无电晕式高温高压电除尘器阴极电发射特性试验研究

在不同的温度、压力、电压条件下,对所开发出来的阴极材料进行了电发射特性的试验研究。研究结果表明,温度、压力、电压对发射电流均有不同程度的影响,在高温（〉８００℃）条件下,由阴极材料热发射所获得的电流密度,比通过电晕方式所得到的电流密度至少高一个数量级。发射极具有良好的稳定性,可在高温高压下长期使用。无电晕式静电除尘器在高温高压环境下具有良好的除尘效果。     

镧钨阴极高温静电除尘器阴极放电与除尘特性

以镧钨和硝酸镧为原料,制备镧钨发射材料,研究其发射特性,并分析了镧钨阴极高温静电除尘器的除尘特性。研究表明,镧钨材料由La2WO6和W组成,逸出功2.88 eV。该材料的发射电流密度随温度和电压的升高而增大,温度对其影响显著。镧钨阴极热电子发射式高温静电除尘器荷电区离子密度可达1015～1016个/m3以上,比传统电晕式静电除尘器(ESP)的离子密度要高两个数量级以上。研究了烟气流速、荷电区电压以及粉尘粒径对除尘效率的影响。当粒径小于10μm时,除尘效率随着粉尘粒径的增大而提高很快。荷电区电压的增大提高了荷电区的离子密度,使得粉尘荷电量增加,从而提高了除尘效率。当流速超过1.2 m/s时,随着流速的增大,除尘效率迅速降低。     

不同衰退机理对PEMFC怠速工况性能衰退影响的模拟研究

分析质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)怠速工况衰退机理,确定怠速工况不同衰退机理对燃料电池模型参数的影响,采用所建立的PEMFC二维等温多物理场模型,仿真研究燃料电池在怠速工况衰退前后的性能及各种衰退因素对电压衰减量的贡献和内部反应气体分布变化。研究结果表明,阴极活化损失增大是怠速工况下最重要的衰退因素,其次是开路电压衰退,影响最小的是阴极电化学活性面积衰退;在相同操作条件下,衰退后燃料电池的最低氧气摩尔浓度和最低氢气摩尔浓度上升,电流密度分布不均匀现象加剧。     

质子交换膜燃料电池建模及水热传输特性分析

针对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)水管理开展了研究,建立了一维非等温两相流解析模型,研究了不同电流密度、微孔层接触角和不同加湿方案对电池内部水分布和温度分布的影响,提出了更好的进气加湿方案。结果表明:电流密度增大会导致阳极拖干、阴极水淹加剧,导致电池各部分温度上升。因各层材料亲水性不同,在交界面处能观察到液态水阶跃现象。增大微孔层接触角促进阴极液态水反扩散到阳极,一定程度上缓解阳极变干,但过大的接触角可能导致阴极水淹加剧。通过采取"阳极充分加湿、阴极低加湿"的进气加湿方案可以有效提高电池性能,并且能在一定程度改善电池内部受热,提高电池使用寿命。     

无电晕式高温高压静电除尘器的数值模拟

基于实验研究结果，对无电晕式高温高压静电除尘器的阴极电子发射、粉尘荷电、浓度扩散、烟气流动、尘粒捕集等过程进行了数值模拟，从理论上分析讨论了温度、压力、电压、流速、含尘浓度、比电阻以及粒径等因素对除尘效率的影响，计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。研究发现，与传统的电晕式静电除尘器不同，无电晕式静电除尘器可以在较高含尘浓度和较低电压下正常工作，且特别适用于高温(高压)烟气的除尘。图11参6     

基于热力学平衡的高温固体氧化物电解水制氢模拟

通过热力学、动力学及通量平衡分析,采用Aspen Plus软件建立固体氧化物电解(SOEC)制氢的热力学平衡模型,并与实验结果进行对比验证。分析运行温度、压力、阴极水蒸气摩尔分数和阳极空气流量对系统运行特性的影响,并建立考虑余热利用的SOEC制氢系统模型,研究余热利用对制氢效率的影响。当电流密度为1.0 A/cm~2时,不同操作条件下的系统可利用热量占总输入能量的比例在26.53%～46.63%之间;在采用余热利用时,余热利用率可达52.27%以上,系统制氢效率可提高14.43%～26.54%。在1223.15 K、0.1 MPa下,阴极通入50 mol/h含水量为50%的氢气、阳极通入10 mol/h空气,电流密度约为0.78 A/cm~2时,制氢效率达到最大值90.56%,与不采用余热利用条件下相比提高约25.89%。     

氢能技术的现状与未来（下）

1.水电解制氢 在不同的工作温度下,电解槽的槽电压随电流密度而变化。电解效率的定义为:产生氢的能量(高热值或低热值)与消耗的电能之比,这里我们用低热值。一台“好的”电解槽应当是在尽可能高的电流密度下有尽可能低的电压值。这两个条件是互相制约的,通过研究找出他们的最佳点。在给定温度下,水电解的最小电压和有效电压之间的电压差主要取决于欧姆电阻和阴阳极的过电压,影响槽电压的主要因素是工作温度。 按工作温度不同,电解槽可分为几类。固态氧化物电解制氢发生在约1000℃,具有超过100％电解效率的可能,因为是靠外加热来维持的。这项技术在美国、俄国、日本和德国仍处在研究阶段,其产业化还需要几年的     

基于光纤光栅传感器的PEMFC温度监测技术研究

为实现实时原位监测PEMFC的内部温度,利用光纤光栅传感技术,将光纤光栅传感器密封埋入PEMFC阴极流场板,同步在线测量不同工况条件下电池内部温度的变化。结果表明,光纤光栅传感器能实现对PEMFC的多点内温度场实时原位监测,随着电流密度阶跃的增大,PEMFC内部温度也呈现阶跃变化,且阴极大流量供气时有利于降低PEMFC内部的温度。该方法可为PEMFC内部状态参数的原位监测提供技术参考和实施方案。     

不可逆半导体固态热离子制冷器性能分析和优化

建立了考虑外部有限速率传热过程和热源间热漏的不可逆半导体固态热离子制冷器模型,基于非平衡热力学和有限时间热力学理论导出了热离子制冷器的制冷率和制冷系数的表达式;对比分析了不可逆热离子制冷器与可逆热离子制冷器的发射电流密度特性、电极温度特性以及制冷系数特性;研究了不可逆系统的制冷率与制冷系数最优性能,得到了制冷率和制冷系数的最优运行区间;通过数值计算,详细讨论了外部传热以及内部导热、热源间热漏损失、热源温度、外加电压、半导体材料势垒等设计参数对热离子装置性能的影响。在总传热面积一定的条件下,进一步优化了高、低温侧换热器的面积分配以获得最佳的制冷率和制冷系数特性。结果表明,由于存在内部和外部的不可逆性,热离子装置的发射电流密度及制冷系数都会明显降低;不可逆半导体固态热离子制冷器的制冷率与制冷系数特性呈扭叶型;合理地选外加电压、势垒等参数,可以使制冷器设计于最大制冷率或最大制冷系数的状态。     

温度、压力和湿度对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响

以Nafion质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)为对象，通过测量电池的电流—电压、电流—功率和电压—时间曲线，研究了温度、压力和湿度等条件对电池性能的影响，同时也考察了电池的能量转换效率及短期运行时的稳定性，得出了电池较佳的工作条件。实验和计算结果表明：在反应温度为72℃、H2和02压力分别为0．2MPa、进气湿度饱和时，电池最大输出功率可达0．7W．cm^-2；在0．3W.cm^-2～0．7W．cm^-2范围内电池能量转换效率为62％—34％；在大电流密度下电池仍能稳定工作。     

一种新颖的高温高压静电除尘技术

电子发射式高温高压静电除尘技术是一种新颖的烟气净化方法。通过动态试验,对各种条件下阴极的热电子发射性能及其中毒特性进行了探讨,分析讨论了电子发射式高温高压静电除尘器的除尘性能及其实用价值。此外,还对该项技术在各种领域的应用前景进行了讨论。     

High current density in diffusive mode in MHD generator plasmas

This paper presents an experimental investigation of current conduction phenomena in potassium seeded combustion products of liquefied-petroleum-gas and oxygen using matrix copper cathode with and without seed deposition. Voltage drops in the cathode sheath and current densities are studied as a function of cathode temperature for different applied voltages. Performance of the matrix cathode is compared with that of a planar cathode. The seed laden matrix cathode has been observed to sustain high current densities (～1500 A/m²) in the diffusive mode of conduction. This is attributed to the effective lowering of the work function of the matrix cathode by the presence of high electric fields on the cathode surface.     

高温低氧燃烧条件下氮氧化物的生成特性

高温低氧燃烧原理是高温空气燃烧技术赖以发展的基础，使得高温燃烧条件下的氮氧化物的生成与排放受到大大抑制。为了掌握这种非常规燃烧现象及污染物生成的基本规律，采用扩散燃烧模型、热力NO生成模拟与湍流N－S方程，数值研究了燃烧空间中空气氧浓度对燃烧特性和氮氧化物排放浓度的影响，再现了高温与低氧两种条件相结合，形成的稳定的低氮氧化物排放的燃烧特性。计算结果与实验数据吻合，为发展高温空气燃烧技术提供了理论基础。     

燃烧参数影响高温空气燃烧特性的数值分析

高温空气燃烧技术具有高效节能和低NOx排放等多重优越性，是一种新型燃烧技术。为了深入研究高温空气燃烧机理和低氮氧化物排放特性，将湍流N—S方程与扩散燃烧模型和热力型NO生成模型相结合，研究了低氧浓度条件下，燃烧参数，如燃气供应量，过量空气系数，进口空气预热温度以及进口空气氧含量对燃烧的影响，为发展高温空气燃烧技术提供了理论依据。     

Effect of primary parameters on the performance of PEM fuel cell

A one-dimensional, steady-state and isothermal model for a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been developed to investigate the effects of various parameters such as the molar fraction of nitrogen gas, relative humidity, temperature, pressure, membrane thickness, anode and cathode stoichiometric flow ratio and the distribution of oxygen in the cathode catalyst while water transfer in membrane is produced by diffusion, pressure gradient and electro-osmotic drag. The most critical problems to overcome in the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology are the water and thermal management. The results show that the cell performance increases as operating pressure and temperature are increased. The performance of cell can decrease by decreasing the relative humidity of inlet gases and increasing the membrane thickness. Increasing the anode and cathode stoichiometric flow ratio can also improve the cell performance. As the oxygen concentration becomes zero in about 8 percent depth of cathode catalyst layer, the thickness of cathode catalyst layer can be reduced 92 percent without any potential loss in output voltage. The cathode activation loss also becomes high by increasing the molar fraction of nitrogen gas. The modeling results agree very well with experimental results.     

火力发电厂高压加热器故障分析及对策

高压加热器是火力发电厂的重要设备，它的投运与否直接影响电厂的经济效益。由于高加承受着高温高压的长期考验容易出现故障，分析了传热管本身泄漏及管口焊缝泄漏的原因，并提出了几项预防措施，进而提高电厂高加的投运率。     

A two-phase flow and transport model for the cathode of PEM fuel cells

A unified two-phase flow mixture model has been developed to describe the flow and transport in the cathode for PEM fuel cells. The boundary condition at the gas diffuser/catalyst layer interface couples the flow, transport, electrical potential and current density in the anode, cathode catalyst layer and membrane. Fuel cell performance predicted by this model is compared with experimental results and reasonable agreements are achieved. Typical two-phase flow distributions in the cathode gas diffuser and gas channel are presented. The main parameters influencing water transport across the membrane are also discussed. By studying the influences of water and thermal management on two-phase flow, it is found that two-phase flow characteristics in the cathode depend on the current density, operating temperature, and cathode and anode humidification temperatures.     

Scientometric review of advancements in the development of high-performance cathode for low and intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells: Three decades in retrospect

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the potential to replace conventional thermal power plants due to their high efficiency and low emission. As the activation loss of the cathode usually limits the SOFC performance, the development of high-performance and durable cathode materials has received extensive attention in the past few decades. It is therefore essential to keep track of the research progress to identify significant research gaps and future directions. In this study, we retrieved the bibliometric data of 1101 cutting-edge research articles focused on cathode development for SOFCs and conducted a scientometric review. Even though significant research in cathode development for intermediate to low temperature SOFCs started in the 1990s, significant growth in the research output appeared in the year 2000 and remarkably continued till 2010 before exhibiting a sinusoidal pattern. Overall, there is a record of average decadal progress in this research area. We found that only a small percentage of countries in the world (i.e., about 29%) are involved in the research for the development of intermediate to low temperature SOFC cathodes. A highlight of core assessment criteria for cathode developments is presented with a summary of the most recent articles (i.e., including those in 2021). This paper can help early-stage researchers, journal outlets, governments, funding authorities, and investors understand the current progress in this area and how close researchers are to a breakthrough that could lead to the commercialization of this emerging technology.     

高温贫氧燃烧过程中NOx排放的特点

对高温贫氧燃烧过程中NOx的排放特点，以及燃烧过程中影响NOx生成的各主要因素，如预热空气中的含氧量，预热空气温度，预热空气和燃料的流动状态及混合方式以及燃料的化学成分等进行了研究和分析。并在此基础上提出了今后研究工作的方向和重点。图8表2参l0