生物传感器在食品检测领域的应用研究进展

近年来食品安全事故频繁发生,食品的安全问题被广泛关注。现阶段,谷物、蔬菜、水果等农产品的种植及采摘后的加工处理过程虽均在相对安全卫生的条件下进行,但因环境污染及使用化学药品处理,处理后的食品是否依旧安全可靠存在较大的不确定性。传统食品检测技术操作复杂、专业性强、仪器设备贵且无法实现现场操作,而生物传感器操作简单、可重复性好、易于实现快速的现场检测且检测成本低,近年来在食品安全检测方面被广泛研究利用。本文主要阐述了生物传感器在食品检测中的重金属离子、H2O2、生物毒素、食源性致病菌、有机磷农药残留、动物源药物残留等方面的应用,并简述了生物传感器在建立过程中所存在的问题,可为日后生物传感器在食品安全检测方面的进一步研发利用提供参考。     

Superchilling of food: A review

Food preservation is very important for the safety and the reliability of the product. Superchilling as used for preserving foods, has been defined as a process by which the temperature of a food product is lowered to 1-2 °C below the initial freezing point. Fresh and high quality food products are in great demand worldwide. Temperature is a major factor determining the shelf life and quality of food products. Fish and meat are perishable food commodities, where better and more advanced preservation technology is needed. Deterioration of these foods mainly occurs as a result of chemical, enzymatic and bacteriological activities leading to loss of quality and subsequent spoilage. Storing food at superchilling temperature has three distinct advantages: maintaining food freshness, retaining high food quality and suppressing growth of harmful microbes. It can reduce the use of freezing/thawing for production and thereby increase yield, reduce energy, labour and transport costs. The study on the growth mechanism of ice crystals, modelling and computer simulation of foods during superchilling and superchilling storage is needed.     

食品中着色剂的检测方法研究进展

着色剂是食品添加剂中的一大类分支,在食品加工和生产中有着广泛的应用。由于食品的基质类型复杂多样,着色剂的种类也非常多、性质差异大,给分析检测工作带来挑战。本文对近年来的食品中着色剂的检测方法进行综述,包括样品前处理和分析检测技术,并根据应用方法和适用的食品基质及检测目标物进行分类总结,为进一步开展食品中着色剂的检测方法的研究工作提供参考。     

营养安全视角下的食品加工应用研究

粮食和营养安全是当前全球关注的一项重要议题,预计到2050年全球人口将达到90亿,意味着需要通过继续增加粮食产量来解决日益复杂的粮食安全问题。与此同时减少从生产到消费整个供应链环节的食物损失浪费,以及通过食品加工为人类提高食品保存期限、营养质量以及食品安全也引起了极大的重视。本文通过文献梳理描述了初级食品生产系统的发展,以及食品加工对人类健康以及营养安全的作用。从未来的发展趋势来看,无论是农业生产部门还是食品加工部门都将面临用更少的资源来生产更多食品的问题。因而本文认为面对世界资源的日益紧张,必须对食品的能量和营养含量加以平衡,促进食品加工环节营养安全的提高,不失为一个良策。     

Hyperspectral and multispectral imaging for evaluating food safety and quality

Spectral imaging technologies have been developed rapidly during the past decade. This paper presents hyperspectral and multispectral imaging technologies in the area of food safety and quality evaluation, with an introduction, demonstration, and summarization of current spectral imaging techniques available to the food industry for practical commercial use. The main topics include methods for acquiring spectral images, components for building spectral imaging systems, methods for calibrating spectral imaging systems, and techniques for analyzing spectral images. The applications for evaluating food and agricultural products are presented to reflect common practices of the spectral imaging techniques. Future development of hyperspectral and multispectral imaging is also discussed.     

Food-related personality traits, food choice motives and food intake: Mediator and moderator relationships

We investigated the relationship between food-related personality traits, specific food choice motives and food intake. Typically, it is assumed that motives mediate the effect of traits on food intake. Motives may also have different effects on food intake, depending on trait level (moderation). Undergraduate students (N = 324) completed the Food Involvement Scale and the Food Neophobia Scale measuring traits, and the Food Choice Questionnaire measuring specific motives. Daily food intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire two weeks later. General dietary healthfulness was based on its concordance with official recommendations. Regression analyses tested mediator and moderator relationships for each trait separately. The results partially support the mediation hypothesis: motives, such as Sensory Appeal and Health, mediated the effect of food involvement on intake of specific food categories. In addition, the relation of motives with both food intake and dietary healthfulness appeared to vary with level of food involvement or food neophobia (moderation). Implications to promote eating healthy food are discussed.     

Review: Near infra-red analysis of food

Near infra-red (NIR) analysis has been developed over the last 20 years into a routine method for many agricultural commodities and food constituents. The theoretical and statistical framework, which has made this possible, is reviewed and the extent of the applications presented. The development of a NIR method is demonstrated and the difficulties and limitations of the method are discussed. On-line methods of using NIR analysis are being developed and this is expected to be one of the most important applications for the future use of NIR in the food industry.     

Challenges and advances in systems biology analysis of Bacillus spore physiology; molecular differences between an extreme heat resistant spore forming Bacillus subtilis food isolate and a laboratory strain

Bacterial spore formers are prime organisms of concern in the food industry. Spores from the genus Bacillus are extremely stress resistant, most notably exemplified by high thermotolerance. This sometimes allows surviving spores to germinate and grow out to vegetative cells causing food spoilage and possible intoxication. Similar issues though more pending toward spore toxigenicity are observed for the anaerobic Clostridia.The paper indicates the nature of stress resistance and highlights contemporary molecular approaches to analyze the mechanistic basis of it in Bacilli. A molecular comparison between a laboratory strain and a food borne isolate, very similar at the genomic level to the laboratory strain but generating extremely heat resistant spores, is discussed. The approaches cover genome-wide genotyping, proteomics and genome-wide expression analyses studies. The analyses aim at gathering sufficient molecular information to be able to put together an initial framework for dynamic modelling of spore germination and outgrowth behaviour. Such emerging models should be developed both at the population and at the single spore level. Tools and challenges in achieving the latter are succinctly discussed.     

Engineering modeling frameworks for microbial food safety at various scales

The landscape of mathematical model-based understanding of microbial food safety is wide and deep, covering interdisciplinary fields of food science, microbiology, physics, and engineering. With rapidly growing interest in such model-based approaches that increasingly include more fundamental mechanisms of microbial processes, there is a need to build a general framework that steers this evolutionary process by synthesizing literature spread over many disciplines. The framework proposed here shows four interconnected, complementary levels of microbial food processes covering sub-cellular scale, microbial population scale, food scale, and human population scale (risk). A continuum of completely mechanistic to completely empirical models, widely-used and emerging, are integrated into the framework; well-known predictive microbiology modeling being a part of this spectrum. The framework emphasizes fundamentals-based approaches that should get enriched over time, such as the basic building blocks of microbial population scale processes (attachment, migration, growth, death/inactivation and communication) and of food processes (e.g., heat and moisture transfer). A spectrum of models are included, for example, microbial population modeling covers traditional predictive microbiology models to individual-based models and cellular automata. The models are shown in sufficient quantitative detail to make obvious their coupling, or their integration over various levels. Guidelines to combine sub-processes over various spatial and time scales into a complete interdisciplinary and multiphysics model (i.e., a system) are provided, covering microbial growth/inactivation/transport and physical processes such as fluid flow and heat transfer. As food safety becomes increasingly predictive at various scales, this synthesis should provide its roadmap. This big picture and framework should be futuristic in driving novel research and educational approaches.     

我国含铁食品营养强化剂及食品添加剂标准的比较研究

目的比较我国含铁食品营养强化剂和食品添加剂标准差异。方法对GB 14880-2012《食品安全国家标准食品营养强化剂使用标准》和GB2760-2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》中规定的含铁食品营养强化剂和食品添加剂的功能、使用范围、使用量以及各标准设置的理化指标、限量、标准发布时间等进行比较分析,对我国含铁食品营养强化剂和食品添加剂标准制定进行探讨。结果 GB14880-2012中规定了19种化合物可作为铁补充剂, GB 2760-2014中规定了7种含铁食品添加剂,目前已制定国家标准且现行有效的共14种,所有标准中均设置了理化指标,其中安全性项目主要是原料阴离子及重金属。重金属以铅和总砷的指标最有代表性。除了硫酸亚铁,所有亚铁类产品均设置了三价铁的相关项目控制产品质量。在重金属限量设置上,铅限量为1～10.0 mg/kg;总砷限量则在1.0～4.0 mg/kg之间。总汞限量,除了焦磷酸铁为3.0 mg/kg,其余均为1.0 mg/kg。结论结合我国国情,提出了我国食品营养强化剂和食品添加剂国家标准体系存在的主要问题。     

Influences of table setting and eating location on food acceptance and intake

This study aimed to determine whether there is an interaction between “small” (i.e., table setting) and “large” (i.e., eating location) scales of the eating environments in affecting food acceptance and consumption. An identical roast chicken was presented at three table-setting conditions: plastic tray (PT), home-style table (HT), and gourmet table (GT) settings both in sensory testing booths and realistic contexts (e.g., classroom for PT, home-style dining room for HT, and restaurant for GT). Participants favored the appearance of food served at a gourmet table setting located in a restaurant setting significantly more than in a sensory testing booth. The participants were more willing to eat the food served using a gourmet table setting in the restaurant setting than in the sensory testing booth, leading to a significant increase in their food consumption. In addition, participants consumed food more slowly and perceived themselves to be less hungry when they ate in realistic contexts rather than in sensory testing booths. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that food acceptance and intake can vary according to whether the small (table setting) and large (eating location) scales of the eating environments are well-matched or not.     

Microbiological risk assessment models for partitioning and mixing during food handling

To describe the transmission dynamics of a pathogen over a food pathway in quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA), several types of processes need to be modelled. Next to microbial processes like bacterial growth and inactivation, four food handling processes can be identified. Among these are partitioning and mixing of the food product. With these processes, the (sizes of) units of food product are modified and the pathogenic cells are reallocated over the units, so that the prevalence of contaminated units and the number of cells per unit may change. Usually, simple models of these processes are applied in QMRA food chain models. These models assume independence of units, random homogeneous distribution of cells (for partitioning) and equal contribution of units (for mixing), which is often not realistic in food and food handling processes. In this paper, these assumptions are abandoned. The use of multivariate distributions is proposed to include the effect of dependence between units: the Multinomial distribution for partitioning and the Dirichlet distribution for mixing. Effects of cell clustering and/or unequal sizes of units formed by partitioning or contributing to mixing are incorporated. Some algorithms are derived that are easily implemented in spreadsheet models that simulate food production and preparation. Some examples show the effect of more realistic modelling by implementation of these algorithms on the prevalence and the probability distribution of the number of pathogens per unit of food product. In general, cell clustering will result in lower prevalences, but higher levels of contamination in contaminated food units. With the methods presented, these effects can be quantified. Difficulties in estimating the model parameters and the impact of implementation of the proposed methods on risk estimates in QMRA are discussed.     

食品供应链管理机制下的食品安全问题处理对策

近几年,我国经济高速发展,市场经济体制给我国经济带来了较大的发展空间,同时也产生了很多问题。其中食品安全问题逐渐凸现,每年我国食品安全问题都会被频繁曝光,比如苏丹红事件、毒大米事件、三鹿毒奶粉事件等,这些问题的出现给我国的食品安全管理带来了较大的困难。因此需要制定食品供应链管理措施,解决食品安全问题。本文主要从食品供应链管理机制下分析食品安全的影响因素,并提出解决这些问题的对策,为食品安全管理工作提供参考依据。     

Parental family food choice motives and children’s food intake

Children’s food intakes are important for their health and it is their parents that mainly decide what foods are available at home. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parental family food choice motives (FFCMs) and children’s intakes of ‘nutrient-dense’ and ‘energy-rich foods’. In 2008, Finnish children, aged 10-12 years, completed a 16-item food frequency questionnaire and their parents completed a 27-item questionnaire to assess the FFCMs. Matching data existed for 564 child-parent pairs. Principal component analysis was conducted. The following eight dimensions of FFCM were found: ‘health and natural content’, ‘ethical concerns’, ‘mood’, ‘convenience’, ‘price’, ‘sensory appeal’, ‘weight control’ and ‘familiarity’. The association between FFCM and children’s food intakes was analyzed by Spearman correlations and logistic regression corrected for gender, school class, gender of respondent parent, living with one parent and parental education. The results based on logistic regressions showed that the FFCMs ‘health and natural content’ and ‘sensory appeal’ were positively associated, ‘convenience’ was negatively associated with ‘nutrient-dense foods’ and ’ethical concern’ was negatively associated with ‘energy-rich foods’. Parents’ FFCMs should be considered when promoting healthy eating among children.     

When less is more – Effects of providing simple vs. refined action-knowledge interventions to promote climate-friendly food consumption in German consumers

A crucial challenge in global climate protection involves figuring out how to promote climate-friendly (CF) food consumption in high-income countries. Improving consumers’ ability to identify CF food is a promising way to reach this goal. Previous research has shown that providing action-knowledge is an intervention technique that can effectively improve the mentioned ability if relevant preconditions are considered. The present study (further) examined such preconditions and possible refinements of this intervention technique in a representative sample of German consumers (N = 510). Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups (EG1 received simple guidelines for CF food consumption; EG2 received refined guidelines for CF food consumption) or a control group (CG) without any intervention. Altogether, the present study clearly demonstrates that simple guideline-provision is a promising and easy-to-use tool for interventions aimed at improving consumers’ ability to identify CF food in daily life.     

食品安全检验方法标准体系建设探究

食品安全检验方法标准是食品安全标准体系中重要组成部分,文章主要阐述了食品安全检验方法标准的内涵,介绍了理化、微生物、毒理学、寄生虫方法标准和基础类检验方法标准现状及其存在的问题。针对如何提升检验方法标准体系的适用性,加强检验方法标准技术管理能力,加强检验方法标准研制的基础研究和国际交流合作,构建全方位、多层次、立体化的检验方法标准体系提出建设性意见。     

食品类本科专业课程增加食品信息学内容的思考

食品信息学是大数据时代下对食品相关营养、物流、微生物等数据进行收集、分析及处理的一门交叉学科。当前开设食品本科专业的高等院校里开设食品信息学专业课的较少,建议在食品相关本科专业中增加食品信息学内容,使大学生了解并初步掌握利用食品相关数据进行数据库构建、信息分析、预测模型建立等技能,及时跟进食品信息学领域新进展,有助于食品专业大学生适应大数据时代下新的人才要求。该内容的加入是对食品专业本科教学体系的重要补充。     

食品安全事故处置管理工作的探讨

分析现阶段食品安全事故处置中存在的问题,主要针对发生事故后的组织协调、信息报告、事故性质认定、人数确定、疾控机构能力等方面存在的问题,探讨食品安全事故的处置体制、机制和保障等.