卷烟烟灰pH值与燃烧及包灰性能间的关系

为了定量评价卷烟烟灰的pH及其与燃烧及包灰性能间的关系，建立了烟灰pH测定方法，测定并分析了不同牌号卷烟烟灰pH的差异性，以及烟灰pH与燃烧完全性、包灰值、灰度值、持灰能力间的关系。结果表明：1)常规卷烟烟灰pH介于11.21～11.39,不同牌号卷烟烟灰pH存在极显著差异；2)简单相关性分析表明，烟灰pH与烟灰灰度值和燃烧完全性呈显著正相关关系；3)灰色关联度分析表明，烟灰pH与各项燃烧及包灰性能指标间的关联度均大于0.6,关联顺序是灰度值>燃烧完全性>包灰值>持灰能力。烟灰pH是影响卷烟包灰性能的重要因素，pH过高对包灰性能有不利影响。     

卷烟包灰及燃烧性能间的关系

为了解卷烟包灰与燃烧性能之间的关系,以48种卷烟为样本,以包灰值、灰度值、白度值为表征包灰性能的指标,以自由燃烧速度、锥高、实际可燃率为表征燃烧性能的指标,运用简单相关分析和多指标聚类分析法研究了两类指标间的关系。结果表明:1)白度值与自由燃烧速度、实际可燃率间分别呈极显著负相关和正相关关系,包灰值、灰度值与燃烧性能各项指标间的关系均不显著。2)类间样品的包灰与燃烧性能间存在明显关联性,表现为综合燃烧性能适中的卷烟综合包灰性能最好,自由燃烧速度过快时对包灰会性能有不利影响。卷烟包灰与燃烧性能之间存在密切的内在联系,适度控制燃烧速度有利于改善包灰性能。     

卷烟动静态包灰性能对比分析

为了解卷烟在动、静态燃烧条件下包灰性能的差异性,采用均值分析、变异系数分析、相关分析法对50余种卷烟的动、静态包灰性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:①动、静态包灰性能均存在显著差异性,总体趋势是吸燃时燃烧锥加长、锥面积增大、锥顶角减小,包灰性能则变差;但差异程度因卷烟而异。②动态燃烧条件下包灰值、灰度值和偏离角样品间变异系数均低于静燃条件,变化幅度分别达到了44.8%、48.7%和16.2%,可见不同卷烟间包灰性能的优劣在静燃状态下表现的更突出。③各项动、静态包灰性能指标间均呈现极显著正相关关系,表明相同卷烟动、静态包灰性能之间呈现较强的一致性。     

天然高分子材料对卷烟包灰性能的影响

为考察天然高分子材料的种类及添加量对卷烟包灰性能的影响,利用图像分析法测定添加天然高分子材料后卷烟的包灰值、灰度值、碳化圈宽度、锥高和锥顶角,采用单因素方差分析、简单相关分析研究天然高分子材料与卷烟包灰性能之间的相关性,结合层次分析法对添加天然高分子材料的卷烟综合包灰性能进行评价。结果表明：1）与对照组相比,添加1.0%纤维素纳米纤维（CNFs）15μL的卷烟包灰值、灰度值最小,燃烧后卷烟灰柱裂口最少,颜色最白;添加1.5%改性纤维素纳米纤维（MCNFs）15μL的卷烟碳化圈宽度最窄。2)CNFs的浓度与包灰值和碳化圈宽度都呈显著负相关,山药多糖浓度与包灰值呈极显著负相关;罗汉果多糖浓度与包灰值、灰度值呈显著负相关。且卷烟包灰性能的好坏是各个包灰指标综合的表现。3）对包灰指标进行梯度划分,结合层次分析法得到卷烟包灰指标综合性能得分,由结果可知,添加1.0%CNFs15μL的卷烟包灰综合性能得分较空白对照组明显升高,包灰性能最好。     

主成分分析法在卷烟质量评价中的应用

文章以SPSS软件为工具,运用主成分分析法对15个牌号的卷烟质量进行了评价。结果表明：（1）按累积贡献率≥85%的标准,筛选出化学成分因子、感官质量因子、烟气成分因子共3个主成分,其对变异的累积贡献率达94.37%。（2）不同牌号卷烟的综合评价得分差异明显,其中A,B,C三个牌号的卷烟质量高于其他牌号的卷烟,而M,N,O三个牌号的卷烟质量得分则低于其他牌号的卷烟质量得分。     

卷烟机机型对烟气成分稳定性的影响

为了考察不同卷烟机对卷烟烟气成分稳定性的影响,选取了protos70、90、M5等3种卷烟机各5台,研究了相同生产条件下不同卷烟机所生产卷烟的焦油、烟气烟碱和一氧化碳量的差异性,并对检测结果进行了统计分析和t检验。结果表明,同机型卷烟机的3项指标均为protos90protos70protos M5,且不同机型的机台间极差大于相同机型的机台间极差。t检验表明,protos90与protos M5间的差异最大,三项指标的差异性均为极显著;其次是protos90与protos70,焦油量的差异性为显著,烟气烟碱量的差异性为极显著;protos70与protos M5间的差异最小,只有烟气烟碱量的差异性为极显著。因此,利用多机型、机台卷烟机生产同牌号卷烟时,机型是影响烟气成分稳定性的重要因素。     

鹅毛增白工艺

为了提高羽毛白度,采用单因素和正交实验方法探索了不同工艺对鹅毛白度的影响,确定了最佳增白工艺参数。结果表明,最佳工艺条件:增白剂用量占鹅毛质量的8%,双氧水用量占鹅毛质量的4%,pH值为7,温度为50℃,处理50min时,鹅毛白度最好,白度值可达89.4。     

化妆品级云母粉的组成,色泽特征及pH值研究

本文分析了六种进口和国产化妆品级云母粉的化学组成(常规元素、禁限用元素),矿物组成,色泽特征(白度、颜色值)及pH值.结果表明:云母粉SiO2含量在47.89％ ～51.14％之间,A12 O3含量均大于30％,产品纯度均达93％以上;致色离子影响产品白度和明度,含量越高,白度和明度越低;pH值在6～7之间.对比而言,进口云母粉色泽好,1#、2#绢云母粉各项指标基本一致,性能较优,而3#石英含量高、4#致色离子含量高;5#、6#云母粉pH更接近中性,各项指标与国外产品无明显差异但整体感官性差.     

两种燃烧状态下卷烟包灰性能的对比分析

卷烟包灰是卷烟燃烧后残留的灰柱,其美观程度是影响卷烟消费体验和卷烟档次的重要评判。卷烟在不同的燃烧模式下,卷烟包灰性能相关指标的评价结果存在差异。因此为探究不同卷烟燃烧模式下卷烟包灰性能指标的差异,测定了国产中支卷烟在动、静态燃烧条件下的包灰性能指标,并采用配对T检验进行了对比分析。结果表明：卷烟包灰性能与其燃烧状态有关,动态燃烧时裂口率、缩灰率、炭线整齐度、炭线宽度增大,其包灰综合性能不如静态燃烧;以卷烟5种包灰外观性能指标为基础,综合考虑5种性能指标体现卷烟包灰外观的权重,构建了卷烟包灰综合评价指数。     

稻壳制备含结晶水偏硅酸钠新工艺研究

以稻壳为原料,经过预处理、燃烧回收热能、溶出反应、生成反应、结晶等工艺过程,可制得符合HG/T 2568-2008工业偏硅酸钠的五水及九水偏硅酸钠.考察了稻壳的燃烧温度、氢氧化钠用量、溶出反应时间、反应起始温度、结晶降温方式、晶种及表面活性剂等因素的影响,确定了适宜的反应条件:稻壳燃烧温度为600 ℃,稻壳灰与氢氧化钠反应时间为4 h,程序降温时间为7 h,晶种加入质量分数为1%,表面活性剂加入质量分数为0.1%～0.3%.在此条件下,制得的五水偏硅酸钠总碱量(氧化钠质量分数)为28.4%,二氧化硅质量分数为28.8%,白度为74.1%,熔点为72 ℃;九水偏硅酸钠总碱量为21.4%,二氧化硅质量分数为20.5%,白度为96.4%,熔点为51 ℃.     

卷烟纸燃烧调节剂对卷烟燃烧性能的影响

卷烟纸直接参与卷烟的燃烧,将直接影响着卷烟的燃烧性能。卷烟纸燃烧调节剂分为助燃剂、阻燃剂和灰分调节剂,是卷烟纸中的主要添加剂,影响盘纸的燃烧速度和灰分进而影响到卷烟的主、侧流烟气。文章综述了燃烧调节剂对燃烧速度,主、侧流烟气和灰分的影响,助剂对卷烟抽吸品质的影响,国内外对侧流烟气和灰分的研究进展。重点介绍了助剂在降低焦油、CO含量和侧流烟气中的作用。     

Effect of chromatic components on facial skin whiteness

Although the color measurement of facial skin becomes more common in dermatology and cosmetics, little is known about the relationship between subjective color perception and colorimetric values in facial skin. In this study, the possible relationships among perceived whiteness and the metric lightness, chroma and hue angle of Japanese females' facial skin color were investigated. First, the perceived brightness of the facial skin of Japanese females was evaluated visually and compared with metric lightness, chroma and hue angle, and the effect of hue and chroma on the perceived brightness was discussed. Second, a psychophysical experiment on the whiteness of the facial images and synthesized skin color plate images was conducted for examining the effect of hue and chroma on the perceived whiteness more precisely and independently. The results of two experiments showed that in regard to the facial skin color of the Japanese female, metric lightness disagrees with perceived whiteness or brightness in a narrow lightness range. The reddish facial skin color appeared brighter or whiter than that of a yellowish one in high lightness regions, and the low‐chroma facial skin color appeared brighter or whiter than a high‐chroma one. However, in the color plate images, a change in perceived whiteness by hue could not be confirmed, and the change in perceived whiteness by chroma was weaker than that from facial images. These results indicated that a higher‐level process of face recognition affected whiteness perception, and the criterion of facial skin whiteness was determined by facial skin color distribution. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;     

High Temperature Interactions Between Residual Oil Ash and Dispersed Kaolinite Powders

The potential use of sorbents to manage ultrafine ash aerosol emissions from residual oil combustion was investigated using a downfired 82 kW laboratory-scale refractory-lined combustor. The major constituents were vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). The overall ash content of residual oil is very low, resulting in total ash vaporization at 1725 K with appreciable vaporization occurring at temperatures as low as 1400 K. Therefore, the possibility of interactions between ash vapor and sorbent substrates exists. Kaolinite powder was injected at various locations in the combustor. Ash scavenging was determined from particle size distributions (PSDs) measured by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. Impactor samples and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses supported these data. Injection of kaolinite sorbent was able to capture up to 60% of all the ash in the residual fuel oil. However, captures of ～ 30% were more common when sorbent injection occurred downstream of the combustion zone, rather than with the combustion air into the main flame. Without sorbent addition, baseline measurements of the fly ash PSD and chemical composition indicate that under the practical combustion conditions examined here, essentially all of the metals contained in the residual oil form ultrafine particles (～0.1 μ m diameter). Theoretical calculations showed that coagulation between the oil ash nuclei and the kaolinite sorbent could account for, at most, 17% of the metal capture which was always less than that measured. The data suggest that kaolinite powders reactively capture a portion of the vapor phase metals. Mechanisms and rates still remain to be quantified.     

高档卷烟纸专用PCC生产过程质量控制技术

高档卷烟纸专用沉淀碳酸钙（PCC）的质量要求包括平均粒径与粒径分布、晶形、游离碱、沉降体积、白度等5个主要指标。分别从浆液浓度与相对密度的关系、碳化反应温度控制、窑气浓度与流量选择、沉降体积控制、生浆和熟浆陈化、过度碳化和磷酸中和处理包裹返碱现象、加强生产过程质量管理环节等方面探讨了高档卷烟纸专用PCC的生产过程中的质量控制技术。     

Impact of spectral power distribution of daylight simulators on whiteness specification for surface colors

The impact of spectral power distribution of daylight simulators (ie, D65 simulators) on surface whiteness specification was investigated by focusing on how CIE whiteness and tint values of 8 whiteness samples with fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) vary under different D65 simulators. Large variations in both whiteness (～16 points) and tint (～1.6 points) are observed under the D65 simulators above BB grade, as characterized using the CIE metamerism index. However, it is found the variations of the whiteness and tint values are smaller under the D65 simulators whose radiant power in the UVA band (ie, 300‐340 nm) was within ±30% in comparison to CIE standard D65 illuminant, as defined in BS 950, which may be a better alternative for evaluating the quality of a D65 simulator for surface white specification using CIE whiteness and tint formulas. The findings also suggest the necessity to fine‐tune or revise the CIE whiteness and tint formulas to characterize the surface whiteness under nonperfect D65 simulators or arbitrary light sources.     

Single char particle combustion at moderate temperature: effects of ash

The effects of ash content, ash layer heat and mass transfer on a single granulated char particle (10–18 mm in diameter) combustion in an air stream (12 cm s⁻¹ in cold base) are studied. The transient temperature of various ash content char particle burning in the surrounding gas temperatures of 900 to 1200 K is simulated. Agreement between simulated and experiment results is obtained by adjusting the ash layer diffusion coefficient and heat conductivity, surface emissivity and the reaction rate constant. The reaction rate constant plays an important role in modeling the initial stage of char particle combustion even when the overall rate is ash layer diffusion controlled. It determines the particle heating rate in the initial stage of combustion, and then indirectly influences the peak temperature. The ash layer diffusion resistance affects the rate controlling processes and the pattern of the time-temperature profile. The higher ash content char particle burns with a lower peak temperature and earlier temperature decrease due to the lower ash layer porosity and lower ash layer diffusion coefficient. It is concluded that the high ash particle combustion is controlled by ash layer diffusion except in the initial stage of combustion. As for the lower ash content char particle, it is controlled mainly by reaction at lower ambient temperature and by film diffusion at a higher temperature in the earlier stage. However, in the last stage, it is controlled by ash layer diffusion. The transition occurs when the ash layer is formed and the diffusion resistance is significant, and it is at that time that the particle reaches its peak temperature.     

燃煤过程中颗粒物的形成机理研究进展

介绍了煤粉燃烧过程中颗粒物的形成机理，包括亚微米飞灰和残灰颗粒的主要形成途径．亚微米颗粒主要来自无机物的气化-凝结过程，在高温条件下无机矿物首先以氧化物、次氧化物或原子的形式气化，当温度降低时，无机蒸气通过均相成核、异相冷凝、凝并、团聚等过程形成细微颗粒．残灰由残留在焦炭颗粒中的矿物转化而成，焦炭破碎和表面灰的聚合是决定残灰最终粒径分布的主要过程，除此之外，对于含外来矿物较多的煤种，矿物破碎对残灰颗粒的形成也有十分重要的影响．最后对燃煤过程中颗粒物的形成机理研究提出了建议．     

单颗粒煤焦燃烧反应动力学研究方法

采用热天平研究了福建龙岩和加福的两种煤焦的单颗粒燃烧过程。探讨其燃烧过程中的气体扩散、灰层以及反应阻力的影响,建立了单颗粒煤焦燃烧过程分析方法,并由此建立了单颗粒煤焦热天平测定化学反应本征动力学常数的新方法。研究发现,随着单颗粒煤焦燃烧的进行,燃烧总阻力逐渐减小,当反应趋于结束时,燃烧阻力不再随反应时间变化,而是趋于稳定,此时燃烧阻力即为化学反应本征动力学的阻力,由此测定化学反应本征动力学常数。通过对不同温度、不同粒径煤焦以及不同空气流量下的实验与分析,表明该测定方法稳定性好,且测得的煤焦燃烧本征动力学常数和活化能与文献报道一致。     

The effect of paper appearance on printed color of inkjet printer

Paper properties, including the chemical or optical characteristics influence the quality and colorimetric characteristics of final printed colors. In this study, the effect of gloss, texture, and whiteness of the paper on the printed colors were investigated. The study was applied on 10 coated papers with different texture, gloss or whiteness, and the same grammage using two inkjet printers. It was found that the reproducibility of the printer can be affected with the paper brand, and this effect is statistically dependent on the brand of printer. The kind of paper significantly influences the light fastness of the final printed colors, and this effect statistically depends on the printer. Although, the paper's properties such as gloss and whiteness affect the gamut volume, it is not totally possible to model this effect. The effect of paper on the colorimetric values of the final printed colors is statistically significant. However, the influence of the brand of printer on the color changes via the paper difference is not statistically provable. Edge frequency technique was introduced as an appropriate method for computing texture properties of papers. The texture difference computed by this method shows a suitable correlation with the color differences caused by changing the paper's texture; however, it depends on the printer's brand. Furthermore, there is a good correlation between the Edge frequency difference and the gamut volume variation for papers with different texture while the other parameters such as gloss and whiteness are the same. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 284–291, 2013