木聚糖酶活性均与SDF得率呈正相关。发酵后SDF溶解性、吸附葡萄糖能力、吸附胆固醇能力（pH=2和pH=7）和DPPH清除能力比发酵前分别提高了1.14、1.76、5.36、4.61和1.62倍,为麦麸SDF作为食品添加剂提供理论基础。     

超高静压改性麦麸对其功能性质的影响

本实验以小麦麸皮为原料,采用单因素试验研究麦麸粒度、处理时间、处理压强和改性麦麸质量分数对小麦麸皮功能性质的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析了麦麸改性前后的超微结构和官能团。结果：在麦麸粒度40 目、处理时间20 min、压强400 MPa、麦麸质量分数20%条件下,麦麸可溶性膳食纤维质量分数最高、阳离子交换能力最强、脂肪酶活力最低;在麦麸粒度50 目、处理时间15 min、压强400 MPa、麦麸质量分数20%条件下,麦麸持水力和持油力较高;在麦麸粒度40 目、处理时间25 min、压强300 MPa、麦麸质量分数15%条件下,麦麸亚硝酸根清除率较强;在麦麸粒度50 目、处理时间25 min、压强500 MPa、麦麸质量分数25%条件下,麦麸胆固醇吸附能力较强。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示超高静压破坏了麦麸膳食纤维的结构,使其结构变得疏松,傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明超高静压可以破坏分子间的共价键,使纤维素降解,不溶性膳食纤维转化为可溶性膳食纤维。通过本实验改性的麦麸具有较好的功能特性,有很好的应用前景。     

麦麸中生理活性物质研究与应用进展

阿拉伯木聚糖、植酸、阿魏酸是麦麸中重要的生理活性物质,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化等功能,加上其很强的饱水性、稳定性,使它在食品添加剂和功能食品开发上具有广泛的应用前景。不同的分离提取方法对这些生理活性物质的得率、结构影响明显,并影响其功用,本文综述了麦麸阿拉伯木聚糖、植酸、阿魏酸的提取方法及其应用情况。     

Antioxidant properties of commercial soft and hard winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and their milling fractions

The total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, inhibition of coupled oxidation in a β‐carotene–linoleate model system, iron(II) chelation activity and inhibition of copper‐induced oxidation of human low‐density lipoprotein (hLDL) cholesterol of 80% ethanolic extracts of soft and hard winter wheat samples and their milling fractions, namely flour, germ, bran and shorts, were investigated. Soft wheat extracts examined demonstrated higher TPC and TAA compared to those of hard wheat extracts. The germ fraction possessed the highest TPC, followed by bran, shorts, whole grain and flour for both wheat types examined. The TAA of both wheat types showed similar results except that shorts performed better than bran in this assay. Free radical scavenging properties of whole grain and milling fractions of both soft and hard wheat samples were examined against DPPH radical. The germ and flour fractions demonstrated the highest and lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively, among wheat fractions. Wheat extracts were also efficient in preventing bleaching of β‐carotene, which is also known to be free radical mediated. In the iron(II) chelation assay the flour extracts demonstrated excellent activity, while the germ extracts showed a weak activity. The trends were similar in both soft and hard wheat for the iron(II) chelation assay. Wheat extracts also inhibited copper‐induced oxidation of hLDL. In LDL oxidation assay, wheat extracts performed better than the reference antioxidant, ferulic acid. Thus wheat phenolics may serve as effective antioxidative components as measured by in vitro techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Water Holding Capacity of Hemicelluloses from Fruits, Vegetables and Wheat Bran

The water-holding capacities of freeze-dried bean, cabbage, lettuce, onion, peach, pear, pumpkin, tomato, wheat bran and their hemicelluloses were determined by the centrifugation method. Cabbage had the greatest water-holding capacity at 35.8g of water per gram of dry food; bran the lowest at 5.2g water per gram. The waterholding capacity (WHC) of the hemicelluloses from fruits and vegetables varied considerably from 3.3 g/g in beans to 12.0 g/g from cabbage. Hemicelluloses extracted from wheat bran showed a marked increase in WHC from 5.2 g/g of water per gram of‘whole’bran to 22.8 g/g for hemicellulose. This decreased to 15.3g of water bound by hemicellulose that had been extracted after chlorite delignification. WHC of hemicelluloses from wheat bran and cabbage may account for their ability to increase stool weight.     

麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维常规粉碎和超微粉碎物化特性比较

为明确普通粉碎和超微粉碎对麦麸和麦麸膳食纤维物化特性影响,对处理后的麦麸和麦麸膳食纤维持水性、持油性、吸水膨胀性、黏度、阳离子交换能力及对油脂、胆固醇、胆酸钠和葡萄糖吸附能力进行了测定。结果表明:麦麸膳食纤维比麦麸具有更高的WHC和OHC,而超微粉碎处理可进一步提升麦麸膳食纤维WHC和OHC,分别为4.99 g/g和6.30 g/g;在胆酸钠浓度为3 mg/mL时,超微粉碎麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维胆酸钠吸附量最高,分别为40.58 mg/g和46.08 mg/g;在葡萄糖浓度为50～100 mmol/L范围内,超微粉碎后麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维葡萄糖吸附量亦明显上升。pH7时,普通粉碎处理后麦麸胆固醇吸附能力低于麦麸膳食纤维,而超微粉碎处理后麦麸胆固醇吸附能力高于麦麸膳食纤维。普通粉碎的麦麸对不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸吸附量最高,分别达到1.56 g/g和1.13g/g。研究表明麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维表通过处理后现出不同物化特性,这将为麦麸食品化利用及对食品体系物化特性影响提供理论依据。     

Effect of pH and Heat Treatment on the Binding of Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, and Iron to Wheat Bran and Fractions of Dietary Fiber

The effect of pH and heat treatment on the binding of added food grade sources of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron to a standard wheat bran, cellulose, and lignin was investigated. 1% solutions of pectin and guar gum were examined for their ability to bind these metals in aqueous solution. Lignin and pectin was found to have high metal binding capacities. Metal binding to fiber was found to be pH dependent. Toasting had no effect on metal binding by cellulose, but had a significant effect on the binding of metals by lignin and wheat bran. Boiling had a significant effect on the binding of metals by cellulose, lignin, and wheat bran.     

Physical Properties of Dietary Fiber and Binding of Mutagens

Some characteristics of dietary fiber that may contribute to the epidemiology of intestinal disease including colon cancer were investigated. Soft white wheat bran (AACC), hard red wheat bran (AACC), corn bran, and cellulose were tested for their ion exchange capacity and ability to bind mutagens (benzopyrene, 2-amino anthracene (2-AA), and mutagens extracted from fried ground beef. The wheat brans had the highest ion exchange capacity and were effective in binding the 2-AA. Benzopyrene and the fried ground beef mutagens were not effectively bound by fibers. The results suggest that dietary fibers may modify the levels of some intestinal mutagens, but may be ineffective for fried ground beef mutagens.     

麦麸加酸挤压改性及对其理化特性的影响

以麦麸为原料,酸为催化剂,采用挤压加工技术,研究了加酸挤压改性麦麸膳食纤维的工艺条件及对其主要理化特性的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为物料粒度50目、水添加量27.5%、盐酸浓度0.035mol/L、膨化温度115℃和转速225 r/min。在该工艺条件下加酸与未加酸相比挤压麦麸的可溶性膳食纤维含量、持水力、结合水力和膨胀力分别提高80.93%、42.39%、55.53%和66.97%,挤压改性后的麦麸理化特性得到改善。