Preparation of high nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel by powder injection molding

High nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel has received much recognition worldwide because it can solve the problem of "nickel-allergy" and has outstanding mechanical and physical properties. In this article, 0Cr17Mn11Mo3N was prepared by powder injection molding (PIM) technique accompanied with solid-nitriding. The results show that the critical solid loading can achieve up to 64vol% by use of gas-atomized powders with the average size of 17.4 μm. The optimized sintering conditions are de-termined to be 1300°C, 2 h in flowing nitrogen atmosphere, at which the relative density reaches to 99% and the N content is as high as 0.78wt%. After solution annealing at 1150°C for 90 min and water quench, the 0.2% yield strength, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation, reduction in area, and hardness can reach as high as 580 MPa, 885 MPa, 26.0%, 29.1%, and Hv 222, respectively.     

氮对新型无镍高氮奥氏体不锈钢塑性流变行为的影响

利用Ludw igson模型研究了两种氮含量不同的无镍奥氏体不锈钢18Cr-12Mn-0.55N（质量分数/%）和18Cr-18Mn-0.63N在室温快速拉伸时的塑性流变行为.结果表明,由于N含量的增大,实验钢18Cr-18Mn-0.63N的加工硬化能力明显强于实验钢18Cr-12Mn-0.55N.N促进CrMnN奥氏体不锈钢中的短程有序,使位错在更高的应变水平进行单系滑移和平面滑移,推迟位错的多系滑移和交滑移,因而提高CrMnN奥氏体不锈钢的加工硬化能力.     

Shape retention of injection molded stainless steel compacts

The effects of the binder composition, the powder loading, the thermal properties of feedstocks, and the injection molding parameters on the compact shape retention for metal injection molding 17-4PH stainless steel were investigated. The high-density polyethylene is more effective than ethylene vinyl acetate as a second component of the wax-based binder to retain compact shape due to its higher pyrolytic temperature and less heat of fusion. The compact distortion decreases with increasing the powder loading, molding pressure and molding temperature. There exists an optimal process combination including the powder loading of 68 %, molding pressure of 120 MPa and molding temperature of 150℃. Under this process condition, the percentage of distorted compacts is the lowest.     

Characterization of 17-4PH stainless steel powders produced by supersonic gas atomization

17-4PH stainless steel powders were prepared using a supersonic nozzle in a close-coupled gas atomization system. The characteristics of powder particles were carried out by means of a laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The results show that the mass median particle diameter is about 19.15 μm. Three main types of surface microstructures are observed in the powders: well-developed dendrite, cellular, and cellular dendrite structure. The XRD measurements show that, as the particle size decreases, the amount of fcc phase gradually decreases and that of bcc phase increases. The cooling rate is inversely related to the particle size, i.e., it decreases with an increase in particle size.     

Fabrication of micro gear wheels by micropowder injection molding

The micropowder injection molding technology was investigated to fabricate the microsized gear wheels on a conventional injection molding machine. The feedstock comprised of carbonyl ferrum powder and a wax-based thermoplastic binder. Microinjection molding was fulfilled at about 423 K under 100 MPa. The heating system was applied to the die to improve the fluidity of the feedstock and subsequently the cooling system was used to enhance the strength of the green compacts after injection by decreasing the temperature of the die. The gear wheels were realized successfully with their addendum circle diameter ranging from 800 to 200 μm and with the center hole as small as 60 μm.     

气辅成型延迟时间与气指的关系

主要研究了气辅成型中气体注入延迟时间的变化对制品内部产生气指的影响。采用数值模拟和实验验证相结合的方法,通过改变气体注射延迟时间来测量气道附近产生气指的程度。研究结果表明:在其他工艺条件不变的情况下,随着延迟时间和熔体注射量的增加,制品内部气指指幅和指长明显减小。     

Fabrication of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with excellent mechanical and pitting corrosion properties

A series of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels were successfully developed with a pressurized electroslag remelting furnace. Nitride additives and deoxidizer were packed into the stainless steel pipes, and then the stainless steel pipes were welded on the surface of an electrode with low nitrogen content to prepare a compound electrode. Using Si3N4 as a nitrogen alloying source, the silicon contents in the ingots were prone to be out of the specification range, the electric current fluctuated greatly...     

Influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

The influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of 18Cr-16Mn-2Mo-I.IN （HNS-A）, 18Cr-16Mn-I.3N （HNS-B）, 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.96N （HNS-C） and 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.77N （I-INS-D） high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was investigated. The results show that the ＂nose＂ temperatures and incubation periods of the initial time-temperature-precipitation （TTP） curves of aged HNSs are found to be 850 ℃, 60 s; 850 ℃, 45 s; 850 ℃, 60 s and 900 ℃, 90 s, respectively. Based on the analysis of SAD patterns, the coarse cellular Cr2N precipitate which presents a lamellar structure has a hexagonal structure of a=0.478 nm and c=0.444 nm. The Z phase corresponding to a composition of Fe36Cr~2Mo10, is determined to be a body-centered cubic structure ofa=0.892 nm. The precipitating sensitivity presents no more difference with the nitrogen content increasing from 0.77% to 0.96%, but exhibits so obviously that the cellular precipitates nearly overspread the whole field. The addition of Mo element can restrain the TTP curves moving left and down, which means decreasing the sensitivity of aging precipitation. With increasing the cold deformation, the sensitivity of precipitation increases obviously.     

含氮马氏体不锈钢氮含量控制的研究

主要研究了真空感应炉中的氮气分压对马氏体不锈钢含氮量的影响.采用气体保护在真空感应炉中加入氮化物与母材混合进行熔炼的方法，通过氩气、氮气、氩气和氮气混合气体分别作保护气体对马氏体不锈钢中氮元素收得率研究发现：提高马氏体不锈钢中含氮量的决定因素是氮元素的化学势(即炉内的氮气分压)而不是炉内的气体压力，从而推导出氮气分压和不锈钢熔体中氮的溶解度经验公式，计算值与实测值基本吻合，为制备含氮马氏体不锈钢控制氮含量提供理论依据.     

Effects of sintering atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical property of sintered 316L stainless steel

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Sintering Mechanism of Stainless Steel in Powder Injection Molding

Stainless steel samples were made by Powder injection Molding (PIM) process with-400 mesh powder in order to investigate the sintering mechanism in this system and develop the PIM of stainless steels. The process included mixing, injection molding, debin- ding and sintering. Neck growth model was used to analyze the sintering mechanism. The results show that lattice (volume) diffusion is the main mechanism in the sintering process, the products with higher density (>95%) and properties are obtained. At lower temperatures, grain boundary diffusion may play a role in the sintering densification.     

Martensite transformation induced by deformation and its phase electrochemical behavior for stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L

The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior or phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied.The results show that the content of α′-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain,As α′-martensite content increased.freee corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum.It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenits,There exsted apparent differnece between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels(HNSS) were investigated by electrochemical and immersion testing methods in chloride solution,respectively.The chemical constitution and composition in the depth of passive films formed on HNSS were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum(XPS).HNSS has excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to 316L stainless steel.With increasing the nitrogen content in steels,pitting potentials and critical ...     

真空感应炉近常压气氛保护熔炼高氮马氏体不锈钢

研究了在真空感应炉近常压气氛保护熔炼条件下氮在马氏体不锈钢0Cr16Ni5Mo中的溶解度,探讨了炉内保护气体种类、氮化铬铁加入量对钢中氮含量的影响.结果表明,炉内保护气体种类对钢中氮的溶解度有较大影响,氮化铬铁合金加入量对钢氮含量的影响因保护气体种类不同而异.     

Biocompatibility of MIM 316L stainless steel

To evaluate the biocompatibility of MIM 316L stainless steel, the percentage of S-period cells were detected by flow cytometry after L929 incubated with extraction of MIM 316L stainless steel, using titanium implant materials of clinical application as the contrast. Both materials were implanted in animal and the histopathological evaluations were carried out. The statistical analyses show that there are no significant differences between two groups (P>0.05), which demonstrates that MIM 316L stainless steel has a good biocompatibility. Foundation item: Project (2003AA302210) supported by the National Hi-tech Research Program of China     

Intergranular corrosion behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

The intergranular corrosion (IGC) behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel(HNSS) sensitization treated at 650-950℃ was investigated by the double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation(DL-EPR) method.The effects of the electrolytes,scan rate,sensitizing temperature on the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS were examined. The results show that the addition of NaCl is an effective way to improve the formation of the cracking of a passive film in chromium-depleted zones during the reactivation scan. Decreasing the scan rate exhibits an obvious effect on the breakdown of the passive film. A solution with 2 mol/L H2_SO_4+1 mol/L NaCl+0.01 mol/L KSCN is suitable to check the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS at a sensitizing temperature of 650-950℃ at a suitable scan rate of 1.667 mV/s. Chromium depletion of HNSS is attributed to the precipitation of Cr_2N which results in the susceptibility to IGC. The synergistic effect of Mo and N is suggested to play an important role in stabilizing the passive film to prevent the attack of IGC.     

Sintering products molded by injecting ceramic and metal powders

The injection molding products with different volume ratios of ZrO2 ceramic powder to 316L stainless steel powder were prepared. Properties and structure of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the compressive stress exists in the products and the bend strength reaches 300 MPa. ZrO2 phase and stainless steel phase are uniform in samples. The toughness of ceramic increases with the increasing the content of stainless steel. Through TEM study of the interface, some crystalline orientation relationships are determined.     

The Simulation and Optimization of Aspheric Plastic Lens Injection Molding

For the purpose of reducing the volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation, the process in injection molding of aspheric plastic lens was simulated, and several process parameters which include holding pressure, melt temperature, mold temperature, fill time, holding pressure time and cooling time were optimized by using an orthogonal experimental design method. Finally, the optinuan process parameters and the influence degree of process parameters on the average volumetric shrinkage and the volumetric shrinkage variation are obtained.     

注塑机合模力的测量及误差因素分析

合模力是塑料注射成型机的一项重要技术参数,准确测量合模力不仅是检验产品合格与否的重要方法,也是分析机构的受力状况,验证设计计算的重要依据。介绍了利用应变电测原理及技术测量合模力的方法,并具体阐述应变片的布置和桥接方法以及消除测量误差提高测量精度的措施,为测量注塑机合模力提供了一种有效方法。