可并行识别的超高频RFID系统防碰撞性能研究

对超高频射频识别(RFID)系统的防碰撞问题进行了分析.提出了基于动态帧时隙ALOHA(DFSA)协议与正交可变扩频因子码(OVSF)作为扩频码的码分多址技术相结合的超高频RFID系统,实现了在单一时隙内最多可并行识别m个RFID应答器,m为OVSF扩频码长度.对提出的RFID系统期望的系统吞吐量进行了理论分析,仿真结果表明其防碰撞性能显著超过了现有的基于动态帧时隙ALOHA(DFSA)协议的超高频RFID系统的防碰撞性能.     

应用标签并行识别技术的RFID防碰撞算法

针对RFID传统算法一次只能识别一个标签、吞吐率低、饿死率高的不足,文中提出一种RFID系统防碰撞算法,即利用伪ID码分组,并应用标签可并行识别技术的防碰撞算法（PILD算法）。PILD算法利用伪ID码对待识别标签进行分组,当出现碰撞现象时,运用并行识别算法对出现碰撞的标签进行识别。该算法能避免因帧长过大造成吞吐率下降的问题,并提高RFID识别技术的吞吐率。首先对PILD算法的识别过程进行理论分析,再运用Mathematica软件对PILD算法进行仿真。理论分析及仿真结果表明：当标签总数为2 000,单次碰撞标签数小于等于6时,标签平均查询次数近似为1.26次;该算法的吞吐率较稳定且达到0.791 092,与基于伪ID码的树型防碰撞算法和Logistic-DFSA算法相比,所提算法吞吐率分别提高28.82%、4.74%;当标签数大于1 400时,PILD算法的标签总查询次数最少,标签平均查询次数最少。所提算法中伪ID码分组能够减少单个标签因多次碰撞发生“饿死现象”的概率,与基于伪ID码的树型防碰撞算法和Logistic-DFSA算法相比,PILD算法饿死率最低。     

基于混沌扩频序列的RFID防碰撞算法分析

为了解决射频识别系统（RFID）中的多标签防碰撞问题,在分析了时隙A10HA算法的基础上提出了一种基于混沌序列扩频的时隙ALOHA算法,该算法的标签ID序列通过混沌扩频序列Chebyshev序列扩频而获得扩频信号,阅读器通过接收扩频信号并对其解扩得到标签ID序列．通过建立数学模型对算法进行了分析,仿真实验结果表明扩频ALOHA算法可显著提高系统吞吐量,并且当负载G接近于N时,系统吞吐量Sc接近于最大值．     

基于码分多址防碰撞的射频识别认证协议

该文针对射频识别(RFID)领域中的安全认证协议和多标签防碰撞算法两个研究热点,设计了一种基于码分多址防碰撞算法的RFID安全认证协议。协议支持密钥的动态更新并引入标志位机制选择备用密钥来抵御数据库同步攻击,同时结合码分多址技术,应用重传随机数进行扩频码的选择,实现一次重传解决多标签识别中因数据碰撞造成的标签不识别的问题。首先,描述协议的流程及防碰撞原理;其次,应用SVO逻辑对认证协议的正确性进行证明;最后,对应用该认证协议的系统吞吐效率进行数值分析,分析表明其吞吐效率高于传统防碰撞算法。     

RFID防碰撞算法中扩频码特性研究

标签碰撞是射频识别(RFID)技术的常见问题,该问题影响了RFID系统数据通信过程中数据传输的完整性。针对在解决防碰撞问题中新出现的码分多址方法,对Walsh码、m序列和Gold序列的3种扩频码组进行比较,研究在标签防碰撞算法中扩频码的性能。仿真实验结果:m序列和Gold序列在基于码分多址技术的防碰撞算法中性能要好一些。由于m序列互相关性能不是很好,因此在以后的研究中,使用Gold序列效果会更明显。     

多枝查询树协议在解决射频识别碰撞问题中的应用

数据碰撞是影响射频识别(RFID)系统识别效率的主要因素。目前,常用的防碰撞算法是ALOHA算法和二进制树搜索算法,但这两类算法都还不能完全解决标签碰撞问题,尤其是当待识别的标签数量较大且标签ID序列号较长时,识别速度相当慢。为此提出一种多枝查询树协议,采用均衡不完全区组设计(BIBD)对标签ID进行编码,并用16位的BIBD码作为读写器查询前缀符号。理论分析和仿真结果表明,这种协议的性能较传统的防碰撞协议有明显改善。     

位屏蔽多叉树搜索射频识别防碰撞算法

针对RFID树型防碰撞算法中时隙数多、数据通行量大等问题,提出了一种改进的多叉树防碰撞算法,阅读器准确检测碰撞位并向标签反馈碰撞位信息,标签对阅读器已知的ID位进行屏蔽,把ID号转换成连续碰撞的序列号.阅读器利用屏蔽位信息和标签返回的碰撞位编码信息,对标签进行分层分类搜索.通过对标签ID进行屏蔽,阅读器和标签间仅发送对方不知道的碰撞位信息.该算法减少了碰撞时隙和识别时隙,避免了空闲时隙,减少了阅读器和标签间的数据通信量.理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法减少了系统的时隙总数和数据通信量,提高了阅读器的识别效率.     

一种改进的RFID多标签防碰撞算法

在射频识别系统中,需要一种防碰撞算法使阅读器在可读范围内快速地识别出所有标签。提出了一种改进的ID预测算法以解决标签碰撞问题。该算法的最大特点是：阅读器向标签发出一次询问命令,有可能同时识别多个标签。此算法能有效地减少阅读器发送询问指令的次数,从而缩短识别出所有标签的时间。     

一种基于码分复用机制的超高频RFID防碰撞方法

在超高频射频识别的防碰撞技术中,射频码分复用和扩频通讯因其具有抗干扰、保密性和抗多径等特性而具有优势。该文设计了一种基于码分复用的射频识别数据接收和发送、ID识别的工作机制。该文对这种机制的运行作了仿真分析和对比,得出了待识别的Tag数目和识别时间以及碰撞次数之间的关系,从而对实际应用提供依据。     

一种新的RFID防碰撞算法设计

该文提出了一种基于码分多址思想的时隙ALOHA算法(CS-ALOHA),来解决射频识别(RFID)中的防碰撞问题。在建立该算法的数学模型的基础上,分析了其对系统吞吐量带来的好处,并推导出系统稳定的条件。理论与仿真实验表明,采用CS-ALOHA算法的系统稳定范围要大于时隙ALOHA系统,并且当选用的扩频码组阶数为N时,CS-ALOHA算法的最大吞吐量可达原时隙ALOHA的N倍。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks