A tau approach for solution of the space fractional diffusion equation

Fractional differentials provide more accurate models of systems under consideration. In this paper, approximation techniques based on the shifted Legendre-tau idea are presented to solve a class of initial-boundary value problems for the fractional diffusion equations with variable coefficients on a finite domain. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. The technique is derived by expanding the required approximate solution as the elements of shifted Legendre polynomials. Using the operational matrix of the fractional derivative the problem can be reduced to a set of linear algebraic equations. From the computational point of view, the solution obtained by this method is in excellent agreement with those obtained by previous work in the literature and also it is efficient to use.     

Approximate solution for a variable-coefficient semilinear heat equation with nonlocal boundary conditions

This paper develops an iterative algorithm for the solution to a variable-coefficient semilinear heat equation with nonlocal boundary conditions in the reproducing space. It is proved that the approximate sequence u _n (x, t) converges to the exact solution u(x, t). Moreover, the partial derivatives of u _n (x, t) are also convergent to the partial derivatives of u(x, t). And the approximate sequence u _n (x, t) is the best approximation under a complete normal orthogonal system.     

Legendre wavelets method for approximate solution of fractional-order differential equations under multi-point boundary conditions

In this paper, Legendre wavelet collocation method is applied for numerical solutions of the fractional-order differential equations subject to multi-point boundary conditions. The explicit formula of fractional integral of a single Legendre wavelet is derived from the definition by means of the shifted Legendre polynomial. The proposed method is very convenient for solving fractional-order multi-point boundary conditions, since the boundary conditions are taken into account automatically. The main characteristic behind this approach is that it reduces equations to those of solving a system of algebraic equations which greatly simplifies the problem. Several numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the presented method.     

第一类边界对流扩散方程LDG方法的稳定性

针对一维常系数对流扩散模型方程,讨论了当含有第一类边界条件时,局部间断有限元方法（LDG方法）的稳定性。利用有限元理论基本分析技巧,证明了当边界条件为第一类的边界条件时,LDG方法为稳定的,并利用数值算例证明理论分析的正确性。     

Null controllability for a parabolic equation with nonlocal nonlinearities

In this paper, we establish a local null controllability result for a nonlinear parabolic PDE with nonlocal nonlinearities. The result relies on the (global) null controllability of similar linear equations and a fixed point argument. We also analyze other similar controllability problems and we present several open questions.     

A study of an impulsive four-point nonlocal boundary value problem of nonlinear fractional differential equations

This paper studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a four-point nonlocal boundary value problem of nonlinear impulsive differential equations of fractional order q∈(1,2]. Our results are based on some standard fixed point theorems. Some illustrative examples are also discussed.     

A method for high-order multipoint boundary value problems with Birkhoff-type conditions

In this paper an efficient numerical method for solving a class of multipoint boundary value problems with special boundary conditions of Birkhoff-type is presented. After a quick reference to Birkhoff-type interpolation polynomial which satisfies the particular conditions, and a result on the existence and uniqueness of solution of the given problem, an algorithm is introduced to find a polynomial that approximates the solution. It is a general collocation method. Then an a priori estimation of the error of this approximation is given. Finally, to show the efficiency and the applicability of the method, numerical results are presented. These numerical experiments provide favourable comparisons with the NDSolve command of Mathematica.     

The exterior problem for the Helmholtz equation with mixed boundary conditions in three dimensions

In this article, a new integral equation is derived to solve the exterior problem for the Helmholtz equation with mixed boundary conditions in three dimensions, and existence and uniqueness is proven for all wave numbers. We apply the boundary element collocation method to solve the system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, where we use constant interpolation. We observe superconvergence at the collocation nodes and illustrate it with numerical results for several smooth surfaces.     

A numerical method for solving a nonlinear 2-D optimal control problem with the classical diffusion equation

This paper presents a numerical solution for solving a nonlinear 2-D optimal control problem (2DOP). The performance index of a nonlinear 2DOP is described with a state and a control function. Furthermore, dynamic constraint of the system is given by a classical diffusion equation. It is preferred to use the Ritz method for finding the numerical solution of the problem. The method is based upon the Legendre polynomial basis. By using this method, the given optimisation nonlinear 2DOP reduces to the problem of solving a system of algebraic equations. The benefit of the method is that it provides greater flexibility in which the given initial and boundary conditions of the problem are imposed. Moreover, compared with the eigenfunction method, the satisfactory results are obtained only in a small number of polynomials order. This numerical approach is applicable and effective for such a kind of nonlinear 2DOP. The convergence of the method is extensively discussed and finally two illustrative examples are included to observe the validity and applicability of the new technique developed in the current work.     

Localized radial basis functions-based pseudo-spectral method (LRBF-PSM) for nonlocal diffusion problems

Spectral/pseudo-spectral methods based on high order polynomials have been successfully used for solving partial differential and integral equations. In this paper, we will present the use of a localized radial basis functions-based pseudo-spectral method (LRBF-PSM) for solving 2D nonlocal problems with radial nonlocal kernels. The basic idea of the LRBF-PSM is to construct a set of orthogonal functions by RBFs on each overlapping sub-domain from which the global solution can be obtained by extending the approximation on each sub-domain to the entire domain. Numerical implementation indicates that the proposed LRBF-PSM is simple to use, efficient and robust to solve various nonlocal problems.     

A fast singular boundary method for 3D Helmholtz equation

This paper presents a fast singular boundary method (SBM) for three-dimensional (3D) Helmholtz equation. The SBM is a boundary-type meshless method which incorporates the advantages of the boundary element method (BEM) and the method of fundamental solutions (MFS). It is easy-to-program, and attractive to the problems with complex geometries. However, the SBM is usually limited to small-scale problems, because of the operation count of $O\left(N^3\right)$ with direct solvers or $O\left(N^2\right)$ with iterative solvers, as well as the memory requirement of $O\left(N^2\right)$. To overcome this drawback, this study makes the first attempt to employ the precorrected-FFT (PFFT) to accelerate the SBM matrix–vector multiplication at each iteration step of the GMRES for 3D Helmholtz equation. Consequently, the computational complexity can be reduced from $O\left(N^2\right)$ to $O\left(NlogN\right)$ or $O\left(N\right)$. Three numerical examples are successfully tested on a desktop computer. The results clearly demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the developed fast PFFT-SBM strategy.     

Existence results for impulsive differential inclusions with nonlocal conditions

In this paper, we shall establish sufficient conditions for the existence of mild solutions for nonlocal impulsive differential inclusions. On the basis of the fixed point theorems for multivalued maps and the technique of approximate solutions, new results are obtained. Examples are also provided to illustrate our results.     

Sub-zonal models for the diffusion equation with multi-material mixed cells

We describe a numerical method for the diffusion equation based upon homogenising or averaging multi-material mixed cell values. The method is computationally less expensive, than a more general method based on treating pure and mixed cells alike, but accuracy is lost in the mixed cells. In this paper we consider different sub-zonal model improvements based upon reconstruction using local based information. We present results for one and two dimensional problems, and from them conclusions are drawn to their accuracy and applicability.     

Reconstruction of the corrosion boundary for the Laplace equation by using a boundary collocation method

In this paper, we consider the identification of a corrosion boundary for the two-dimensional Laplace equation. A boundary collocation method is proposed for determining the unknown portion of the boundary from the Cauchy data on a part of the boundary. Since the resulting matrix equation is badly ill-conditioned, a regularized solution is obtained by employing the Tikhonov regularization technique, while the regularization parameter is provided by the generalized cross-validation criterion. Numerical examples show that the proposed method is reasonable and feasible.     

Quadratic approximation of solutions for boundary value problems with nonlocal boundary conditions

In this paper, using the quasilinearization method coupled with the method of upper and lower solutions, we study a class of second-order nonlinear boundary value problems with nonlocal boundary conditions. We establish some sufficient conditions under which corresponding monotone sequences converge uniformly and quadratically to the unique solution of the problem. An example is also included to illustrate the main result.     

A new L-stable Simpson-type rule for the diffusion equation

The well-known Simpson rule is an optimal two-step fourth-order method which is unconditionally unstable. In the present paper we describe a new L-stable version of the method. A suitable combination of the arithmetic average approximation with the explicit backward Euler formula provides a third-order approximation at the midpoint which, when plugged into the Simpson rule, gives a third-order L-stable scheme. The L-stable Simpson-type rule (LSIMP3) obtained is then employed to derive a third-order time integration scheme for the diffusion equation. Numerical illustrations are provided to compare the performance of the new LSIMP3 scheme with the Crank–Nicolson scheme. While the Crank–Nicolson scheme can produce unacceptable oscillations in the computed solution, the present LSIMP3 scheme can provide both stable and accurate approximations.     

Matrix methods for the forced diffusion equation

Finite difference methods for the forced diffusion equation with time dependent boundary conditions are developed using matrices to represent both the approximate solution and the difference operations. This technique allows the boundary conditions to be included in a natural way and eliminates the need for an analysis of the commutativity of the spatial difference operations. The matrix methods are used to develop algorithms that are second order accurate in space and time for a standard square domain and an annular domain.