高温气冷堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器热工水力特性研究

高温气冷堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器结构复杂,运行工况严苛,为实现对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器运行特性的快速预测,获得其正常运行及典型瞬态工况下的热工水力特性,本文建立了一套完善准确的螺旋管蒸汽发生器管壳两侧流动换热模型,开发了适用范围较广的蒸汽发生器系统热工水力分析程序STAGS;基于THTR-300反应堆蒸汽发生器验证了STAGS程序准确性和可靠性;以球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)为对象,开展了螺旋管蒸汽发生器满负荷工况下系统运行特性分析,获得了关键热工水力参数沿螺旋管分布以及管壳侧流体流量对蒸汽发生器运行影响规律,进而研究了管壳侧入口参数受扰动时蒸汽发生器关键热工参数响应特性。结果表明：管侧换热系数最大值受管侧流体流量影响较大,管侧流量增加10%时,管侧对流换热系数最大值增加约5 149.3 W/(m²·K);壳侧入口氦气热工水力参数的变化对蒸汽发生器的换热功率影响较为剧烈,壳侧流量突降10%以及入口温度突增20 K时分别导致蒸汽发生器换热功率降低968 kW和上升664 kW。     

传热管泄漏对蒸汽发生器动态特性的影响

以大亚湾核电站蒸汽发生器为研究对象,建立了基于漂移流理论的蒸汽发生器一维动态数学模型及传热管泄漏模型,并进行了蒸汽发生器不同工况下的稳态仿真。在验证所建立漂移流模型和传热管泄漏模型的基础上,研究了不同工况下传热管泄漏位置及泄漏流量对蒸汽发生器关键参数的影响。研究结果表明,所建立的漂移流模型和传热管泄漏模型能准确反映不同泄漏情况下蒸汽发生器质量含汽率及蒸汽压力等关键参数的变化规律,泄漏发生在热端沸腾段入口处时各参数变化最显著,泄漏量为冷却剂流量的5%时出口质量含汽率由0.261降到0.163。基于漂移流理论传热管泄漏对蒸汽发生器动态特性影响的成功预测,为蒸汽发生器传热管泄漏事故的监测与防范措施的制定提供一定参考。     

螺旋管蒸汽发生器三维热工水力程序HeTAF开发

针对核动力系统螺旋管蒸汽发生器,本文采用多孔介质方法对具有复杂换热组件区域多层螺旋套管结构进行简化,构建了壳侧工质流动换热特性数学物理模型,并基于均相流假设建立了管侧水-水蒸气两相流动沸腾换热特性分析模型,采用网格-节点映射方法实现了管壳两侧耦合传热计算,基于开源OpenFOAM平台开发了适用于螺旋管蒸汽发生器的三维全尺寸热工水力特性分析程序HeTAF。基于螺旋管两相流动沸腾换热实验开展了模型验证,并以高温气冷堆示范工程中螺旋管直流式蒸汽发生器为分析对象开展了单换热组件模拟,获得的氦气和蒸汽出口温度计算结果与设计值符合较好,表明HeTAF能有效预测换热组件内管壳两侧流动换热特性。本文的研究对螺旋管蒸汽发生器的设计和安全分析具有参考意义。     

高温气冷堆螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器热工水力学

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器具有一次侧氦气工质、二次侧直流、螺旋管结构、工作温度高等特点,其热工水力特性与传统压水堆自然循环蒸汽发生器存在很大区别。针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器的特点,对其基础热工水力及特有热工水力学问题进行了阐述,主要包括螺旋管内单相及两相流阻及换热计算、横掠螺旋管束流阻及换热计算、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等。同时介绍了清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器热工设计、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等热工水力学问题所开发的一维稳态程序、一维瞬态程序、二维分析程序和方法,并对分析结果和结论进行了讨论。相关研究方法、程序和结论对其他相似参数螺旋管和直管式直流蒸汽发生器具有参考和借鉴意义。     

高温气冷堆螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器热工水力学

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器具有一次侧氦气工质、二次侧直流、螺旋管结构、工作温度高等特点,其热工水力特性与传统压水堆自然循环蒸汽发生器存在很大区别。针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器的特点,对其基础热工水力及特有热工水力学问题进行了阐述,主要包括螺旋管内单相及两相流阻及换热计算、横掠螺旋管束流阻及换热计算、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等。同时介绍了清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器热工设计、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等热工水力学问题所开发的一维稳态程序、一维瞬态程序、二维分析程序和方法,并对分析结果和结论进行了讨论。相关研究方法、程序和结论对其他相似参数螺旋管和直管式直流蒸汽发生器具有参考和借鉴意义。     

基于漂移流模型的液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器热工水力特性分析

在液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器中,存在一个普遍问题,其一次侧的进、出口温差大幅升高,二次侧出口蒸汽过热度显著增大,这给其设计及运行带来了挑战。基于离散网格法建立了液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器热工水力分析模型。模型对整个一、二次侧回路进行网格划分,采用漂移流模型计算二次侧水-水蒸汽的流动与传热,并在一次侧计算中采用液态金属物性与流动传热关联式;采用内节点法对壁面划分网格,考虑两侧流体与管壁间的对流换热以及壁面导热。基于实验数据验证模型可靠性。以铅铋快堆为例,研究不同入口条件下蒸汽发生器的热工水力特性。研究发现一、二次侧之间的壁面热流密度沿程分布极为不均匀,且热流密度峰值极高。算例中壁面热流密度最大值达到1361 kW/m²,最大值与最小值间相差数十倍到数百倍。随着一次侧入口铅铋温度以及铅铋流速的增加,二次侧过冷水区及两相区长度明显缩短,过热蒸汽区长度明显增大;同时,壁面热流密度峰值向螺旋管入口方向移动,二次侧工质压降明显增大。     

HTR-10蒸汽发生器的建模及分析

为开发适用于球床模块式高温气冷堆HTR-10的模拟机,采用一体化仿真支撑平台vPower建立了蒸汽发生器的实时热工水力模型。模型以传热方程为基础求解两侧工质及金属管壁的温度和焓,以流体网络为基础求解两侧工质的压力和流量。本文讨论了3种节点划分方案,针对不同节点划分方案的适用范围提出了建议并采用96节点划分方案进行后续研究。此外,通过分析确认了模型在稳态工况下主要参数和分布参数的准确性和合理性,并在100%功率稳态工况的基础上模拟了氦气侧流量阶跃的场景,分析了模型中主要参数的变化过程。动态仿真结果表明,氦气流量阶跃会引起一、二次侧参数不同程度的变化,变化幅度与阶跃程度呈正比,且金属管壁和水侧热容、二次侧参数变化速率相对缓慢,模型再平衡时间较短,表明HTR-10采用的螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的热惯性相对较小。     

HTR-10蒸汽发生器的建模及分析

为开发适用于球床模块式高温气冷堆HTR-10的模拟机,采用一体化仿真支撑平台vPower建立了蒸汽发生器的实时热工水力模型。模型以传热方程为基础求解两侧工质及金属管壁的温度和焓,以流体网络为基础求解两侧工质的压力和流量。本文讨论了3种节点划分方案,针对不同节点划分方案的适用范围提出了建议并采用96节点划分方案进行后续研究。此外,通过分析确认了模型在稳态工况下主要参数和分布参数的准确性和合理性,并在100%功率稳态工况的基础上模拟了氦气侧流量阶跃的场景,分析了模型中主要参数的变化过程。动态仿真结果表明,氦气流量阶跃会引起一、二次侧参数不同程度的变化,变化幅度与阶跃程度呈正比,且金属管壁和水侧热容、二次侧参数变化速率相对缓慢,模型再平衡时间较短,表明HTR-10采用的螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的热惯性相对较小。     

高温气冷堆超临界蒸汽发生器的动态仿真与分析

针对高温气冷堆用螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器二次侧运行在超临界下的特点,完善其仿真模型。通过模拟一次侧流量阶跃以及一、二次侧流量同步阶跃等场景,研究氦气和给水质量流量的扰动对温度、换热等相关参数的影响规律。结果表明,氦气流量的变化会同时引起一二次侧工质相关参数变化;由于金属传热管和水侧热容较大所产生的延迟作用,使得二次侧参数的变化速率相对缓慢;当氦气和给水流量相继发生变化时,由于超临界水传热的特殊性,部分参数出现小幅波动。     

带螺旋缠绕管的双面加热管套管直流蒸汽发生器稳态换热研究

介绍了一种新型的内管为螺旋管的管套管式双面加热直流蒸汽发生器.为编写稳态换热分析程序建立了一种固定二次侧焓值边界计算模型.该模型依据二次侧流体相的变化,将蒸汽发生器划分为三个分区:单相液区、两相区和单相汽区.程序的计算结果与文献中实验结果吻合较好,并从计算结果分析得出了该蒸汽发生器的一些结构参数对换热效果的影响规律.     

运行条件对蒸汽发生器热工参数影响的仿真研究

以减轻蒸汽发生器破管事故及考察核电站电力升级为目的,参考大亚湾核电站蒸汽发生器的运行参数,基于分布参数法建立了核动力蒸汽发生器一维数学模型,开发了基于MATLAB的动态仿真程序,进行了改变运行条件时蒸汽发生器热工参数仿真计算。计算结果表明:与满负荷正常运行条件相比,在降低二回路运行温度或增加二回路流量时,二回路预热段变短,出口焓大幅升高;质量含汽率在降低温度时提高54%,增加流量时提高28%;一、二回路及管壁整体温度降低;一回路和内壁温降增大。该计算结果揭示了蒸汽发生器的内在传热规律,可为缓解U形管恶化及提升电力的相关操作提供一定理论依据。     

Non-uniform flow distribution in the steam generator U-tubes of a pressurized water reactor plant during single- and two-phase natural circulations

A flow model is formulated to analyze the single- and two-phase flow characteristics in the primary side of a vertical, inverted U-tube steam generator. Using the flow model, a pressure drop–mass flow rate curve is derived. It is shown that the curve has a negative slope and, thus, flow excursion instability can occur under certain low-flow conditions. The stability criterion and its physical interpretation are given. Nonuniform flow behaviors in multiple U-tubes of different tube lengths are also discussed.     

不同运行工况下蒸汽发生器热工水力稳态特性数值研究

基于相似模化理论建立了蒸汽发生器一、二回路流体及传热管流 固耦合传热的单元管三维物理模型,对大亚湾核电厂蒸汽发生器不同工况下的热工水力稳态特性进行了数值模拟研究。采用热相变模型描述二回路汽液两相流动与换热、流-固耦合模型描述一回路冷却剂借助U型管与二回路流体换热。数值计算结果表明：满负荷运行时,传热管内壁温度变化趋势与一次侧流体基本一致,外壁温度与二次侧流体温度变化趋势相同;截面平均含汽率沿传热管高度的升高呈上升趋势,出口质量含汽率与大亚湾核电厂实际运行参数相符;随负荷降低一回路出口温度基本不变,二回路出口温度升高,质量含汽率及传热系数下降,平均传热系数与Rohsenow经验关联式的计算结果基本吻合。     

A theoretical model for the calculation of large transients in nuclear natural-circulation U-tube steam generators (Digital code UTSG)

A newly developed nonlinear transient model for the calculation of the dynamic behaviour of a vertical natural-circulation U-tube steam generator together with its steam removal system is presented. The steam generator is considered to consist of a heat exchange section, a top plenum, a downcomer region and a steam removal system with a sequence of relief and/or safety valves, isolation, bypass, turbine-trip and turbine-control valves and a steam turbine. Possible perturbations from outside can be: inlet water temperature, inlet water mass flow and system pressure on the primary side, feed water temperature, feed water mass flow and outlet steam mass flow disturbed by actions of the different valves within the steam removal system on the secondary side. Based on this theoretical model the digital code UTSG has been established. Post-calculations of start-up tests at a PWR nuclear power plant simulating perturbations both on the primary and secondary side of the steam generator and similar calculations for the corresponding ATWS-cases will show the efficiency of the code UTSG and the underlying theoretical model.     

CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧三维稳态热工水力分析

采用三维稳态分析软件GENEPI,对CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧管束区进行了热工水力计算,利用多孔介质及局部阻力系数来表征传热管及各几何部件的复杂结构和压降影响,得到了二次侧管束区流场、温度场等的分布情况。计算结果表明:管束区最大干度为0.3;将典型传热管的动能数据提供给流致振动软件进行计算分析,结果显示在本工况下,传热管的流致振动在可接受范围内;对管板附近的流场及温度场进行分析,预测了此模型及工况下的泥渣沉积区域,为排污管的设计提供了输入数据。计算结果验证了CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧管束区设计的合理性。     

压水堆管道小破口蒸汽临界流泄漏实验研究

为探究压水堆核电厂小破口失水事故中管道小破口蒸汽临界流泄漏特性,开展了管道小破口泄漏实验,以探索饱和/过热蒸汽临界流泄漏特性。基于压力管道疲劳贯穿裂纹（微通道）,开展了流体压力3～12 MPa、流体温度240℃～320℃范围内的蒸汽临界流泄漏实验。实验结果表明,蒸汽临界质量流速与初始流体压力呈正相关关系,与初始流体过热度呈负相关关系。与过冷水临界流泄漏相比,蒸汽临界质量流速受入口压力损失、摩擦效应与加速效应的影响相对较弱。利用一维等熵模型预测了蒸汽临界质量流速,预测值与实验值平均相对偏差为14.17%,表明一维等熵模型具有良好的蒸汽临界质量流速预测精度。     

Theoretical investigation on the steady-state natural circulation characteristics of a new type of pressurized water reactor

1 Introduction With respect to the inherent safety of nuclear re- actors, application of passive systems/components including natural circulation phenomena as the main mechanism is intended to simplify the safety-related systems and to improve their reliability, to reduce the effect of human errors and equipment failures, and to provide more time to enable the operators to prevent or mitigate serious accidents. Natural circulation is the main mode of heat removal for removing decay heat from t…     

Mechanism analysis on flow excursion of a natural circulation with low steam quality

Flow excursion was observed on the natural circulation test loop HRTL-5, which simulates the geometry and system design of the 5 MW nuclear heating reactor. By means of self-developed computational codes, a set of tools used for analyzing the flow characteristics of the natural circulation have been presented, including the characteristic curves, operational curve and the bifurcation curve. The two-dimensional disturbance analysis is adopted to explain the mechanism of the flow excursion. Analytical result shows: (1) flow excursion can occur in a natural circulation system at a suitable geometry and thermal–hydraulic conditions. (2) Characteristic curves, operational curve, bifurcation curve, and the two-dimensional disturbance analysis are the available method to analyze the flow excursion of the natural circulation. (3) The flow excursion is prior to the low steam quality density wave oscillation. (4) The onset of the flow excursion is the tangency point of the drive force curve and the flow resistance curve. (5) To operate at low heat flux to increase the inlet temperature is the effectual approach to transfer from the pressurized water state to the boiling water state, in which the flow excursion and the low steam quality density wave oscillation can be avoided.     

Engineering analysis of mass flow rate for turbine system control and design

The mass flow rate is determined in the steam turbine system by the area formed between the stem disk and the seat of the control valve. For precise control the steam mass flow rate should be known given the stem lift. However, since the thermal hydraulic characteristics of steam coming from the generator or boiler are changed going through each device, it is hard to accurately predict the steam mass flow rate. Thus, to precisely determine the steam mass flow rate, a methodology and theory are developed in designing the turbine system manufactured for the nuclear and fossil power plants. From the steam generator or boiler to the first bunch of turbine blades, the steam passes by a stop valve, a control valve and the first nozzle, each of which is connected with piping. The corresponding steam mass flow rate can ultimately be computed if the thermal and hydraulic conditions are defined at the stop valve, control valve and pipes. The steam properties at the inlet of each device are changed at its outlet due to geometry. The Compressed Adiabatic Massflow Analysis (CAMA) computer code is written to predict the steam mass flow rate through valves. The Valve Engineered Layout Operation (VELO) test device is built to experimentally study the flow characteristics of steam flowing inside the control valve with the CAMA input data. The Widows’ Creek type control valve was selected as reference. CAMA is expected to be commercially utilized to accurately design and operate the turbine system for fossil as well as nuclear power plants.