The control of grain size and distribution of particles in a (6061 alloym/(Al2O3)P composite by solutionizing treatment

The grain growth during an isothermal treatment at a solutionizing temperature of 540°C has been studied in a composite containing 6061 aluminum alloy matrix with A1₂O₃ particles. The grain growth law is generally applicable to the composites containing 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 volume fraction of the A1₂O₃ particles (VFAP). It has been observed that the grain growth process involves the disintegration of the agglomerated particles first and then particles coalesce at longer solutionizing times in the composite containing 0.20 VFAP. The process of coalescence has not been observed up to a heating time of 20 hours at this temperature in the composites containing 0.10 and 0.15 VFAP. The trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) study indicates the generation of a large number of dislocations in both the matrix and the area adjacent to the particles. The dislocation densities at these two locations in the composites increase with an increase in VFAP and the particle size. The microhard-ness measurements confirm the microstructural observations, and the hardness values for the com-posite and the matrix appear to be more sensitive to the particle distribution and the particle size compared to the grain size.     

Solution Treatment Effects on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-(1 to 13 pct)Si-Mg Cast Alloys

The effects of solution treatment time and Si content and morphology on microstructures and mechanical properties of heat-treated Al-Si-Mg cast alloys were investigated systematically. Five alloys, with Si levels ranging from 1 to 13 pct, were tested in as-cast, T4, and T61 conditions. The eutectic Si was both unmodified and Sr-modified. Results show that the microstructures are affected significantly by alloy composition, eutectic Si morphology, and solution treatment time. Si content has significant effects on ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation as well as a strong influence on solution treatment response. In T61 treatment with different solutionizing times, UTS and YS reach their maximum values in ~1 hour of solutionizing followed by a decrease, then a slight increase, and finally, a plateau close to the maximum level. Elongation of alloys with a high Si content, 7 pct and 13 pct, increases rapidly at solutionizing times of 1 to 2 hours then varies in a wide range, showing improvements in the 4 to 10 hours range. The data indicate that a solution treatment time of ~1 hour is sufficient to achieve maximum strength. The changes in mechanical properties were correlated to changes in microstructure evolution—Mg-Si precipitation, Si particle fragmentation, and microstructure homogenization. Empirical models uniquely relating Si content to UTS and YS are given for T61 heat-treated alloys.     

Aging Effects on Heat Treatment Response and Mechanical Properties of Al-(1 to 13 pct)Si-Mg Cast Alloys

The effects of solution treatment time and Si content and morphology on microstructures and mechanical properties of heat-treated Al-Si-Mg cast alloys were investigated systematically. Five alloys, with Si levels ranging from 1 to 13 pct, were tested in as-cast, T4, and T61 conditions. The eutectic Si was both unmodified and Sr-modified. Results show that the microstructures are affected significantly by alloy composition, eutectic Si morphology, and solution treatment time. Si content has significant effects on ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation as well as a strong influence on solution treatment response. In T61 treatment with different solutionizing times, UTS and YS reach their maximum values in ~1 hour of solutionizing followed by a decrease, then a slight increase, and finally, a plateau close to the maximum level. Elongation of alloys with a high Si content, 7 pct and 13 pct, increases rapidly at solutionizing times of 1 to 2 hours then varies in a wide range, showing improvements in the 4 to 10 hours range. The data indicate that a solution treatment time of ~1 hour is sufficient to achieve maximum strength. The changes in mechanical properties were correlated to changes in microstructure evolution—Mg-Si precipitation, Si particle fragmentation, and microstructure homogenization. Empirical models uniquely relating Si content to UTS and YS are given for T61 heat-treated alloys.     

Microstructure-property relationships of two AI-3Li-2Cu-0.2Zr-XCd alloys

The microstructure and tensile properties of two A1-3 wt pct Li-2 wt pct Cu-0.2 wt pct Zr alloys, one Cd-free and one containing 0.2 wt pct Cd, have been investigated. The Cd-free alloy remained unrecrystallized for all solutionizing treatments studied, whereas a special treatment had to be developed to prevent recrystallization during solutionizing of the 0.2 wt pct Cd alloy. In combination with cadmium, zirconium either enters into, or nucleates on, the course Al₇Cu₂Fe and T₂ phases during high temperature annealing. This reduces the volume fraction of small coherent Al₃Zr particles in the matrix which normally inhibits recrystallization. Consequently, a low temperature anneal to precipitate Al₃Zr is necessary prior to high temperature solutionizing in order to prevent recrystallization in the Cd-containing alloy. Unlike its effect in lower lithium, higher copper content aluminum alloys, cadmium does not significantly affect the nucleation of the strengthening precipitates. If anything, cadmium has a detrimental effect on the age hardening response of this alloy, since it increases the formation of coarse Al-Cu-Li equilibrium phases at grain and subgrain boundaries and thus removes some of the copper and lithium from participating in the formation of the strengthening precipitates T₁ and δ′. Subgrain boundary fracture occurred during tensile tests of both alloys in the unrecrystallized condition; however, transgranular fracture occurred in tests of the partially recrystallized 0.2 wt pct Cd alloy. Both types of fractures are believed due to a form of strain localization associated with precipitate free zones and shearable precipitates. Formerly with the Fracture and Fatigue Research Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA     

奥氏体化温度对调质Ti-V微合金钢力学性能的影响

研究了奥氏体化温度对调质Ti-V微合金钢力学性能的影响。金相和透射电镜观察揭示了奥氏体晶粒尺寸随奥氏体化温度的变化规律。在850~1200℃的温度范围内,随着奥氏体化温度的升高,奥氏体晶粒尺寸经历了稳定-骤增-稳定三个阶段。抗拉强度和冲击韧性试验结果显示,实验钢的抗拉强度R_m随着奥氏体化温度的升高逐渐增加,而冲击韧性则经历了稳定-降低-升高的过程。一定温度下沉淀相粒子的粗化导致了奥氏体晶粒尺寸的突然增加;随温度升高,合金元素不断固溶所导致的回火后弥散析出的增多和沉淀相粒子的有效钉扎是抗拉强度增加的主要原因,而一定温度下晶粒的不正常长大和尺寸均匀化则是影响实验钢冲击韧性的关键因素。      

Microstructure and properties of spray-deposited 2014+15 vol pct SiC particulate-reinforced metal matrix composite

A metal matrix composite (MMC) of 2014 aluminum alloy reinforced with 15 vol pct SiC particulate was produced by the spray-forming-deposition process. The as-deposited preform revealed a high density and a homogeneous reinforcement distribution. Reactive products were not found on interfaces between the reinforcement and the matrix. Compared to the control alloy, the composite showed accelerated aging after solutionizing at 502 °C, while aging was retarded after solutionizing at 475 °C. Analysis indicated that the activation energy was almost the same for the aging process after different solutionizing treatments. This suggested that while the thermal barrier for the aging process was the same, other factors affecting the aging process should be considered. For example, the effective concentration of the precipitate forming elements possibly decreased after incompletely solutionizing at 475 °C. After heat treatment, the composite showed a tensile strength similar to the control alloy. The wear resistance of the composite improved considerably. The aging behavior of the composite was also studied using the nanoindentation technique. Steep gradient distribution of elastic modulus and hardness around the reinforcement SiC particulate was observed. Theoretical analysis showed that this could be attributed to the gradient distribution of precipitates, resulting from a gradient distribution of dislocation density around the SiC particulates caused by residual thermal misfit stresses.     

Precipitation Strengthening by Nanometer-sized Carbides in Hot-rolled Ferritic Steels

The mechanical properties of the hot-rolled plates of Ti steel and Ti-Mo steel after isothermal transformation in a temperature range of 600 700 ℃ for 60 min have been tested, and the microstructures of the matrix and the characteristics of precipitated nanometer-sized carbides have also been examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The precipitation regularity of nanometer-sized carbides has been studied by thermodynamic method and the contributions of corresponding strengthening mechanisms to the total yield strength have been calculated. The tensile strength of hot-rolled Ti-Mo ferritie steel can achieve 780 MPa with an elongation of 20.0% after being isothermally treated at 600 ℃ for 60 rain, and the tensile strength of Ti steel is 605 MPa with an elongation of 22.7%, according to the results of tensile tests. The critical nucleation size of （Ti,Mo）C is smaller than that of TiC at a given isothermal temperature, but the nucleation rate of （Ti, Mo）C is larger than that of TiC. The grainrefinement strengthening and precipitation strengthening contribute the main amount of the total yield strength. The major increase in yield strength with the decrease of isothermal temperature results from the contribution of precipi tation strengthening. The contribution of precipitation strengthening to the yield strength of the steels has been esti mated. The ferrite phase can be strengthened by about 400 MPa through precipitation strengthening in Ti-Mo steel isothermally treated at 600 ℃ for 60 rain, which is about 200 MPa higher than that of Ti steel under the same conditions.     

A transmission electron microscopy study of the mechanisms of strengthening in heat-treated Co-Cr-Mo-C alloys

Microstructures produced in the Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy H.S.21 were observed by transmission electron microscopy in cast specimens following solutionizing at 1230°C and aging at 650°C and in low-carbon wrought specimens following solutionizing and aging at 650°C and 750°C. In all cases, aging was found to promote the formation of fcc stacking faults and to cause an initial martensitic transformation from the fcc phase to a heavily faulted hep structure. Precipitate formation was observed in hcp areas of the cast material after 20 h at 650°C and in hcp areas of wrought material after 20 h at 750°C. Prolonged aging at 750°C produced a transformation in the hcp structure of wrought specimens, with a relatively fault-free structure replacing the heavily faulted martensitic form. Interruption of fcc slip by both fcc stacking faults and bands of hcp phase was found to be the principal strengthening mechanism activated by aging. Precipitate formation in the hcp plays an increasingly significant role as aging time is increased. This microstructural information is used to explain the observed tensile properties of these alloys after the heat treatments mentioned.     

A transmission electron microscopy study of the mechanisms of strengthening in heat-treated Co-Cr-Mo-C alloys

Microstructures produced in the Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy H.S.21 were observed by transmission electron microscopy in cast specimens following solutionizing at 1230°C and aging at 650°C and in low-carbon wrought specimens following solutionizing and aging at 650°C and 750°C. In all cases, aging was found to promote the formation of fcc stacking faults and to cause an initial martensitic transformation from the fcc phase to a heavily faulted hep structure. Precipitate formation was observed in hcp areas of the cast material after 20 h at 650°C and in hcp areas of wrought material after 20 h at 750°C. Prolonged aging at 750°C produced a transformation in the hcp structure of wrought specimens, with a relatively fault-free structure replacing the heavily faulted martensitic form. Interruption of fcc slip by both fcc stacking faults and bands of hcp phase was found to be the principal strengthening mechanism activated by aging. Precipitate formation in the hcp plays an increasingly significant role as aging time is increased. This microstructural information is used to explain the observed tensile properties of these alloys after the heat treatments mentioned.     

SiCp/6066Al复合材料的形变热处理研究

采用金相、布氏硬度、拉伸、DSC以及扫描电镜等研究手段研究了低温形变热处理对时效析出动力学、力学性能和拉伸断口的影响，以及时效时间对拉伸性能和拉伸断口的影响。结果表明，时效存在最佳时效时间，时效时间对力学性能和断口影响较大．其中以峰时效样品的强度和硬度最高，断口中的韧窝最小；固溶后的冷变形加速第二相的进效析出，变形程度越大时效析出速度越快，并且其力学性能越高，同时断口韧窝也越细小。     

Microstructure and properties of hot isostatically pressed A-286

Prealloyed A-286 powder was produced by three techniques; rotating electrode, melt ex-plosion and water atomization. These powders were hot isostatically pressed for 3 h at temperatures of either 1366 or 1477 K and pressures of either 69 or 207 MPa in Armco iron cans. The best tensile properties were obtained for a restricted particle size of the rotating electrode process powder. Properties comparable to wrought A-286 were achieved by outgassing the powder before consolidation and increasing the solutionizing temperature. Fracture in the hot isostatically pressed material appeared to be brittle intergranular in nature but these faceted surfaces contained a fine ductile dimpled struc-ture. The fracture path occurred along prior particle boundaries, which were decorated with fine TiC particles. Each particle gives rise to void initiation and ductile rupture. Preliminary evidence suggests that the hot isostatically pressed material had less scat-ter in mechanical properties than wrought following aging. Formerly with Sandia Labs, Livermore, CA.     

Q420qE厚板的回火工艺探讨

针对Q420qE厚板回火出现屈强比升高的问题,对Q420qE不同回火温度的组织转变进行研究,找出不同回火工艺过程中析出物对钢板屈服强度的影响规律,提出了符合现场实际生产条件的回火工艺,成功应用于实际生产。     

The aging response of Al-Cu and Al-Cu-Mg directionally solidified eutectics

The microstructure and mechanical properties of directionally solidified Al-Cu eutectic and the microstructure of directionally solidified Al-Cu-Mg eutectic alloys have been studied in as-grown, quenched, and aged conditions. In both systems the microstructure of the aluminum-rich α phase responded to aging treatments in a manner like that of dilute alloys of comparable composition. The cooling rate of the alloys from the solutionizing temperature is important in determining final α-phase composition, since the diffusion path to the lamellar interphase boundaries is only on the order of 1 μ in length. Even when water quenched, the aged α lamellae contain precipitate-free zones along the interphase boundaries, probably due to the epitaxial precipitation of solute as CuAl₂ or CuMgAl₂ onto the corresponding bulk phases. Mechanical testing of the Al-Cu binary composite in tension and compression shows that the strength of properly aged specimens is twice that of as-grown material. The calculated α- phase yield strength is generally higher than expected, and there is a strength-differential effect whose magnitude varies with heat treatment.     

加热温度对X70钢原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响

对X70管线钢的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度的变化情况进行了研究,结果表明,随着加热温度的升高,原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,并在1 200℃附近出现粗大晶粒,而钢中的铌在1 150℃左右已基本固溶,由此对此种管线钢在控轧控冷工艺中加热温度的选择进行了探讨。     

Silicide Precipitation in Alloy Ti-6AI-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.25Si

Silicide precipitation in the titanium alloy containing by wt pct 6Al-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.25Si (Alloy 685) has been investigated using electron diffraction. The solutionizing temperature for this alloy is 1323 K. It is observed that no resolvable silicide precipitates are present in the alloy as received, furnace cooled from 1323 K and aged at 823 K, or oil quenched from 1323 K and aged at 823 K. Specimen solutionized at 1323 K for 30 minutes followed by water quenching and aging at 923 K for 24 hours shows fine precipitates at boundaries of α′ platelets. Diffraction analysis shows that the fine precipitates belong to two different types of identifiable hexagonal silicides similar to those observed by Floweret al in the ternary Ti-5Zr-0.5Si alloy to be (TiZr)₅Si₃ and another of unknown stoichiometry. However, aging of the water quenched specimens for 24 hours at higher temperatures, 973 K and 1073 K, results in the precipitation of a silicide similar to the latter one. It is analyzed that this silicide has lattice parameters a = 0.70₂ nm and c = 0.36₈ nm. Since aging at 973 K and 1073 K gives rise to precipitation of the same silicide, it is concluded that this is the stable silicide in Alloy 685 in the temperature range investigated.     

氮对0.3C—26Cr—8Ni耐热钢组织与性能的影响

采用酸碱滴定法分析０．３Ｃ－２６Ｃｒ－８Ｎｉ铸态和１２５０℃高温拉伸后的固溶氮量和化俣氮量，探讨了氮的存在形式我的拉伸性能的关系。结果表明、铸态和高温拉伸后氮大部分以化合态形式存在，高温拉伸中，随氮化物的析出使氮固溶量降低。随着氮加入量的增加，在合金室温延伸率下降，但室温强度和高温强度、高温延伸率呈先上升后下降的规律。     

Topologically close-packed phase precipitation and thermal stability in alloy 22

The thermal stability of Alloy 22 affected by the precipitation of topologically close-packed (TCP) phases was investigated by means of experimental measurements and thermodynamic calculations. Both mill-annealed and welded specimens were exposed to various thermal aging and solution-annealing treatments. Microstructural analyses showed progressive precipitation of TCP phases in both the mill-annealed and welded specimens upon aging at 870 °C. Solution annealing of the welded material results in homogenization of the fusion zone; however, a high annealing temperature of 1300 °C leads to undesirable grain growth. All aging and solutionizing treatments of the welded material enhance precipitation of the secondary phases. Thermodynamic calculations predicted a solvus temperature of 1271 °C for the TCP phase in the interdendritic region as a result of Mo segregation during the solidification of the welded metal. This model prediction is consistent with experimental results showing that precipitates are observed in the welded material after various solution-annealing treatments. Results obtained from the present study suggest that solution-annealing treatments for Alloy 22 disposal containers should be carefully evaluated to assure that a homogeneous single-phase structure will be obtained. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Effect of Processing on Materials Properties for Nuclear Waste Disposition,” November 10–11, 2003, at the TMS Fall meeting in Chicago, Illinois, under the joint auspices of the TMS Corrosion and Environmental Effects and Nuclear Materials Committees.     

Nb含量对GH4169合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

采用真空感应熔炼、锻造、轧制、热处理等工艺得到Nb元素含量分别为4.99%、5.13%、5.34%、5.50%的四种GH4169合金,研究了Nb元素含量对GH4169合金组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:随着Nb元素含量的增加,GH4169合金两组室温屈服强度和抗拉强度的均值分别由1124.5 MPa和1402 MPa提高至1152.5 MPa和1489 MPa,两组650℃屈服强度和抗拉强度的均值分别由867.5 MPa和1035 MPa提高至975.0 MPa和1105 MPa,室温拉伸塑性略有降低,但650℃拉伸塑性几乎无变化,说明Nb元素含量的增加促进了主要强化相γ″的析出和长大,同时金相观察表明同样促进了晶界δ相的析出。