10 MW高温气冷实验堆硼吸收球停堆系统气力输送模拟试验研究

吸收球停堆系统是10MW高温气冷实验堆(HTR-10)的第二停堆系统,于紧急事故停堆之后、重新开堆之前投入运行,利用负压输送过程将在紧急停堆时进入反应堆堆芯落球孔道内的中子吸收球输送到位于堆顶的贮球罐内,实现正常开堆或反应堆再临界。运用气力输送的密相输送理论,对回路各部件和各管段的气固两相流阻力进行计算,并在1：1模拟试验台架上,以空气和氦气为载体,真实硼吸收球为物料,进行了气力输送试验研究。试验数据与理论分析相符合,吸收球第二停堆系统的气力输送功能满足HTR-10工程的技术要求。     

安全级DCS响应时间测试专用工具研发

漳州核电1、2号机组安全级DCS采用国产NASPIC平台,其在国内核电为首次商业应用。安全级DCS作为反应堆保护系统的承载,主要任务是保护核电厂三大屏障的完整性,紧急情况下实现停堆和启动专设安全设施。其响应时间是其工作性能的一个重要性能指标。安全级DCS响应时间测试应严格执行“每四个循环执行一次安全级DCS所有通道的响应时间测试”的监督要求,这将有极大可能导致大修期间此项工作成为关键主线路径。因此,研发一套适配于NASPIC平台的响应时间测试装置,用以减少大修期间工期,避免成为主线工期,提升工作效率。     

气力输送在10MW高温气冷实验堆吸收球停堆系统中的应用

吸收球停堆系统是10MW高温气冷实验堆（HTR－10）的第二停堆系统,本系统利用负压输送过程,将在紧急停堆时进入堆芯反射层孔道内的B4C小球输送到位于堆顶的贮球罐内,实现正常开堆或反应堆再临界。气力输送技术应用于反应堆工程是一种新的尝试与探索,由此带来了一一些新的课题有待进一步的理论和实验研究。本文运用密相输送理论计算了气力输送过程中氦气与B4C球的气固两相流阻力,并对该系统的最大可信故障进行了理论分析,为该系统的参数设计及设备选型提供了理论依据。     

反应堆保护系统结构与可靠性的关系

从反应堆保护系统的设计准则出发,定性分析提高系统可靠性的措施,并以目前国内核电厂中广泛使用的2种反应堆紧急停堆系统的逻辑处理部分作为分析对象,采用故障树的分析方法计算其可靠性,得到了定量化的计算结果,为后续反应堆保护系统的结构设计提供参考.     

ATWS缓解系统可靠性分析

未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态（ATWS）缓解系统是保证中国先进研究堆（CARR）安全的重要系统之一。当发生预期运行瞬态,反应堆未能紧急停堆时,通过ATWS缓解系统动作实现停堆,从而保护反应堆安全。ATWS缓解系统的高可靠性是保证其完成预期功能的重要条件,因此对该系统的可靠性给予了高度重视。本文以ATWS缓解系统为研究对象,利用故障模式及影响分析和故障树等可靠性分析方法,建立相应模型,对ATWS缓解系统进行了定性和定量的分析,得到了ATWS缓解系统发生故障的概率和最小割集,找出了薄弱环节,提出了改进措施和建议,其可靠性水平已达到CARR工程的设计要求,验证了设计,为CARR其他系统分析和验证奠定了基础。     

大亚湾及岭澳核电站ATWT保护失电风险

为分析没有紧急停堆的预期瞬态(ATWT)保护与其他反应堆保护实现方式的不同,本文以大亚湾及岭澳核电站为依据,从反应堆保护系统的设计原理入手,用系统接线图详细分析了ATWT反应堆保护的实现方式和供电电源丧失对机组的影响。综合上述分析,给出了大亚湾及岭澳核电站在ATWT保护叠加供电电源丢失工况下,重新恢复供电电源时的开关送电顺序。     

多方法融合的反应堆紧急停堆子系统安全性分析

针对反应堆紧急停堆子系统,将故障模式影响分析（FMEA）、故障树分析（FTA）、系统理论的过程分析（STPA）3种独立的基本分析方法进行组合,形成仪表控制系统设计阶段的失效和故障基本项覆盖统计表格。STPA方法能够很好地弥补了FMEA和FTA方法的不足。同时,在仪控系统的设计阶段,STPA方法非常适合发现反应堆紧急停堆子系统涉及的软件类、系统交互以及通信类的故障和安全问题。      

WWER型核电机组反应堆停堆保护系统设计优化与改造

在进行核电机组反应堆停堆保护系统定期试验时,需依次将停堆断路器实体断开,此类定期试验风险较大,国内外运行的核电机组多次发生在反应堆停堆保护系统定期试验过程中由于设备故障导致非计划停堆的事件,造成了较大的经济损失.论文介绍了某WWER核电机组反应堆停堆保护系统设计优化方案及改造的实践成果.     

美国核电厂风险评估的安全效益（三）

【美国《核新闻》2003年1月刊报道】 委托监管应用 美国核管会(NRC)在监管过程中积累了大量风险知识,并根据从实施概率风险分析(PRA)中获得的这些知识对监管作出了诸多改进。本章将对一些比较重要的风险通报应用进行概要介绍。 ATWS(未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态)规则 ATWS是反应堆事故保护停堆作用失败后的停堆事件。这个不太可能发生的事件将引起反应堆系统的高压,同时产生远远超出反应堆停堆散热能力的衰变热,因此反应堆必须停堆并保持在次临界状态。NRC在1983年发布了ATWS规则(10 CFR 50.62),通过以下措施降低ATWS风险: 降低预…     

超温/超功率ΔT停堆响应时间测试分析

超温/超功率ΔT保护是压水堆电厂的重要保护功能,初步安全分析报告(Preliminary Safety Analysis Report,PSAR)技术规格书一章对其响应时间的测试有强制要求。基于IEEE388对保护系统响应时间测试的要求,根据超温/超功率ΔT保护的算法及标准设计方案,提出了AP1000超温/超功率ΔT保护响应时间的推荐测试参数,并重点分析了保护系统动态补偿对于响应时间测试的影响。分析发现动态补偿对于测量响应时间有一定的影响,为得到可信的、保守的测量结果,在进行超温/超功率ΔT停堆保护响应时间测试时,应该保留动态补偿环节。     

Performance evaluation of a new signal processing system design to improve CANDU SDS1 trip response during large break LOCA events

Performance of a recently developed signal processing system for CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uraniu) reactor shutdown system 1 (SDS1) is evaluated in this paper. The evaluation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software environment as well as with an existing power measurement and signal processing system. The new signal processing algorithm is obtained based on the synthesis of several first order low pass filters with different delayed time constants. Throughout this paper, a special attention has been paid to compare the new signal processing system with the existing one. The dynamic behavior of the new signal processing system in the practical large loss of coolant accidents (LLOCA) events has also been examined. Simulation results show that during the LLOCA event, the reactor trip time, as well as the peak power, is decreased remarkably. Through the simulation studies, it has convincingly demonstrated that the new signal processing system has significant advantages over the existing system in terms of the improved trip response and accommodation of the spurious trip immunity. This advantage will significantly enhance the safety margin, or will bring economical benefits to nuclear power plants.     

Forced vibration tests and analyses of nuclear power plants

Methods for conservatively predicting the response of a constructed nuclear power plant to earthquake excitations are presented. This approach is based on experimental testing of the reactor plant and using test results to develop a mathematical model of the system. First, steady state forced vibration tests are conducted using structural vibrators attached to the reactor structure to determine dynamic response characteristics. Second, modal analysis applied on a digital computer is used to create a linear multiple-degree-of-freedom model that has dynamic response characteristics nearly the same as the physical system for the experimental inputs. Finally, the input force levels are extrapolated from the levels of the inertial vibrators to earthquake levels and the response of the model is calculated for strong-motion earthquakes.Tests have been conducted on three nuclear power plants: the experimental gas-cooled reactor (EGCR) at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; the Carolinas-Virginia tube reactor (CVTR) at Parr, South Carolina; and the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS), San Onofre, California. Analyses in varying detail have been performed; the most extensive work has been done at San Onofre. This article summarizes test results, dynamic models, and the results of seismic response calculations for each plant.     

核电厂DCS高负荷响应时间分析及测试

本文对核电厂DCS高负荷工况、响应时间进行分析,使用测试装置模拟高负荷工况并设计相应的测试方案,建立环境执行实际测试。测试结果表明:核电厂DCS响应时间测试结果与理论分析情况基本符合,抽样测试结果符合正态分布,得出的置信区间证明了测试方案的可靠性。本设计方案可以应用至工程测试中,并对其他核电站工厂测试有一定的借鉴意义。     

Inter-subassembly heat transfer of sodium cooled fast reactors: Validation of the NETFLOW code

This paper describes the prediction of temperature at the exit of subassemblies of a sodium cooled fast reactor using the NETFLOW code. Until present time, this plant dynamics calculation code is expected as a tool of nuclear education, and has been validated using data obtained at facilities or reactors cooled with water or sodium. A natural circulation test was conducted in the experimental fast reactor ‘Joyo’ with a 100 MW irradiation core. Also a turbine trip test was conducted in the prototype fast breeder reactor ‘Monju’. These tests were chosen to validate a model to calculate inter-subassembly heat transfer consisting of heat conduction and heat transfer by inter-wrapper flow. Based on the calculation for the natural circulation test in primary and secondary loops of ‘Joyo’, the model to calculate the heat transfer in radial direction of the inter-subassemblies simulated reasonable sodium temperature behaviors at the exit of subassemblies. Good agreement was also obtained in prediction of temperatures at the exit of the ‘Monju’ subassemblies. Through these validations, it was shown that the one-dimensional plant dynamics code NETFLOW could trace temperatures at the exit of the subassemblies of fast reactors with the inter-subassembly heat transfer model.     

Assessment of FBR MONJU Accident Management Reliability in Causing Reactor Trips

This paper describes a method and application of quantitatively evaluating Accident Management (AM) reliability upon a reactor trip failure for the MONJU fast breeder reactor using a PSA technique. The present method comprises an allowable time estimation that is based on plant transient response analysis using the Super-COPD code that was developed for use in best estimates of the plant dynamics of MONJU and in estimating failure probability of operator's actions in AMs within the allowable time based on time records obtained from simulator training. Application of this method to MONJU resulted in the estimation that the allowable time for an unprotected loss-of-heat sink event would be more than the longest observed time of 326 s. The corresponding operation failure probability would be less than 0.1 even after taking the uncertainty into consideration. Combining this with a level 1 PSA revealed that the total frequency of core damage accompanying a reactor trip failure at MONJU could be decreased by at least 50 percent due to the reactor trip AM.     

Post-test analysis of helium circulator trip without scram at 3 MW power level on the HTR-10

Safety demonstration tests were conducted on the 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor-Test Module (HTR-10) to verify the inherent safety characteristics of modular High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) as well as to obtain the transient data of reactor core and primary cooling system for validation of HTGR safety analysis models and codes. As one of these safety demonstration tests, a simulated anticipated transient without scram (ATWS) test called loss of forced cooling by tripping the helium circulator without reactor scram was carried out at 3 MW power level on October 15, 2003. This paper simulates and analyzes the power transient and the thermal response of the reactor during the test by using the THERMIX code. The analytical results are compared with the test data for validation of the code.Owing to the negative temperature coefficient of reactivity, the reactor undergoes a self-shut down after the stop of the helium circulator; the subsequent phenomena such as the recriticality and power oscillations are also studied. During the test a natural circulation loop of helium is established in the core and the other coolant channels and its consequent thermal response such as the temperature redistribution is investigated. In addition, temperatures of the measuring points in the reactor internals are calculated and compared with the measured values. Satisfactory agreements obtained from the comparison demonstrate the basic applicability and reasonability of the THERMIX code for simulating and analyzing the helium circulator trip ATWS test. With respect to the safety features of the HTR-10, it is of most importance that the maximum fuel center temperature during the test is always lower than 1600 °C which is the limited value for the HTGR.     

医用同位素生产堆应急停堆系统设计研究

医用同位素生产反应堆(MIPR)以硝酸铀酰（或硫酸铀酰）水溶液为核燃料,主要生产医用同位素⁹⁹Mo和¹³¹I。反应堆的安全性是需要关注的重要问题。当发生一次冷却水泵故障、误提棒、气回路氢氧复合能力丧失等事故而未能紧急停堆的情况下,由应急停堆系统实现反应堆停堆。本文介绍了应急停堆系统的设计原理及运行方式,并分析了“正压卸料”和“负压卸料”停堆方式应急停堆瞬态过程。结果表明,“正压卸料”应急停堆可在150 s内完成燃料的完全排出;“负压卸料”应急停堆可在700 s内完成燃料的完全排出。“正压卸料”的燃料排出速度比“负压卸料”快,该研究结果可对反应堆临界安全分析提供输入数据。     

束流瞬变下CiADS次临界反应堆燃料包壳安全分析

利用反应堆系统分析程序RELAP5?mod4.0模拟了加速器驱动嬗变研究装置（CiADS）次临界反应堆燃料棒在发生失束事件时的响应特性;利用有限元软件ANSYS?17.0计算了CiADS次临界反应堆燃料包壳在失束事件下的疲劳寿命;预测了中国未来百兆瓦级加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）中燃料包壳的疲劳寿命。研究表明:失束时CiADS次临界反应堆功率瞬间下降到满功率的2.156%;失束事件下CiADS次临界反应堆的燃料包壳的疲劳寿命在108次以上;失束事件不会对中国未来百兆瓦级ADS中的燃料包壳造成疲劳损伤。      

Overview of recent operating experience regarding plant aging

Recent, as well as past, studies of reactor trip frequencies and other types of operating experience have shown that relatively high frequencies are likely in new plants with little accumulated operating time. In order to better understand all the factors which contribute to high frequencies in new plants, the authors have made a comparison of reactor trip frequencies between plants which went into operation in the 1960's and the early 1970's and those which have gone into operation more recently. Trip frequency versus accumulated operating time for two plant groups are compared to see the extent to which design differences (e.g., capacity, thermal margin) affect trip frequency.This paper also presents a review of some recent events in which plant age has played a major role. The events which are reviewed have been identified through the normal systematic event analysis program conducted by the NRC. Information regarding these events was obtained through followup by reviews conducted by NRC Resident Inspectors as well as event reports submitted by licensees.     

Transient tests on blower trip and rod removal at the HTR-10

Safety demonstration tests on the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor test module (HTR-10) were conducted to verify the inherent safety features of MHTGRs and to obtain the core and primary cooling system transient data for validation of safety analysis codes.Two simulated anticipated transients without scram (ATWS) tests, lose of forced cooling by trip of the helium blower and reactivity insertion via control rod withdrawal were performed. This paper describes the tests with detailed test method, condition and results.Calculated results show that the strongly negative temperature coefficient causes reactor power to closely follow heat removal levels. Maximum fuel temperature changes are limited by the large core heat capacity to below 1230 °C during two tests.The test of tripping the helium circulator ATWS test was conducted on October 15, 2003. Although none of 10 control rods was moved, the reactor power immediately decreased due to the negative temperature coefficient. After about 50 min, the reactor became criticality again. Finally, the reactor power went to a stable level with about 200 kW.The test of reactivity insertion ATWS test was conducted two times. Following the control rod withdrawal, the reactor power increased rapidly, the maximum power level reached to 5037 and 7230 kW from the initial power of 3000 kW in accordance with reactivity insertion of $ 0.136 and 0.689, respectively. After the reactivity introduced was compensated by means of the strong negative reactivity feedback effect, the reactor went to subcritical and the power decreased.