Some problems of emergency cooling of the thermal research reactor

The cooling regime of a reactor in emergency shutdown of the circulating pumps is studied on a type MN-7 electronic model and on a model with electrical heating of a fuel element assembly.     

Influence of cooling conditions on the local parameters of heat and mass transfer in condensation heat-utilization units

Based on the earlier developed model of calculation of the local parameters of heat and mass transfer in deep cooling of flue gases (a vapor-gas mixture) in a bundle of tubes of a condensation heat-utilization unit, the distribution of the parameters of a condensing vapor-gas mixture both along the length of the tubes and in the depth of the tube bundle in a crossflow under various cooling conditions corresponding to the working parameters of heat-utilization units at industrial thermoelectric plants (TEP) and in boiler houses has been obtained. A comparison of the calculated values of the heating efficiency of the indicated heat-utilization unit with the results of tests of the condensation heat-utilization unit at the Ul’yanovsk TEP-3 (Russia) has demonstrated their satisfactory agreement.     

Analysis of recoverable waste heat of circulating cooling water in hot-stamping power system

This article studies the possibility of using heat pump instead of cooling tower to decrease temperature and recover waste heat of circulating cooling water of power system. Making use of heat transfer theory the article carried on analysis and calculation about recoverable waste heat of circulating cooling water in hot-stamping power system which includes hot-stamping, closing-in and extrusion intermediate frequency induction furnace. The results show that the whole process can recover a calorie which is 2.642 × 10⁶ kJ per hour. Using the recycled calories can make 15.82 tons hot water per hour which is 60 °C. So it can reduce burning capacity of coal 180.29 kg/h. The hot water can provide the needed water for production and workers bathing. This research shows that using heat pump to recover the waste heat of circulating cooling water is effectual. Realizing the use of waste heat, it can reduce pollution of condensing heat, reduce operating cost and noise of cooling tower, reduce site and the occupation of equipment, improve the production efficiency, and can also save the natural resources (fossil fuel-coal) and reduce the cost of needed hot water production.     

Boundary conditions for a forced transpiration cooling system

A study is made of the boundary conditions, and results are presented on the effects from the convective heat-transfer rate at the inner surface of a permeable wall on the temperature state in it.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 587–594, October, 1984.     

In-service inspections of the reactor cooling system of pressurized water Reactors

In order to guarantee constant safety of the components of the reactor cooling system, regular in-service inspections are carried out after commissioning of the nuclear power plant. This contribution is concerned with the components of the reactor cooling system, referring to the legal requirements, safety-related purposes and scope of the in-service inspections during the entire period of operation of a nuclear power plant. Reports are made with respect to type, examination intervals, examination technique, results and future development. The functional tests which are carried out within the scope of the inservice inspections are not part of this contribution.     

Impact of a vertical geothermal heat exchanger on the solar fraction of a solar cooling system

This paper presents the influence on the solar fraction of coupling a Solar Cooling System (SCS) with a Geothermal Heat Exchanger (GHX). The SCS analysis was made using a mathematical model and was supported by experimental data of a vertical GHX. First, the cooling capacity of the SCS was calculated, considering the cooling load required for a building of 420 m³. The results show that a 12.30 kW cooling capacity SCS would be necessary to satisfy the maximum cooling load requirement during the summer. A 1 kW PV array was considered to assist the SCS. With the constructed GHX a soil temperature model was validated to estimate the temperature of the output water at different GHX depths. The solar fraction meets between 10 and 23% of the energy demand when the condenser is air cooled. However, when a GHX of 1, 2, 4 and 10 m is implemented the solar fraction increases.     

Formation of a system of microcraters on a titanium surface by femtosecond laser radiation under rapid cooling conditions

Results of structuring a titanium surface with femtosecond laser radiation are reported. Formation of an ordered system of microcraters with a diameter of about 2 μm and a step of about 3 μm is observed. The character of this process is determined by the laser-beam transverse structure. The possibility of fixing the structures formed is provided by rapid cooling (using liquid nitrogen) of the laser-irradiated region. The potential of this treatment mode for nanostructuring surfaces of materials is considered.     

Influence of thermal conductivity of a material on an unsteady heat removal parameter

In preparing [1] the authors additionally studied the influence of the thermophysical properties of a material on its unsteady breakdown. They found that the unsteady heat removal parameter d₀ depends logarithmically on the thermal conductivity.Institute for High Temperatures, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Institute for Development of Materials, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 546–551, April, 1992.     

Gray wolf optimizer approach to the reliability‐cost optimization of residual heat removal system of a nuclear power plant safety system

To ensure the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs), nuclear regulatory agencies set technical specifications (TSs). TSs define the safety‐related operational measures and specify essential requirements and set specific limitations that is necessarily be followed by a nuclear industry to meet the requirements for the safety of an NPP. One of the important bases for the setting of TSs is the estimates of the availability and reliability of various systems and costs associated with an NPP. In this work, authors have presented a framework based upon a hodiernal nature‐inspired metaheuristic called multiobjective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO) algorithm, which mimic the hierarchal and hunting behavior of gray wolves (Canis lupus), for technical specifications optimization of residual heat removal system (RHRS) of an NPP safety system. The efficiency of MOGWO in optimizing the TSs is demonstrated by comparing its results with a very popular swarm‐based optimization technique named multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO).     

Experimental investigation of a micro-combined cooling, heating and power system driven by a gas engine

An experimental investigation of the performance of a micro-combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system is described. The natural gas and LPG-fired micro-CCHP system uses a small-scale generator set driven by a gas engine and a new small-scale adsorption chiller, which has a rated electricity power of 12 kW, a rated cooling of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Silica gel–water is used as working pair in the adsorption cooling system. The refrigeration COP of the adsorption chiller is over 0.3 for 13 °C evaporation temperature. The test facility designed and built is described, which supplies better test-rig platform for cooling, heating and power cogeneration. Experimental methodology of this system is presented and the results are discussed. An energetic analysis of micro-CCHP system is performed as well. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency is over 70%.     

灾害空间天气对我国电网安全的影响及风险

通过对第23太阳周几次磁暴期间广东岭澳500 kV电网的地磁感应电流(GIC)实测数据,2010年西北陕、甘、青、宁750 kV电网GIC的计算结果,以及500~1000 kV电网结构特点和1859年超级磁暴强度的分析,阐述了极端空间天气对我国未来特高压、大规模电网安全的可能影响,提出了应对极端空间天气的研究建议。     

Investigation of an ammonia-water combined power and cooling system driven by the jacket water and exhaust gas heat of an internal combustion engine

An ammonia-water combined power and cooling system is proposed and investigated in this work, in which the waste heat contained in the jacket water and exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine can be recovered efficiently to generate power and cooling energy simultaneously. The proposed system was simulated, and its thermodynamic performance in the base case was calculated based on waste heat data from an actual gas engine with a rated power output of 300 kW. The equivalent heat-to-power efficiency of the combined system is 19.76%, and the total equivalent power output is as high as 92.86 kW. The exergy efficiency of the combined system reaches 33.69%. The effects of the turbine inlet pressure, generation pressure in the reboiler, exhaust gas temperature and cooling water temperature were studied to provide guidance for the system design. The results of an economic analysis indicate that the proposed system has good economic benefit.     

Influence of hydraulic loading and air flowrate on urban wastewater nitrogen removal with a submerged fixed-film reactor

Nutrient disposal to sensitive areas, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater treatment plants, provokes eutrophication reducing water quality. Fixed film technology is widely used for the removal of organic matter and nitrogen by the biological process of nitrification-denitrification. This paper studies a nitrification and post-denitrification lab-scale plant with a downflow aerobic submerged filter for removal of organic matter and nitrification, followed by an anoxic upflow biofilter for denitrification. Recycled construction material (clay shists) was employed as support material and methanol was used as carbon source. After 2 weeks of acclimation in which nitrification reached steady-state conditions, different hydraulic loadings (0.35-1.59 m(3)/m(2)h) and air flowrates (7.78-43.5 m(3)/m(2)h) were applied for 1 year. The highest hydraulic loading which complied with the EU regulation on nitrogen disposal was 0.71 m(3)/m(2)h (1.6 h). Hydraulic retention time (HRT), which corresponded to a nitrogen removal of 0.64 kg N/m(3) per day operating at an air flowrate of 25.6 m(3)/m(2)h. Concerning to organic matter removal efficiency, the aerobic reactor accepted a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) volumetric loading of 16.0 kg COD/m(3) per day with a 75% COD removal efficiency. For all the tests carried out, suspended solids (SS) concentration in the outlet water was less than 35 mg/l.     

Anomalous cooling power of dilution refrigerators and the heat of transport of He---He solutions

The experimental cooling power of a dilution refrigeration employing two mixing chambers was found to exceed the theoretical cooling power by as much as 50%; with a single mixing chamber the experimental cooling power exceeded the theoretical value by 15%. This excess cooling power is explained by assuming that the He³ flow is partially diffusive. Information concerning the thermal diffusion ratio k_T and the He³ relaxation time in a He³---He⁴ solution is extracted from the data.     

Effects of gene augmentation on the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a biofilm reactor under different scales and substrate conditions

With a conjugative plasmid pJP4 carrying strain as the donor, two bioaugmentation experiments were conducted in a microcosm biofilm reactor with 2,4-D as the sole carbon source operated in fed-batch mode, and an enlarged lab-scale sequence batch biofilm reactor with mixed carbon sources of 2,4-D and other easily biodegradable compounds, respectively. In the microcosm study under sole carbon source condition, bioaugmentation led to a persistently increased 2,4-D degradation rate in the five operation cycles with enhancement of 13-64%. For the enlarged lab-scale bioaugmentation experiment under mixed carbon source conditions, no enhancement in 2,4-D removal could be observed during start-up period. After a period of operation, biofilm samples from the bioaugmented reactor demonstrated a stronger degradation capacity than the control and showed the presence of a large number of transconjugants. This study indicates that bioaugmentation based on plasmid horizontal transfer is a feasible strategy to establish functional microbial community in a biofilm reactor, and the strong selective pressure of 2,4-D existing alone and persistently was more favorable for the success of gene augmentation.     

Influence of ultrasound on heat transfer under the conditions of forced flow of a high-temperature melt

The influence of elastic oscillations at a frequency of 20 kHz on the heat transfer associated with the forced flow of a high-temperature melt in a tube is investigated experimentally. It is shown that the heat-transfer coefficient can be as much as doubled.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 322–325, February, 1985.