纤维素经液氨预处理对其结构和晶型的影响

棉短绒纤维素在室温和工1.03MPn压力下用无水液氢进行预处理，并经蒸发除去大部分氨，研究液氮处理前后纤维素微细结构和结晶形态的变化，讨论氛对纤维素的作用机理。结果表明，液氮处理后纤维素的侧序分布、结晶度、微晶尺寸、晶格形态都发生深刻的变化。X-射线结晶度下降21％，微晶横向尺寸减少20％-40％，晶格由纤维素I转化为纤维素I。纤维素结构中较高序态区向低序和无序部分转移，这种物理结构的变化将增进纤维素的可及度，提高纤维素在制备行生物时的反应性。     

纤维状纤维素高吸附材料制备工艺的研究

本文研究对水和生理液有很好吸附和保持能力的纤维状高吸附材料的制备工艺。该材料是将纤维素纤维（棉短绒、外科用纱布）经由一种处理液进行醚化、交联等反应得到，使纤维的表面形成一层交联聚电解质，而芯层保持原有的天然结构。文中讨论了影响水吸附保持值（WRV）和生理盐水吸附保持值（SRV）的工艺因素，检测了聚电解质层中纳和铜可迁移金属平衡离子对血浆吸附性能的影响。结果表明，采用本工艺使改性棉短绒的WRV和SRV分别为未变性时的12倍和6倍，变性纱布则分别为未改性时的6倍和4．7倍。     

纤维状纤维素高吸附材料结构性能的研究

本文研究了一种低度醚化和交联工艺制得的纤维状高吸附纤维素纤维的结构和性能。试验结果表明，随改性纤维取代度（DS）的增大，纤维横截面变得疏松，结晶度下降，润胀能力提高，纤维端部的毛刺和尖锐的边缘消失，并变得柔软。该改性纤维的水吸附保持值（WRV）、等渗盐水吸附保持值（SRV）和新鲜血浆吸附保持值（BRV）分别为原纤维素纤维的8．5倍，2．5倍和1．7倍。经用CuSO4进行离子交换处理，BRV为未改性纤维的2．8倍。试样的吸附值随DS的增大而增大，随交联度的增大而降低。     

棉浆粕月桂酸酯的制备及其吸附有机废水污染物的研究

在氯化锂的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc／LiCl）均相体系下,以棉浆粕为原料,月桂酰氯为酯化剂,吡啶为催化剂制备纤维素月桂酸酯,研究了月桂酰氯用量、反应温度、反应时间对纤维素酯的取代度（Ds）和得率的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件为月桂酰氯用量1．6～1．8mol／mol羟基、反应温度80℃、反应时间8h,此时产物得率为335％,产物DS=2．4。X射线衍射和接触角分析结果表明,纤维素月桂酸酯结晶结构发生了变化,疏水性随取代度增大而增强,DS=2．4时,接触角达118。,具有极强的疏水性。在25℃条件下,纤维素月桂酸酯吸附含氯代苯和吡啶的有机废水,达到吸附平衡所需时间为120min,吸附量随着取代度的增大而增大,DS=2．4的纤维素酯对1．0mmol／L的废水中氯代苯和吡啶的吸附量分别达0．82mmol／g和O．61mmol／g,表明纤维素酯对有机废水有较好的吸附能力。     

绿色木霉高效纤维素酶菌株的选育

采用NTG和UV连续处理绿色木霉IFO31137菌株（TTichodermaviTideIFO31137），并对菌株纤维素酶活力和酶吸附率作双重比较，获得突变株SO－465。其微晶粉末纤维素酶（Avicelase）活力提高8．2倍，酶对废物的吸附率增加约5倍。突变菌株对四种纤维素底物（微晶粉末纤维素、滤纸、纸浆纤维和KCFloc）的水解率分别为87．5％、81．9％、90．5％和83．2％，比原始菌株增加幅度为101％、230％、83％和74％。     

高粘耐盐性羧甲基纤维素工艺机理的研究

研究了制备数甲基纤维素（CMC）过程中加入四硼酸钠的工艺方法，研究表明，用这一工艺制得的CMC溶液质量明显改善，取代度（DS）0．8左右的CMC，2％水溶液粘度提高60％，用溶液透明度表示的取代基分布均一性提高。CMC的耐盐性用盐粘比（HS）表示，对四硼酸钠做交联和CMC溶液耐盐性的机理进行了解释。结果表明，加入3％－7％四硼酸钠微交联的CMC较未交联CMC的盐粘比提高30％－50%。     

芦苇浆纳米纤维素的制备及其尺寸均一性制备方法初探

采用硫酸水解芦苇浆和乙酸预处理芦苇浆制备纳米纤维素（NCC）,并对NCC尺寸和形貌进行测定和分析,探究均一纳米纤维素的制备方法。结果表明芦苇浆NCC得率为61．50％,3次重复实验的乙酸预处理芦苇浆NCC得率分别为63．13％（NCC-1）、62．30％（NCC-2）和62．15％（NCC-3）;乙酸预处理芦苇浆NCC乙酸回收率分别为75．00％（NCC-1）、78．15％（NCC-2）和77．56％（NCC-3）。NCC尺寸分析表明芦苇浆NCC和3次重复实验的乙酸预处理芦苇浆NCC平均尺寸均有差异,其中只有乙酸预处理芦苇浆NCC-1尺寸分布较均匀,平均尺寸185．3nm。透射电子显微镜（TEM）下观察所制备的芦苇浆NCC和乙酸预处理芦苇浆NCC-1均呈棒状。     

碳羟基磷灰石处理有机废水的研究

采用自制的碳羟基磷灰石（CHAP）作为吸附剂处理制药有机废水,分别考察了pH值、作用时间、吸附剂用量、温度等因素对色度和COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明：在常温、pH为6、吸附时间为60min、CHAP用量为18mg／L的条件下,对有机废水的色度和COD去除率分别达到84％、81．5％,吸附容量达72．89mg／g。CHAP吸附有机废水中的COD机理符合Langrnuir方程,吸附反应快速、自发地进行,属于吸热反应。     

水合纤维素微球对结晶紫模拟废水的吸附研究

制备了水合纤维素微球,比较了纤维素改性前后对结晶紫的吸附性能。结果表明,改性后的水合纤维素微球比表面积增大,吸附位点增多,对结晶紫吸附能力明显提高。考察了不同因素对纤维素和水合纤维素微球吸附结晶紫性能的影响。确定吸附最佳时间为180 min;随着吸附剂投加量的增加,吸附率增大,吸附量减小;随着结晶紫初始浓度增大,吸附率减小,qe增大。适当盐离子浓度对水合纤维素微球吸附结晶紫有一定的促进作用。p H中性条件下就可达到较好的吸附效果。水合纤维素符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式。     

活化粉煤灰处理实验室废水的实验研究

以活化粉煤灰为材料,以实验室废水为吸附处理对象,采用不同投加量、时间、温度、pH值、转速进行吸附研究。实验结果表明,活化粉煤灰对实验室废水中的Cr（Ⅵ）有较好的吸附作用,当活化粉煤灰处理剂用量4g,处理时间为20min,温度为20℃,pH=7时,转速为70r／min,Cr（VI）的去除率高达89．9％。     

以纳米纤维素晶须悬浮液为原料制备纳米硝化棉

将精制棉在冰浴中超声波处理15min,以H2SO4(质量分数64%)为催化剂,液固比为17.5mL/g,在45℃下恒温搅拌1 h,制备出平均直径在15～30nm,平均长度在150～250nm的纳米纤维素晶须.以纳米纤维素晶须悬浮液为原料,硝酸(质量分数为92.5%)为硝化液制备出硝化纤维素.结果发现,由于纳米纤维素具有...     

The water retention values of never-dried alkali-treated celluloses

The extent of swelling of refined and unrefined cotton linter, viscose pulp and paper pulp treated with various concentrations of NaOH from 4 to 20% at 20°C, then washed with water and never dried was measured in terms of the water retention values (WRV). The treatment of unrefined fibers with alkali resulted in increase in WRV; the only exception was viscose pulp treated with 12 and 14% NaOH. Cotton pulp refined with 5% NaOH showed an increase in the swelling ability in water which increased with the concentration of alkali treatment, whereas for viscose and paper pulps the amount of water retained increased with alkali concentration up to 12% and 14% NaOH, respectively, then decreased with further increase in alkali concentration. For cotton and viscose pulps refined with 20% NaOH, the alkali treatment increased the affinity of fibers to water up to alkali concentrations of 16% and 12% NaOH, respectively,′ then the WRV became more or less stable after treatment with higher concentrations of NaOH. On the other hand, the paper pulp refined with 20% NaOH then treated with alkali concentrations from 10 to 20% showed decreased WRV.     

Hot Alkali Refining of Cellulosic Pulps in the Presence of Sodium Sulfide

Cotton linter pulp and paper pulp were subjected to hot refining with potassium and sodium hydroxide in the presence of sodium sulfide at concentrations of 5% and 20%. The resulting changes in their chemical, physical, and submicroscopic properties as well as their mercerization depth were studied. The addition of sodium sulfide during hot sodium or potassium hydroxide refining of the pulps resulted in a small increase in α-cellulose content of the cotton linters. Remarkable increase was observed in the case of the paper pulp as well as in the resulting decrystallization, and it increased the heterogeneity of the macromolecular structure of both pulps. This led to an increase in the swelling ability of the fibers as revealed from the results of water retention value (WRV), liquor retention value (LRV), and sodium hydroxide retention value (NaOH RV). The addition of sodium sulfide to sodium or potassium hydroxide during hot refining of the cotton linters or to sodium hydroxide during refining of the paper pulp led to the reduction in the degree of polymerization and to improvement in the reactivity towards xanthation. This was in contrast to the results of the alkali refining of the paper pulp with a mixture of potassium hydroxide-sodium sulfide in which the degree of polymerization was increased and the reactivity towards xanthation was decreased. The mercerization depth of the hot refined pulps was also investigated using FUR 1650 spectrophotometer absorption method. The cotton linters refined with a mixture of 5% sodium hydroxide-sodium sulfide possessed a higher degree of chemical purity and a good open and accessible fine structure and at the same time were characterized with a higher degree of polymerization suitable for use as a starting refined pulp for the manufacture of paper documents.     

Effect of short thermal treatment on cotton degradation

Cotton fabric was subjected to thermal treatment for durations ranging from 0.5 to 5 min at a temperature range of 160°C. In comparison with the untreated cotton, the copper number (measure of the aldehyde content) decreased after heating cotton for up to 3 min at 160°, 180°, and 190°C but increased when heating was prolonged to 5 min. Thermal treatment at 200°C or above caused an appreciable increase in the copper number. The carboxyl content increased with time of heating, attained a maximum, and then fell down to reach values which in some cases were lower than that of untreated cotton. Thermal treatment at 180°C caused a substantial reduction in the D. P.; this reduction increased with time of treatment. At the other temperatures there was no significant decrease in D. P. when cotton was heated up to 3 min. The D. P. decreased in these cases only when the thermal treatment was conducted for 5 min. The tensile strength remained practically unimpaired after thermal treatment of the cotton for up to 2 min, regardless of the temperature used within the range studied. A loss in tensile strength of ca. 9% and 13% was observed with fabrics treated for 5 min at 160° and 180°C, respectively. This contrasts with a loss of ca. 4% at 190°C, 7% at 200°C, and 8% at 220°C. The highest dye exhaustion was obtained on cotton which was thermally treated at 180°C prior to dyeing, while the lowest dye exhaustion was obtained on cotton heated at 220°C. Thermal treatment at 160°C left the susceptibility of cotton toward the dyestuff practically unaltered.     

废弃棉短绒模板纤维素碳化机理的研究及多孔碳的制备

以废弃棉短绒为模板,采用溶胶凝胶技术制备出新型多孔碳模板,研究了纤维素碳化的机理。多孔碳的收缩率随着树脂/棉短绒复合体中树脂含量的增大而减小;所得多孔碳的气孔率随着树脂/棉短绒复合体中树脂含量的增大而减小,也随着碳化温度的升高而减小;多孔碳的弯曲强度随着树脂/棉短绒复合体中酚醛树脂含量的增大而增大,也随着碳化温度的升高而增大。     

以废磷酸为磷源的MAP法去除污泥压滤液中的氨氮

利用废磷酸作为MAP法的磷源处理污泥压滤液厌氧出水中的NH_3-N,考察了反应时间、搅拌方式、pH值、氮磷镁物质的量之比、初始NH_3-N浓度对NH_3-N去除效果和残余PO_4~(3-)浓度的影响,并确定了最佳反应条件。试验结果表明,当原水NH_3-N的质量浓度为700.42 mg/L,PO_4~(3-)的质量浓度为0.33 mg/L时,常温下,最佳反应条件为p H值为9,n(NH_4~+)∶n(PO_4~(3-))∶n(Mg~(2+))=1∶1∶1,曝气搅拌反应10 min。此时,NH_3-N的去除率可达84.91%,出水NH_3-N的质量浓度为105.69 mg/L,残余PO_4~(3-)的质量浓度为6.49 mg/L。以废磷酸作为沉淀剂磷源的MAP法,具有较好的NH_3-N处理效果,可用于高浓度NH_3-N废水的预处理。     

Reducing the environmental load of triacetyl cellulose film production using wood pulp

Triacetyl cellulose (TAC) films, which are currently produced mainly from cotton linter, are widely used for liquid crystalline display (LCD) applications. However, cotton linter is an expensive source of cellulose and the environmental load related with cotton cultivation is notoriously heavy. Herein, the replacement of cotton linter by wood pulp was systematically investigated to explore the possibility of TAC production using a less expensive source. The mechanical and thermal properties of TAC films made from wood (wTAC) were outstanding compared to those of TAC films made from cotton (cTAC). The optical transparency of wTAC was also excellent. While Tinuvin (a UV stabilizer) produced more isotropic structures in cTAC films, it produced more anisotropic structures in wTAC films. Overall, the optical films of wTAC showed good performance for LCD applications, comparable to that of cTAC. These results could be used to develop more environmentally friendly production methods for optical TAC films. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42146.     

气浮-混凝-Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液动态模拟研究

采用气浮-混凝-Fenton氧化组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行处理。试验研究结果表明,最佳气浮条件:气水比为45～60mL/L、氧化石蜡皂用量为300mg/L、气浮时间为15min;最佳混凝条件:PAM投加量为9mg/L、PAC投加量为1100mg/L、pH值为5、搅拌强度为200r/min;最佳Fenton氧化条件:pH值为3,Fe2+投加量为0.04mol/L,n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)为15,反应时间为90min。垃圾渗滤液经过气浮-混凝-Fenton氧化处理后COD、NH3-N得到了较好的去除,最终出水COD、NH3-N、TP可达《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889—2008)中的排放浓度限值。     

水热氧化法处理焦化废水的可行性研究

以焦化废水为研究对象,采用水热氧化技术研究废水处理的技术可行性,具有重大的理论和实际应用价值。在连续式反应器中,研究了实际焦化废水中主要污染物指标COD、NH3-N的降解行为。采用水热法处理焦化废水对COD去除率可达90%以上,当温度高于500 K时,COD浓度可降至300 mg/L以下,达到三级排放标准(GB 13456-1992)。停留时间是NH3-N彻底去除的主要因素。在停留时间达到12.46 min、温度为581 K、压力为15 MPa的亚临界条件下,NH3-N浓度可降至2.6 mg/L,达到一级排放标准。     

纳米TiO2光催化法处理炼油废水的研究

采用纳米TiO2光催化技术对炼油废水中COD和NH3-N进行了降解试验研究,结果表明,pH值在7～8时,纳米TiO2光催化剂的最佳用量为2.5 g/L、COD和NH3-N的最佳光照时间为4 h时和2 h时,在废水CODCr、NH3-N的质量浓度分别为1 470、91 mg/L时,处理后分别下降到700、40 mg/L左右,COD和NH3-N的降解率分别达到50.1%和55%.