GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL SAMPLES FROM THE IRANIAN SECTOR OF THE PERSIAN GULF

High-resolution (biomarker) geochemistry combined with other geochemical data has been used to investigate the genetic relationships of 14 crude oil samples from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, and to provide information on the lithologies, palaeo-depositional environments and probable ages of the respective source rocks. Oil samples from the Resalat, Salman, Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields in the SE of the Gulf, and the Foroozan, Bahregansar, Hendijan, Abouzar, Doroud and Nowrouz fields in the NW of the Gulf were investigated.
Results indicate that the studied oils belong to three genetic groups:

• (i)  

  Group 1 oils (Resalat and Salman fields) were sourced from Jurassic or older, shaly source rocks deposited in a relatively oxic environment;
• (ii)  

  Group 2 oils (Nowrouz, Doroud and Foroozan oilfields) originated from Jurassic or older carbonate-rich source rocks deposited in an anoxic environment;
• (iii)  

  Group 3 oils, which, according to biomarker parameters, were probably sourced from Middle Cretaceous calcareous shales. Two subgroups are recognised: subgroup 3A oils were sampled from oilfields located in the NW of the Gulf (Hendijan, Bahregansar and Abouzar), and subgroup 3B oils came from the south (Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields).

     

BIOMARKER GEOCHEMISTRY OF PALEOGENE CRUDE OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS FROM THE RAOYANG SAG,BOHAI BAY BASIN,NE CHINA: AN OIL – SOURCE ROCK CORRELATION STUDY

This study presents a systematic geochemical analysis of Paleogene crude oils and source rocks from the Raoyang Sag in the Jizhong sub-basin of the Bohai Bay Basin (NE China). The geochemical characteristics of fifty-three oil samples from wells in four sub-sags were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty core samples of mudstones from Members 1 and 3 of the Eocene-Oligocene Shahejie Formation were investigated for total organic carbon (TOC) content and by Rock-Eval pyrolysis and GC-MS to study their geochemistry and hydrocarbon generation potential. The oils were tentatively correlated to the source rocks. The results show that three groups of crude oils can be identified. Group I oils are characterized by high values of the gammacerane index and low values of the ratios of Pr/Ph, Ts/Tm, 20S/(20S+20R) C₂₉ steranes, ββ/(ββ+αα) C₂₉ steranes, C₂₇ diasteranes/ C₂₇ regular steranes and C₂₇/C₂₉ steranes. These oils have the lowest maturity and are interpreted to have originated from a source rock containing mixed organic matter deposited in an anoxic saline lacustrine environment. The biomarker parameter values of Group III oils are the opposite to those in Group I, and are interpreted to indicate a highly mature, terrigenous organic matter input into source rocks which were deposited in suboxic to anoxic freshwater lacustrine conditions. The parameter values of Group II oils are between those of the oils in Groups I and III, and are interpreted to indicate that the oils were generated from mixed organic matter in source rocks deposited in an anoxic brackish–saline or saline lacustrine environment. The results of the source rock analyses show that samples from Member 1 of the Shahejie Formation were deposited in an anoxic, brackish – saline or saline lacustrine environment with mixed organic matter input and are of low maturity. Source rocks in Member 3 of the Shahejie Formation were deposited in a suboxic to anoxic, brackish – saline or freshwater lacustrine environment with a terrigenous organic matter input and are of higher maturity. Correlation between rock samples and crude oils indicates that Group I oils were probably derived from Member 1 source rocks, while Group III oils were more likely generated by Member 3 source rocks. The Group II oils with transitional characteristics are likely to have a mixed source from both sets of source rocks.     

GEOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF CRUDE OILS IN THE NW NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Sixty-six oils from eleven offshore and onshore fields in the NW Niger Delta, Nigeria were analyzed geochemically for their biomarker and isotopic compositions. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to distinguish generic oil families from the large, complex data set. Biomarker and isotopic source parameter distributions were used to group the oils into three generic families. Family A oils, located in the onshore swamp to transitional area, received charges from predominantly Late Cretaceous or younger marine source rocks laid down in a sub-oxic to oxic depositional environment. Family B oils occur in the near-offshore area and are derived from Tertiary source facies that received an input of mixed terrigenous and marine organic matter. Family C oils, which dominate the offshore area, were derived from Tertiary source rocks typical of those deposited in oxic, nearshore or deltaic settings receiving significant terrestrial organic matter. Biomarker maturity parameters showed that the onshore (swamp) oils were generated at the peak of the oil generating window, while the transitional to offshore oils were expelled at an earlier stage of oil generation.     

GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS,SEEPAGE OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS FROM BELIZE AND GUATEMALA: INDICATIONS OF CARBONATE‐SOURCED PETROLEUM SYSTEMS

This study reviews the stratigraphy and the poorly documented petroleum geology of the Belize‐Guatemala area in northern Central America. Guatemala is divided by the east‐west trending La Libertad arch into the North and South Petén Basins. The arch is the westward continuation of the Maya Mountains fault block in central Belize which separates the Corozal Basin in northern Belize from the Belize Basin to the south. Numerous petroleum seeps have been reported in both of these basins. Small‐scale oil production takes place in the Corozal Basin and the North and South Petén Basins. For this study, samples of crude oil, seepage oil and potential source rocks were collected from both countries and were investigated by organic geochemical analyses and microscopy. The oil samples consisted of non‐biodegraded crude oils and slightly to severely biodegraded seepage oils, both of which were generated from source rocks with similar thermal maturities. The crude oils were generated from marine carbonate source rocks and could be divided into three groups: Group 1 oils come from the North Petén Basin (Guatemala) and the western part of the Corozal Basin (Belize), and have a typical carbonate‐sourced geochemical composition. The oils correlate with extracts of organic‐rich limestones assigned to the Upper Cretaceous “Xan horizon” in the Xan oilfield in the North Petén Basin. The oils were generated from a single source facies in the North Petén Basin, but were charged from two different sub‐basins. Group 2 oils comprise crudes from the South Petén Basin. They have characteristics typical of carbonate‐sourced oils, but these characteristics are less pronounced than those of Group 1 oils. A mixed marine/lacustrine source facies deposited under strongly reducing conditions in a local kitchen area is inferred. Group 3 oils come from the Corozal Basin, Belize. A carbonate but also a more “shaly” source rock composition for these oils is inferred. A severely biodegraded seepage oil from Belmopan, the capital of Belize, resembles a nearby crude oil. The eastern sub‐basin in the North Petén Basin may potentially be the kitchen area for these oils, and for the seepage oils found in the western part of the Corozal Basin. The seepage oils from the Corozal and Belize Basins are moderately to severely biodegraded and were generated from carbonate source rocks. Some of the seepage oils have identical C_27–29 sterane distributions to the Group 2 oils, but “biodegradation insensitive” biomarker ratios show that the seepage oils can be divided into separate sub‐groups. Severely and slightly biodegraded seepage oils in the Belize Basin were probably almost identical prior to biodegradation. Lower Cretaceous limestones from the Belize Basin have petroleum generation potential, but the samples are immature. The kitchen for the seepage oils in the Belize Basin remains unknown.     

塔里木盆地塔西南坳陷柯东构造带甫沙4井原油来源及充注过程

甫沙4井位于塔里木盆地塔西南坳陷昆仑山前冲断带的柯东构造带上,北部和东部分别发育有柯克亚和柯东1井油气田。为研究甫沙4井原油来源与充注过程,对原油样品和连续抽提后的含油砂样各组分（游离态、束缚态、包裹体）进行GC、GC?MS和 GC?IRMS分析,与柯克亚凝析油气田油样进行油—油对比。结果表明：甫沙4井晚期充注原油组分具有C_29?32重排藿烷、重排甾烷和Ts相对含量高,C_27?29甾烷ααα 20R分布呈反“L”型,以及正构烷烃单体碳同位素值较低等特征,与柯克亚凝析油气田来源于二叠系普司格组（P_2?3p）烃源岩的主体原油（I类）地球化学特征一致。而早期充注的原油组分具有重排藿烷、重排甾烷和Ts相对含量较低,C_27?29甾烷ααα 20R分布呈“V”型,以及正构烷烃单体碳同位素值较高等特征,与柯克亚凝析油气田来源于中—下侏罗统湖相泥岩的II类原油地球化学特征一致。甫沙4井经历3个阶段成藏过程：①在上新世,二叠系烃源岩于生油晚期阶段生成的I类原油运移至柯克亚构造带或柯东构造带深部形成油藏;②在更新世早期,侏罗系烃源岩于生油早—中期生成的II类原油运移至甫沙4井白垩系储层;③在第四纪,强烈的构造作用使深部I类原油沿断裂调整进入甫沙4井白垩系储层。最终造成甫沙4井白垩系储层II类原油先充注,I类原油后充注的特殊现象。     

GEOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS FROM CENTRAL AND NE SYRIA

Eighteen crude oils and seven source rock samples from the Mesopotamian foredeep, NE Syria, and from the NE Palmyrides in the centre of the country have been characterized by geochemical techniques. The presence of two oil families ("A" and "B") generated by different source rock types of different ages has been established on the basis of biomarker and carbon isotopic analyses. The data indicates that Groups A and B oils were generated by marine clastic and marine carbonate-evaporitic source rocks, respectively. Group A oils, occurring in Middle Triassic, Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous reservoir rocks in the NE Palmyride area, are geochemically similar to extracts from the Lower Triassic Amanus Shale Formation. Group B oils, which are present in Middle Triassic, Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous reservoirs in the Mesopotamian foredeep, are geochemically similar to extracts of the Middle Triassic Kurra Chine Dolomite and Upper Cretaceous Shiranish Formations.     

Organic geochemistry characterisation of crude oils from Mishrif reservoir rocks in the southern Mesopotamian Basin,South Iraq: Implication for source input and paleoenvironmental conditions

Seven crude oils from Cretaceous Mishrif reservoir rocks in the southern Mesopotamian Basin, South Iraq were studied to describe oil characteristics, providing information on the source of organic matter input and the genetic link between oils and their potential source rock in the basin. This study is based on biomarker and non-biomarker analyses performed on oil samples. The analysed oils are aromatic intermediate oils as indicated by high aromatic hydrocarbon fractions with more that 50%. These oils are also characterized by high sulfur and trace metal (Ni, V) contents and relatively low API gravity values (19.0–27.2° API). The results of this study indicate that these oils were derived from a marine carbonate source rocks bearing Type II-S kerogen that were deposited under sulphate-reducing conditions. This is primary achieved from their biomarkers and bulk carbon isotope and inorganic element contents (i.e., S, Ni and V). The absence of 18a (H)-oleanane biomarker also suggests a source age older than Late Cretaceous. The biomarker characteristics of these oils are consistent with those of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous source rocks in the basin. However, biomarker maturity data also indicate that the oils were generated from early maturity source rocks. This appears to result from the type of kerogen of the source rock, characterized by a high-S kerogen (Type II-S).     

THE GENERATION OF IMMATURE OILS IN THE LACUSTRINE JIYANG MEGA-DEPRESSION, BOHAI BAY BASIN, CHINA

The lacustrine Jiyang mega-depression (Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China) produces important volumes of immature oils. These oils were generated at shallow burial depths by source rocks which have not entered the conventional oil window. Oil-source correlation studies have determined that the oils were mainly generated by source rock intervals in the Es4 and Es1 Members of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation, which were deposited in saline- to brackish-water and brackish-water lacustrine conditions, respectively. Minor quantities of oil came from Es3 Member source rocks deposited in freshwater conditions.
Samples of the Es4, Es3 and Es1 source rocks underwent artificial maturation at low temperatures (100–400°C). For the Es4 sample, the hydrocarbon generation characteristics of soluble organic matter and kerogen were investigated. The results of the experiments show that soluble organic matter made a greater contribution than kerogen to the immature oil (76% versus 24%). A comparison of the results of the thermal simulation experiments with the naturally-occurring maturation profile shows that various factors influenced the generation of the immature oils. Firstly, the Es4 and Es1 Members include intervals enriched in algal material. Secondly, most of the immature oil is derived from soluble organic matter. Finally, the saline depositional environment was favorable for the preservation of organic matter.     

塔里木盆地北部常规原油形成机制

塔里木盆地北部地区有两种成因类型的常规油,与源岩类型及成熟度有关的常规油有:与中等成熟度的中生界源岩有关的陆相常规油,源区主要分布于库车拗陷,降解产物以轻质油一常规油为主;与中等成熟度的石炭系源岩有关的海相常规油,资源规模较小,集中程度也低,至今尚未发现以其为源岩的油气田（藏);与隆起及斜坡区奥陶系源岩有关的常规油,其中上统虽然有机质丰度偏低。但分布广、厚度大,降解产物为常规油一轻质油,其晚期的生油潜力值得重视。与成藏期及后生变化有关的常规油有:早期（海西期)成藏的油气经后生改造形成的残留油及重新组合形成的常规油;中期（印支一燕山期,最迟喜马拉雅中期)成藏的油气,由于成藏时封闭体系不严而形成的常规油。塔北地区不同源岩、不同演化阶段及相应的油气产物,经历了不同期次、不同程度的改造与变化,最终形成不同性质的油气藏,包括大量经后生改造而形成的常规油藏。      

Organic geochemistry investigations of crude oils from Bayoot oilfield in the Masila Basin,east Yemen and their implication for origin of organic matter and source-related type

Thirteen crude oil samples from fractured basement reservoir rocks in the Bayoot oilfield, Masila Basin were studied to describe oil characteristics and to provide information on the source of organic matter input and the genetic link between oils and their potential source rock in the basin. The bulk geochemical results of whole oil and gasoline hydrocarbons indicate that the Bayoot oils are normal crude oil, with high hydrocarbons of more than 60%. The hydrocarbons are dominated by normal, branched and cyclic alkanes a substantial of the light aromatic compounds, suggesting aliphatic oil-prone kerogen. The high abundant of normal, branched and cyclic alkanes also indicate that the Bayoot oils are not biodegradation oils.The biomarker distributions of isoprenoid, hopane, aromatic and sterane and their cross and triangular plots suggest that the Bayoot oils are grouped into one genetic family and were generated from marine clay-rich source rock that received mixed organic matter and deposited under suboxic conditions. The biomarker distributions of the Bayoot oils are consistent with those of the Late Jurassic Madbi source rock in the basin. Biomarker maturity and oil compositions data also indicate that the Bayoot oils were generated from mature source rock with peak oil-window maturity.     

SEVERE BIODEGRADATION OF CRUDE OILS FROM THE QUIRIQUIRE FIELD,EASTERN VENEZUELAN BASIN

Five crude oil samples from the Quiriquire field (Maturin sub-basin, Eastern Venezuelan Basin) were analysed to evaluate their levels of biodegradation. The oils were obtained from coarse sandstones and conglomerates of the Pliocene Quiriquire Formation at depths <1000 m. Analyses of the samples’ bulk physicochemical parameters indicate variations in API gravity and in the content of saturated hydrocarbons and NSO+asphaltenes, and also in the saturate/aromatic ratio which increases in more biodegraded oils. n-Alkane distributions are characterized by a dominant unresolved complex mixture (UCM) or hump under an envelope of peaks which lack the acyclic isoprenoids pristane and phytane. The alteration of steranes and terpanes together with the presence of 25-norhopanes and 17-nor-tricyclic terpanes, and the alteration of low molecular-weight (C₂₀-C₂₁) triaromatic steroids, phenanthrene, methyl-phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene and methyl-dibenzothiophene, indicate that the oils have undergone severe biodegradation. The oils contain compounds with different susceptibilities to biodegradation which is probably a consequence of the mixing of different oil charges in the Quiriquire Formation reservoir. The oils were derived from underlying source rocks in the Upper Cretaceous Guayuta Group (Querecual and San Antonio Formations), and migration into the shallow reservoir at Quiriquire field likely occurred continuously through time. Although the oils have undergone severe biodegradation, it was possible to make some inferences about their origin. Thus, the analyzed oils are interpreted to have originated from marine shale or marl source rocks containing mixed organic matter deposited under anoxic-suboxic conditions and were generated at near peak oil window maturities.     

不同类型煤系烃源岩对油气藏形成的作用

以冀中坳陷东北部石炭-二叠系和柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系主体煤系烃源岩为实例，运用油气地球化学新技术、新方法，在系统分析和总结大量烃源岩及油气样品（6629块／次）分析数据的基础上，根据油气源对比、不同类型烃源岩的综合评价和生烃量计算结果，确认冀中苏桥油气田的凝析油或轻质油主要是C2b-P1s含壳质组煤和炭质泥岩二次生排的油气；而柴北缘冷湖油田的原油主要来自J1浅湖一半深湖相泥岩，生排油气量也以湖相泥岩所生油气为主。煤系中的暗色泥岩、炭质泥岩和煤的有机质类型及显徽组分随沉积相或亚相的变化而不同，生烃能力差别很大，滨海（湖）沼泽煤及炭质泥岩生烃能力多好于泥岩，而较深水浅水湖（或海）沼泽泥岩生烃能力多优于煤。图5表7参16     

车排子凸起西南缘油气来源与成藏过程

车排子凸起紧邻两大生烃凹陷,由于烃源岩层多,油气来源尚不明确,为了进一步明确油气来源,对研究区的原油根据地球化学特征进行了分类,同时厘定了主力烃源岩的地化特征。研究结果表明:研究区的原油可以分为两类,其中Ⅰ类原油是氧化环境下高等植物来源的高成熟原油,主要来源于四棵树凹陷侏罗系烃源岩,Ⅱ类原油是氧化一还原环境下高等植物及藻类来源的较低成熟原油,主要来源于四棵树凹陷侏罗系烃源岩与白垩系或古近系源岩的混源。结合油气输导条件及区域构造背景演化,认为侏罗系/石炭系不整合底砾岩及沙湾组一段1砂组的"板砂"是油气横向运移的有利通道,而喜山期形成的正断层则是油气垂向运移的有利通道。     

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert,Egypt

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert, based on six crude oil samples, were studied by different analytical techniques, including API gravity, sulfur content, nickel and vanadium, bulk compositions and saturated fraction obtained from gas chromatography have been studied. The results show that the crude oils are normal to medium aromatic oils, with high API gravity and high sulfur content. V, Ni, V/Ni and V/(V + Ni) reflecting oils might be sourced from non-clastic source rocks, possibly carbonates, deposited under anoxic-suboxic conditions. Bulk compositions revealing that the crude oils were derived from marine organic sources. While, the paraffins and naphthenes percent indicates that the oils belong to paraffinic to naphthenic oil types, deposited in slightly anoxic to suboxic conditions and contained marine organic matter. Thermal maturity data showed that the oil samples were generated from mature source rocks. This indicates the studied oil samples are well correlated with each other, where they are similar in their oil type maturation and source depositional environments.     

Bulk geochemical characteristics and carbon isotope composition of oils from the Sayhut sub-basin in the Gulf of Aden with emphasis on organic matter input,age and maturity

The Sayhut sub-basin is undergoing hydrocarbon exploration province in the Gulf of Aden, South Yemen. In this study, geochemical analyses were performed on three oil samples from two exploration wells in the Sayhut sub-basin. The results were used to describe the source organic matter input, age and maturity and to correlate between crude oils from different pay zones.The high saturated hydrocarbon values of more than 70% indicate that the analysed oils are normal crude oils and not degraded oils. This is supported by a complete suite of their normal alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids. The hydrocarbon distributions of normal alkane and isoprenoid with bulk carbon isotope data also suggest that the analysed oils are grouped into two genetic families and were generated from marine-source rock. The family A presents by one oil sample representing Harshiyat reservoir rock and characterized by relatively high Ph/Ph ratio > 2 and δ¹³C values of their saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions range from ?26.1‰ to ?24.8‰. This oil family was derived from mixed organic matter with high contribution of a terrigenous organic matter input. The family A was deposited under suboxic conditions during the Late Cretaceous age. The family B presents by two oil samples representing Ghaydah and Habshiyah reservoir rocks and characterized by relatively low Ph/Ph ratio < 2 and carbon isotope less than ?23 for their saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. These oils were generated from source rock containing high contributions of marine organic matter (e.g., algal and microbial) with minor amount of land plant source inputs that was deposited in more reducing conditions. The family B oils are consistent with those of the Paleogene Umm Er Radhuma source rock.The hydrocarbon distribution and oil composition data also indicate that the analysed oils were generated from mature source rocks with a peak oil-window maturity.     

Oil: Source rock correlations of Al Baraka oil field,Komombo basin,South Egypt: An implication from biomarkers characteristics

The objectives of this study are the correlation between the oil samples recovered from the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs and Lower and Upper Cretaceous source rocks. The investigated biomarkers of five oils indicated the oils were derived from mixed marine and terrigenous (lacustrine) organic matter and deposited under suboxic to anoxic conditions. These oils were also generated from source rocks of high thermal maturity at the peak oil window. So, based on the molecular indicators of organic source input,depositional environment and maturity parameters of oils and extracts, we can conclude that the oil recovered from Al Baraka oil field were derived from Lower Cretaceous source rocks especially KomOmbo (B) source rocks where it reached the oil window. Furthermore, we can indicate that the other lower Cretaceous formations as Abu Ballas Formation will have the opportunity to generate and expel oil at the deeper part of the basin as shown in the eastern part of the basin.     

GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOURCE ROCKS IN THE QAIDAM BASIN, NW CHINA

In this paper, we discuss the organic geochemistry of source rocks in the Qaidam Basin, NW China, using data generated during a recent four-year study. This study addressed some basic problems concerning petroleum systems in the basin, problems which persist despite some five decades of exploration. We show that three separate source rocks are present and these are distinct in terms of both age and depositional facies and also geographical distribution.
The oldest source rocks are Lower Jurassic fresh-water lacustrine deposits which are generally confined to northern Qaidam. These are currently thermally mature or highly mature and have generated the oils, condensates and gases which have been discovered in Jurassic and Tertiary reservoirs in the North Qaidam area.
By contrast, Tertiary source rocks were deposited in saline lakes. Previous studies have shown that they are characterized by low TOC values (0.2–0.6%). However, we found Tertiary source rocks with TOC > 1.0%; these were deposited in hypersaline lakes around the Manya Depression in western Qaidam. These source rocks have probably generated the oils at fields recently discovered in the western part of the basin.
The youngest (gas-prone) source rocks in the basin are Quaternary. These were deposited in saline lakes in the east and central parts of the basin and are thermally immature. However they are thought to have generated the large volumes of biogenic gas which are present in Quaternary reservoirs.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUDE OILS FROM THE SHARARA-C OIL FIELD,MURZUQ BASIN,SOUTHWESTERN LIBYA

Crude oil samples from the Sharara-C oil field (Concession NC-115, Murzuq Basin, SW Libya) were analysed by organic geochemical methods in order to infer the geochemical characteristics of their respective source rocks. Aromatic hydrocarbons were analysed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) was used to analyse saturated biomarkers. The Sharara-C oils are interpreted to have been generated by marine shales containing mixed terrigenous and marine organic materials deposited in an intermediate (suboxic) environment. Age-specific biomarker ratios indicated that the oils are older than Cretaceous, and maturation-related parameters pointed to their high thermal maturity. Consistent with previous studies, source rocks are inferred to be “hot” shales in the Lower Silurian Tanezzuft Formation. Almost all the parameter ratios calculated varied over a very narrow range, indicating that the investigated oils were compositionally similar. The only significant difference that was noted concerned the sterane/hopane ratios whose variation suggested that there was some variability in the composition of the source organic material. The organic geochemical parameters determined for the Sharara-C crude oils were compared with published data on other crude oils from Concession NC-115. Almost all the parameters agreed well with previously published data on oils from this part of the Murzuq Basin. The greatest deviation concerned the values of some of the maturity parameters. This tended to confirm the conclusions of previous studies concerning the presence of a number of distinct oil families and sub-families in the Sharara oil field area which are genetically related but which have different maturities.     

东营凹陷油源特征分析

东营凹陷油气丰富，发育了古近系沙河街组三段、四段两套有效烃源岩。根据烃源岩及原油的地球化学特征分析，探讨凹陷内各油田的石油来源。将东营凹陷已发现石油划分为沙三型、沙四型及混合型，认为：南斜坡地区原油主要来源于沙四段烃源岩，凹陷中部及北部油田的原油主要源于沙三段或为沙三段、沙四段的混源油；凹陷周边油田的原油大多数来源于沙四上亚段烃源岩，大致呈环状分布于凹陷边部；凹陷中部油田的原油以沙三型为主。各供油洼陷生成的油气就近运移聚集，油气环绕生油洼陷呈环带状分布。图4表1参8     

中国陆相湖盆致密油成藏主控因素综述

致密油是指致密储层中的石油聚集,储层主要为致密砂岩和碳酸盐岩2大类,覆压渗透率多小于0.1×10-3μm2,一般无自然产能,需经技术改造方能获工业油流。我国主要发育陆相湖盆致密油藏,通过对比研究分析发现,发育优质烃源岩、存在"甜点区"、具备成藏原动力、近源聚集是我国陆相致密油成藏的主要条件。我国陆相致密油主要发育2类优质烃源岩:Ⅰ类烃源岩有机质类型好、丰度高,有机质成熟度高,生烃潜力大;Ⅱ类烃源岩生烃转化率较高。发育致密砂岩和碳酸盐岩2类储层,储层具有较强的非均质性,横向不连续,垂向叠置分布。生烃增压是我国陆相致密油成藏的主要原动力,强大的源储压差驱替生成的石油向紧邻优质烃源岩的致密储层中持续充注;其中,微裂缝沟通、微—纳米孔发育是致密油运移聚集的关键。微—纳米孔发育增大了致密储层的有效储集空间,微裂缝沟通为致密油的运移聚集提供了有效通道。我国陆相致密油资源丰富,初步预测其有利勘探面积约16×104km2,地质资源量约(160~200)×108t,有利勘探领域主要分布在鄂尔多斯、准噶尔、松辽、渤海湾、柴达木、四川等盆地。