压水堆大破口失水事故高压安注的缓解能力研究

以西屋公司典型的三环路压水堆为参考对象,采用基于RELAP/SCDAPSIM程序开发的压水堆严重事故分析平台,对没有缓解措施的热段25 cm大破口失水事故进行了计算分析,详细研究了堆芯表面峰值温度分别达到1 100K、1 300 K和1 500 K时进行高压安全注射对大破口失水事故的缓解情况.结果显示,高压安全注射的时机对大破口失水事故的进程有着重要的影响,较早阶段的注水能够有效阻止堆芯熔化,较晚阶段的注水会恶化事故进程,加速堆芯熔化.     

压水堆严重事故管理入口标准研究

使用严重事故分析程序RELAP/SCDAPSIM,对3种不同尺寸的压水堆热段大破口事故进行了分析。主要研究了15、20、25cm大破口事故分别在无事故管理和有高压安全注射条件下事故进程。计算结果表明,当堆芯表面峰值温度达1 500K时,堆芯出口温度不能反映堆芯的损伤状态;当堆芯出口温度达900K时,进行严重事故管理不能有效阻止堆芯熔化。将堆芯热通道出口温度作为严重事故管理入口标准的计算分析结果表明,在堆芯热通道出口温度达900K时实施严重事故管理可有效阻止堆芯熔化,此信息可作为进入严重事故管理的入口标准。     

高压安全注射系统对压水堆全厂断电事故的缓解能力分析

选择一个典型的3环路压水堆作为参考对象,采用最佳估算程序RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.2建立了一个典型的3环路压水堆严重事故计算模型。分析了全厂断电(SBO)事故引发的堆芯熔化基准事故后,高压安全注射系统对该事故的缓解能力。敏感性分析表明,堆芯出口温度达到920 K时,采用卸压充水缓解措施可以有效地阻止堆芯熔化,维持堆芯长期处于稳定、安全状态。     

压水堆大破口失水事故引发的严重事故研究

采用机理性严重事故最佳估算程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.2，以美国西屋公司Surry核电站为参考对象，建立了1个典型的3环路压水堆核电站的严重事故分析模型，分别对主回路冷段和热段发生25cm大破口失水事故（LBLOCA）导致的堆芯熔化事故进行研究分析。结果表明，压水堆发生大破口失水事故时，堆芯熔化进程较快，大量堆芯材料熔化并坍塌至下腔室，反应堆压力容器下封头失效较早，且主回路冷段破口比热段破口更为严重。     

压水堆核电站完全丧失给水引发的严重事故研究

采用严重事故最佳估算程序RELAP5/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.2，建立美国Surry-2核电站的详细计算模型，对完全丧失给水（TLFW）引发的堆芯熔化事故进行研究分析。为准确预测压力容器内堆芯熔化的进程，为二级概率安全评价提供可信的初始条件，计算中考虑了一回路压力边界的蠕变破裂失效，并评价了人为干预对堆芯熔化进程及事故后果的影响。计算结果表明，由完全丧失给水引发的压水堆核电站严重事故不会出现人们担心的高压熔堆；反应堆压力容器下封头的失效位置不是在其底部，而是在其侧面；通过打开稳压器释放阀对一回路实施主动卸压能够大大推迟事故的进程。     

严重事故下正常余热排出系统向堆芯注水策略分析

选取导致堆芯熔化频率最高的始发严重事故--直接注入（DVI）管线断裂事故,以及典型高压熔堆事故--丧失主给水始发事故(LOFW),利用MAAP4程序,分析反应堆堆芯热工水力行为,并对正常余热排出系统（RNS）堆芯注水策略的有效性与负面效应进行评估。分析结果表明,在DVI管线断裂事故和LOFW严重事故序列中,利用RNS进行堆芯注水可有效终止堆芯熔化进程,维持堆芯长期冷却。但堆芯再淹没会产生更多的氢气,存在增加安全壳氢气燃烧风险的可能性。此外通过分析利用严重事故管理导则中辅助计算文件给出的堆芯最小流量实施堆芯注水策略,讨论注水流量对堆芯冷却的影响,结果表明,在实施堆芯注水策略时,建议在系统允许的情况下采用更高的流速进行堆芯冷却。     

压水堆核电厂严重事故下堆腔注水措施研究

针对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂,采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对一回路冷段大破口冷却剂丧失（LB-LOCA）始发严重事故下,采取堆腔注水（ERVC）缓解措施的事故进程进行模拟,对该措施缓解堆芯熔化进程、保持压力容器完整性的有效性进行分析验证,并对影响该措施的因素进行研究。分析结果表明,在充足的水源条件下,保证一定的注水速率和水位高度,LB-LOCA始发严重事故下采取堆腔注水的缓解措施可为下封头提供有效的冷却,保持压力容器的完整性。     

压水堆核电厂LOFW始发严重事故下堆腔注水措施影响因素分析

针对900 MW级压水堆核电厂,采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对主给水丧失(LOFW)始发事件叠加辅助给水失效严重事故下,采取堆腔注水(ERVC)缓解措施的事故进程进行模拟,对该措施缓解堆芯熔化进程、保持压力容器完整性的有效性进行分析验证,并对注水速率、注水高度和注水时间对该措施的影响进行了分析.结果表明:在充足的水源条件下,保证一定的注水速率和水位高度,LOFW始发严重事故下采取堆腔注水的缓解措施可为下封头提供有效的冷却,保持压力容器的完整性;在事故进程不同时间点进行注水,分析表明,只要保证一定的注水速率,注水入口时间延迟同样可保持压力容器完整性.     

压水堆核电站全厂断电事故及辅助给水系统的缓解能力研究

以美国surry核电站为参考对象,采用最佳估算程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.4,建立了一个典型的三环路压水堆核电站严重事故计算模型,对全厂断电(SBO)事故的物理现象及堆芯熔化进程进行了详细分析,并研究了全厂断电事故发生后辅助给水(AFW)分别持续1800s和3600s对事故的缓解效果.计算结果显示,辅助给水能有效地延缓堆芯熔化进程,大大推迟反应堆压力容器的失效时间,为操纵员恢复交流电源以及实施其它缓解措施赢得更多的时间.     

蒸汽发生器完全丧失给水引发的压水堆严重事故研究

采用严重事故最佳估算程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.4,建立了美国Surry核电站的详细计算模型,对完全丧失给水(TLFW)引发的堆芯熔化事故进行了研究分析.为准确预测压力容器内堆芯熔化的进程,给二级PSA提供可信的初始条件,计算中考虑了一回路压力边界的蠕变破裂失效,并评价了人为干预对堆芯熔化进程及事故后果的影响.     

小型压水堆完全丧失电源引发的严重事故研究

以压水堆严重事故最佳估算程序RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.4为核心软件,以假想的小型压水堆为研究对象,建立了1个径向3通道、轴向10节块的核反应堆严重事故计算模型,研究了完全丧失电源初因事件引发的严重事故过程,并对事故停堆后蒸汽发生器给水持续300s的缓解措施进行了分析。计算结果表明：蒸汽发生器辅助给水对于延迟事故进程,缓解事故后果具有重要作用。     

Study on severe accident mitigation measures for the development of PWR SAMG

In the development of the Severe Accident Management Guidelines （SAMG）, it is very important to choose the main severe accident sequences and verify their mitigation measures. In this article, Loss-of-Coolant Accident （LOCA）, Steam Generator Tube Rupture （SGTR）, Station Blackout （SBO）, and Anticipated Transients without Scram （ATWS） in PWR with 300 MWe are selected as the main severe accident sequences. The core damage progressions induced by the above-mentioned sequences are analyzed using SCDAP/RELAP5. To arrest the core damage progression and mitigate the consequences of severe accidents, the measures for the severe accident management （SAM） such as feed and bleed, and depressurizations are verified using the calculation. The results suggest that implementing feed and bleed and depressurization could be an effective way to arrest the severe accident sequences in PWR.     

中压安注对RRA连接模式下严重事故进程影响分析

针对中国改进型百万千瓦级压水堆（CPR1000）核电机组在中间停堆反应堆余热排出系统（RRA）连接模式下失去高低压安注和喷淋的冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）,采用MAAP5程序对参考机组的反应堆堆芯、反应堆冷却剂系统以及安全壳系统进行模拟计算,同时结合计算结果分析中压安注系统对该严重事故序列进程的影响,并研究其对事故的缓解作用。分析结果表明,在RRA连接模式下出现LOCA导致的堆芯裸露和升温过程中,中压安注的及时注入能有效地限制堆芯的升温行为,并可对严重事故进程起到重要的缓解作用,甚至为事故工况下失去高低压安注和喷淋时避免堆芯完整性遭到破坏提供可能。最后,根据分析结果针对现行核电机组的运行规程提出改进建议:对于中压安注箱的行政隔离行为,只对其电气开关做相应的隔离操作,而对安全壳厂房内的阀门就地部分做挂牌警示,不做现场挂锁的操作,这样不仅可避免在正常运行工况下中压安注箱误注入行为的发生,同时能够在RRA连接模式下发生LOCA时有效地保障堆芯的完整性,在保证电厂正常安全运行的同时,提高了机组在该模式下发生严重事故的缓解能力。      

MAAP5 simulation of the PWR severe accident induced by pressurizer safety valve stuck-open accident

The Modular Accident Analysis Program version 5 (MAAP5) is a computer code that can simulate the response of light water reactor power plants during severe accident sequences. The present work aims to simulate the severe accident of a typical Chinese pressure water reactor (PWR) with MAAP5. The pressurizer safety valve stuck-open accident is essentially a small break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA), which becomes one of the major concerns on core melt initiating events of the PWR. Six cases with different assumptions in the pressurizer (PZR) safety valves (SVs) stuck-open accident stuck open accident were analyzed for comparison. The results of first three cases show that the severe accident sequence is correlated with the number of the stuck open valve. The primary system depressurized faster in a more SVs stuck open case, and the consequences in which is hence slighter. The remaining 3 cases along with the case 2 were then analyzed to study the effect of operator intervention to the accident. The results show that the auxiliary feed water (AFW) is effective to delay the core degradation and hence delayed the finally system recovery. The high pressure injection (HPI) operation and manually opening the steam generator (SG) SVs are effective to mitigate this kind of severe accident. The results are meaningful and significant for comprehending the detailed process of PWR severe accident, which is the basic standard for establishing the severe accident management guidelines.     

Effect of water injection on hydrogen generation during severe accident in PWR

Effect of water injection on hydrogen generation during severe accident in a 1000 MWe pressurized water reactor was studied.The analyses were carried out with different water injection rates at different core damage stages.The core can be quenched and accident progression can be terminated by water injection at the time before cohesive core debris is formed at lower core region.Hydrogen generation rate decreases with water injection into the core at the peak core temperature of 1700 K,because the core is quenched and reflooded quickly.The water injection at the peak core temperature of 1900 K,the hydrogen generation rate increases at low injection rates of the water,as the core is quenched slowly and the core remains in uncovered condition at high temperatures for a longer time than the situation of high injection rate.At peak core temperature of 2100-2300 K,the Hydrogen generation rate increases by water injection because of the steam serving to the high temperature steam-starved core.Hydrogen generation rate increases significantly after water injection into the core at peak core temperature of 2500 K because of the steam serving to the relocating Zr-U-O mixture.Almost no hydrogen generation can be seen in base case after formation of the molten pool at the lower core region.However,hydrogen is generated if water is injected into the molten pool,because steam serves to the crust supporting the molten pool.Reactor coolant system (RCS) depressurization by opening power operated relief valves has important effect on hydrogen generation.Special attention should be paid to hydrogen generation enhancement caused by RCS depressurization.     

Core cooling in pressurized-water reactor during water injection

In this paper,the reactor core cooling and its melt progression terminating is evaluated,and the initiation criterion for reactor cavity flooding during water injection is determined.The core cooling in pressurized-water reactor of severe accident is simulated with the thermal hydraulic and severe accident code of SCDAP/RELAP5.The results show that the core melt progression is terminated by water injection,before the core debris has formed at bottom of core,and the initiation of reactor cavity flooding is indicated by the core exit temperature.     

基于SCDAP/RELAP5耦合堆腔注水的非能动压水堆熔融池冷却分析

采取堆腔注水策略冷却熔融池对缓解严重事故后果、降低安全壳的失效概率具有十分重要的作用。本文采用SCDAP/RELAP5程序,首先以韩国APR1400相关实验结果对堆腔外部注水自然对流冷却能力进行比对分析,然后建立了耦合堆腔注水措施的融熔池冷却的核电厂模型,以非能动压水堆为研究对象,针对冷段大破口失水事故(LBLOCA)始发严重事故序列,分析堆芯熔融进展过程中实施堆腔注水策略后融熔池的冷却特性及堆腔外部注水的自然循环能力。分析结果表明,LBLOCA下,当堆芯出口温度达到923K时,实施堆腔注水后能有效冷却下封头内的熔融池,从而保持压力容器的完整性。