乳腺影像学专用PET探测器模块设计

为进一步提升乳腺影像学专用PET系统的空间位置分辨率,基于LYSO晶体与位置灵敏光电倍增管耦合,设计了一种专用LYSO-PET探测器模块。探测模块由12×12根1.5 mm×1.5 mm×10 mm LYSO晶体条阵列与PS-PMT耦合组成,通过PXI 8501采集系统,获取入射粒子的2D泛场图像、能量信息及位置信息。该探测模块平均位置分辨率可达0.22 mm(本征)和0.55 mm(²²Na探测条件下);平均能量分辨率为22.4%(²²Na探测条件下)。双探头PET系统FOV中心²²Na点源轴向空间分辨率可达1.13 mm。探测器模块已基本满足位置分辨率要求,为实现亚毫米乳腺影像学专用PET系统提供了硬件支持。     

基于连续晶体PET探测器模块电子学设计

和传统的基于分割晶体PET探测器相比,基于连续晶体的PET探测器具有设计结构简单、能量分辨率高、探测器效率高以及低造价等优点,近年来得到广泛的研究。基于连续晶体PET探测器的最大难点是要用探测器获得闪烁光分布,进而通过作用点定位算法计算γ光子的作用位置。探测器模块电子学需要读出和获取闪烁光的分布,因而电子学变得相对复杂。论文针对自行建立的基于连续LYSO晶体和神经网络定位算法的PET探测器模块的信号读出和数据获取的要求,设计和实现了64通道数据读出和获取电子学系统。该系统采用8片8通道、50 Mbps、串行输出、12 bit ADC对每个通道进行数字化,从海量的核事例中遴选出有效的核事例,在FPGA内实现数据打包、定时符合、基线恢复等功能。经过测试,电路各通道噪声低,增益一致性好。整个电子学系统结构紧凑、性能优良,适合基于连续晶体PET探测器的相关实验研究和应用研究。     

GRM复合晶体探测器读出系统设计

针对SVOM卫星中的γ暴监视仪的叠成闪烁体探测器,设计了一套混合信号读出系统,用于获取GRM复合晶体探测器输出电压脉冲幅度与信号宽度,并根据脉冲的宽度对信号进行甄别分类。在系统设计中采用FPGA对系统进行时序控制,使用高速峰值保持电路对复合晶体输出信号进行峰值保持,利用RS232数据接口完成测试系统与PC机的数据交换。测试结果表明,本工作所设计的系统可稳定可靠地实现对复合晶体输出信号的获取与甄别分类。     

脑专用PET显像探测器自由结构符合与初步实验测试

采用脑PET进行人脑功能的研究对生物医学起到至关重要的作用,为了显著提高脑PET显像质量,增加探测效率、实时显示图像,本文设计一种脑专用PET显像大面积平板型探测系统,该探测系统由两个大面积探头组成,每个大面积探头包含3×3阵列的位置灵敏光电倍增管和多个紧密排布的硅酸钇镥闪烁晶体（Ce：LYSO)阵列。并利用1 μCi的²²Na点源对晶格大小为0.7 mm×0.7 mm等六种LYSO晶体阵列进行晶体性能测试,并选用两块晶格大小为1.5 mm×1.5 mm的LYSO晶体阵列进行一对一符合探测初步断层显像。结果显示,各种晶格大小的LYSO晶体阵列的位置区分轮廓的半高宽平均值在0.38~0.49 mm之间,平均能量分辨率（半高宽）在17.61%~30.40%之间;在对²²Na点源的初步图像断层扫描实验测试中,通过滤波反投影算法获得重建图像的空间分辨率为1.5 mm,验证了大面积平板型探测系统的可行性。     

晶体表面特性对PET探测器性能的影响

<正>电子发射断层成像(Positron Emission Tomography,PET)作为最灵敏和具有定量测量能力的功能分子影像技术,越来越广泛地应用于生物医学研究,如疾病的动物模型、新药物的研发和新治疗方法的评估等。提高探测器的性能是改进PET仪器性能的关键,PET探测器通常由分割的闪烁晶体阵列和光探测器组成,文中使用位置灵敏光电倍增管和不同晶体表面特性的硅酸钇镥((Lu,Y)2Si O5,LYSO)晶体阵列,对新型的双端读出三维PET探测器和传统的单端读出二维PET探测器的性能进行了测量。实验结果表明,对于双端读出PET探测器,两种晶体阵列提供相近的晶体分辨图和能量分辨率,但非抛光晶体阵列提供好的深度分辨率,双端读出PET探测器需要使用表面不抛光的晶体阵列;对单端读出PET探测器,抛光晶体阵列提供好的晶体分布图和能量分辨率,单端读出PET探测器需要使用表面抛光的晶体阵列。     

基于沿单层LYSO晶体阵列深度多层反射膜分布的深度编码PET探测器研究

本文提出了在单层LYSO晶体阵列中,采用沿晶体深度布局多层反射膜,并通过SiPM阵列单端读出,从而进行深度测量的PET探测器方法。制作了2个晶体大小为3 mm×3 mm×20 mm的2×2 LYSO晶体阵列,分别布局2层和4层反射膜,对该探测器性能的实验测量结果表明,此探测器可清楚区分所有晶体单元。对于布局2层反射膜的探测器,上下两层事件平均正确指定的概率为85.1%,4个不同深度事件的平均正确指定概率为65.5%;对于布局4层反射膜的探测器,4个不同深度事件的平均正确指定概率为74.8%。布局4层反射膜的探测器的深度分辨率优于布局2层反射膜的探测器。两个探测器的平均能量分辨率分别为18.0%和12.2%。这种可分辨γ射线与晶体作用点深度的新型PET探测器,可用于今后研发高性能脑专用、全身和全景PET成像系统。     

新型脉冲形状甄别器

介绍利用脉冲波形前、后沿信息所研制的新型(NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na))复合晶体探测器脉冲形状甄别器(PSD)和性能测试结果,实测表明该PSD具有最佳甄别因子>3.5,能很好地区分纯NaI和CsI信号,对康普顿事件也有很好的拒斥能力,已多次用于球载空间观测实验。     

掺钇BaF2闪烁探测器性能研究

利用22Na放射源释放的β+湮没产生的0.511 MeVγ射线,研究了掺钇BaF_2(钇掺杂为1 at%,原子百分数)闪烁探测器的能量分辨和时间分辨性能。与BaF_2探测器对比实验结果表明:掺钇BaF_2晶体的快慢成分比(1:1.1)远高于BaF_2晶体的快慢成分比(1:5),掺钇BaF_2探测器的能量分辨率(38%)低于BaF_2探测器的能量分辨率(19%);在高强度γ射线环境下,掺钇BaF_2探测器的符合时间分辨率优于BaF_2探测器的时间分辨。分析发现:掺钇BaF_2晶体中慢成分信号的减少,缩短了探测器输出信号的时间宽度,有利于在探测高强度γ射线时减缓或消除探测器中高计数率时间信号的堆积现象,提高探测器的时间分辨能力。     

双层错位DOI脑PET探测器晶体厚度组合优化设计

双层错位晶体阵列是正电子发射断层成像（PET）仪获取作用深度（DOI）信息的一种低成本且简便的方案。为获得晶体厚度最优组合方案,本文使用GATE软件进行蒙特卡罗仿真研究。模拟兼容核磁共振成像（MRI）的嵌入式脑PET,环内径345 mm,使用硅酸钇镥（LYSO）晶体,2层晶体总厚度20 mm,内层晶体从0 mm到10 mm共11种厚度（间隔1 mm）;进行点源模拟实验,点源位于中心断层x轴上,偏移从x=0 cm到x=10 cm共6种情况（间隔2 cm）。计算中心点灵敏度;采用滤波反投影算法重建图像,评估径向空间分辨率。结果显示,双层晶体的设计相比于单层晶体灵敏度略有下降,但系统径向空间分辨率显著提高且其均匀性得到改善。随着内层晶体厚度的增大,视野平均径向空间分辨率先减小后增大,在内层晶体厚度为8 mm时达到最小。综上所述,所设计的双层错位DOI脑PET探测器晶体厚度最优组合方案为内层晶体厚度8 mm、外层晶体厚度12 mm。     

CsI(Tl)晶体探测WIMP实验中反冲核与电子信号的甄别(英文)

研究了CsI(Tl)晶体探测器中反冲核信号与电子信号的甄别能力。利用参数“tbar”来描述反冲核信号与电子信号两种脉冲波形的特性,并以此来甄别两种信号。对品质因子K的研究表明,脉冲甄别方法的甄别能力随反冲核信号与电子信号能量的降低而减弱。通过这一脉冲甄别方法,对于CsI(Tl)晶体探测器而言,可以区别反冲核信号与电子信号的最低的阈是25个光电子。     

Development of a compact DOI-TOF detector module for high-performance PET systems

To increase spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in PET imaging,we present in this paper the design and performance evaluation of a PET detector module combining both depth-of-interaction(DOI) and time-offlight(TOF) capabilities.The detector module consists of a staggered dual-layer LYSO block with2 mm × 2 mm × 7 mm crystals.MR-compatible SiPM sensors(MicroFJ-30035-TSV,SensL) are assembled into an 8× 8 array.SiPM signals from both fast and slow outputs are read out by a 128-channel ASIC chip.To test its performance,a flood histogram is acquired with a ~(22)Na point source on top of the detector,and the energy resolution and the coincidence resolving time(CRT) value for each individual crystal are measured.The flood histogram shows excellent crystal separation in both layers.The average energy resolution at 511 keV is 14.0 and 12.7%at the bottom and top layers,respectively.The average CRT of a single crystal is 635 and 565 ps at the bottom and top layers,respectively.In conclusion,the compact DOI-TOF PET detector module is of excellent crystal identification capability,good energy resolution and reasonable time resolution and has promising application prospective in clinical TOF PET,PET/MRI,and brain PET systems.     

基于多种探测算法结果分级融合的PET探测器晶体查找表建立算法

高分辨率是现代正电子发射型断层显像仪(Positron Emission Tomography,PET)设备最重要的技术指标之一,高分辨率PET探测器通常由海量闪烁晶体组成,这使得探测器校准时,晶体查找表建立的工作量大幅增加,从而对相关自动化算法的鲁棒性提出了更高的要求。目前,晶体阵列的矫正主要依赖固定放射源对探测器晶体阵列成像得到的光子二维位置直方图。高分辨率PET探测器的晶体阵列中晶体个数增多,尺寸变小,导致二维位置直方图信噪比下降,且非线性形变更加复杂,使已有的晶体查找表建立算法都无法得到理想的自动化效率。在测试了多种前沿的晶体查找表建立算法后发现,某些算法的结果之间有很强的互补性,可以通过将多种算法结果相融合的方法得到优于单一探测算法的结果。因此提出了一种基于多种探测算法结果分级融合的晶体查找表建立算法,在实现过程中选取了三种互补性较强的晶体探测方法,分级融合其结果,大幅度降低了二维位置直方图上晶体分割的出错概率,获得了鲁棒的结果。     

Use of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for Performance Evaluation of Different Monolithic Crystal PET Detector Designs

We have previously reported on continuous miniature crystal element (cMiCE) PET detectors that provide depth of interaction (DOI) positioning capability. A key component of the design is the use of a statistics-based positioning (SBP) method for 3D event positioning. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) expresses limits on the estimate variances for a set of deterministic parameters. We examine the CRLB as a useful metric to evaluate the performance of our SBP algorithm and to quickly compare the best possible resolution when investigating new detector designs.In this work, the CRLB is first reported based upon experimental results from a cMiCE detector using a 50×50×15-mm(3) LYSO crystal readout by a 64-channel PMT (Hamamatsu H8500) on the exit surface of the crystal. The X/Y resolution is relatively close to the CRLB, while the DOI resolution is more than double the CRLB even after correcting for beam diameter and finite X (i.e., reference DOI position) resolution of the detector. The positioning performance of the cMiCE detector with the same design was also evaluated through simulation. Similar with the experimental results, the difference between the CRLB and measured spatial resolution is bigger in DOI direction than in X/Y direction.Another simulation study was conducted to investigate what causes the difference between the measured spatial resolution and the CRLB. The cMiCE detector with novel sensor-on-entrance-surface (SES) design was modeled as a 49.2×49.2×15-mm(3) LYSO crystal readout by a 12×12 array of 3.8×3.8-mm(2) silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) elements with 4.1-mm center-to-center spacing on the entrance surface of the crystal. The results show that there are two main causes to account for the differences between the spatial resolution and the CRLB. First, Compton scatter in the crystal degrades the spatial resolution. The DOI resolution is degraded more than the X/Y resolution since small angle scatter is preferred. Second, our maximum likelihood (ML) clustering algorithm also has limitations when developing 3D look up tables during detector calibration.     

TOF-PET探测器定时性能初步研究

本工作采用LYSO晶体阵列和平板型位置灵敏光电倍增管H8500对TOF-PET探测器进行了初步设计,能分辨3.2mm×3.2mm的晶体阵列。与BaF₂探测器组成时间谱仪,测量正电子湮没射线的瞬发时间谱,得到379ps的符合时间分辨率。根据已测量的BaF₂探测器时间分辨率（159ps）,可计算得到所设计的TOF-PET探测器时间分辨率为344ps。预计与此相同的两个TOF-PET探测器对正电子湮没射线的符合时间分辨率可达486ps左右,为新型PET的研究提供了有利条件。     

A novel compact Tokamak Hard X-ray diagnostic detector

A compact X-ray detector based on the lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate scintillator(LYSO) and silicon photomultiplier(Si PM) has been designed and fabricated for the hard X-ray diagnosis on the HL_2A and HL_2M Tokamak devices. The LYSO scintillator and Si PM in small dimensions were combined in a heat shrink tube package, making the detector compact and integrative. The Monte Carlo particle transport simulation tool,Geant4, was utilized for the design of the detector for the hard X-ray from 10 keV to 200 keV and the best structure scheme was presented. Finally, the detector was used to measure the photon spectrum of a ~(137)Cs gamma source with a pre-amplifier and a multichannel amplitude analyzer. The measured spectrum is consistent with the theoretic spectrum, it has shown that the energy resolution of the detector is less than 14.8% at an energy of 662 keV.     

SiPM耦合LYSO晶体探测器的能量分辨和时间分辨

本文采用符合测量的方法研究了SENLE公司生产的型号为Micro FC-30035-SMT的Si PM光电转换器件耦合尺寸为3×3×10 mm的LYSO晶体组成的闪烁探测器的能量分辨率和时间分辨。该探测器测得22Na放射源能量为511 ke V光子的能量分辨率(FWHM)为16%,时间分辨达135 ps。     

Detector Identification with Four BGO Crystals on a Dual PMT

The current trend towards higher resolution positron emission tomography (PET) requires the development of small but efficient detectors. This paper presents the initial characterization of a detector composed of four equally spaced, 4.5mm wide bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals coupled to the face of a Hamamatsu R1548 dual photomultiplier tube (PMT). The intrinsic optical cross talk between the two segments of the dual PMT exhibits a spatial dependence that has been exploited for crystal identification. Misidentification of crystals due to the combined effects of compton scattering of gamma rays between crystals, crystal penetration of gamma rays, and the imperfection of the optical cross talk identification scheme has been studied under various conditions. The detector pair spatial resolution on axis was measured to be 2.9mm full width at half maximum (FWHM), and the intrinsic peak efficiency was found to be higher than that of the larger detectors currently in use in the Montreal Neurological Institute's (MNI) Positome III camera.