国内外能耗监测控制管理理论与实践

能耗监测是能源管理中的重要环节,国外不少国家在这方面都进行了积极的努力,制定了一些相关政策,并取得了一部分研究成果.我国于上世纪90年代初就出台了关于能耗监测的有关规定,2007年颁布的《单位GDP能耗监测体系实施方案》规定了能耗监测的主体、主要内容和指标.工业、交通运输和建筑是我国三大“耗能大户”,因此能耗监测研究和管理实践也主要集中在这三个领域.信息技术的发展为工业企业的能耗监测提供了基础平台,运用计算机信息技术对能耗实行现代化管理,成为企业实现信息化管理、降低成本的一种重要手段.道路交通约占我国交通运输业能耗的75％,因而对道路交通能耗的监测是交通运输业能耗监测的主要任务,而对机车能耗的监测是铁路运输能耗监测的主要内容之一.建筑能耗监测主要针对大型公共建筑,通过信息化手段进行信息采集及能耗监测.目前有关能耗监测的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未全面展开,能耗监测技术还不成熟,监测设备也不齐全.今后除了要继续探索能耗监测技术以外,还应重点加强对主要行业能耗监测控制管理体系的研究.     

A state-of-the-art review of the sustainability and energy efficiency of buildings in Saudi Arabia

Sustainable buildings have an important role in achieving sustainable development by improving energy utilization and environmental performance. Buildings are considered as the biggest single contributor to world energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In Saudi Arabia, the significance of the building sector can be described on the basis of per capita electricity consumption, per capita carbon dioxide emissions, and the increasing number of buildings because of economic and population growth. Therefore, the country should consider establishing energy-efficient buildings to promote sustainable development. Efforts in developing energy-efficient technologies should increase for the national energy policy. This article comprehensively describes the current challenges and opportunities of energy consumption and various energy conservation options that are viable for the Saudi building sector. Current policy efforts for improving energy efficiency in Saudi buildings have been analyzed to enhance the sustainable development in the country. The study reveals that the energy conservation policy of the country has fairly improved in the past decades. However, the country has to focus on this area and perform urgent measures to adopt energy-efficient technologies in the building sector.     

建筑节能诊断技术研究文献综述

随着社会的高速发展和城市化进程的加快,中国建筑业进入快速发展时期。由此带来的建筑能耗也在不断增长,对全社会的节能减排带来了巨大影响。目前我国面临着能源紧缺、建筑能耗过高、新能源利用率低、建筑节能技术落后等问题,建筑的节能改造已经是迫在眉睫。分析国内外相关研究成果,了解建筑节能改造的技术和原理以及最新的研究状况,并针对新晋兴起的计算机技术与建筑节能改造的可结合性作了详细分析。针对我国的既有建筑的改造提出了一些有用并且可行的改造方式,希望能够为我国综合能源利用效率的普遍提升提供新的思路,为行业的发展创设条件。     

中国光伏产业与太阳能热利用产业的发展模式比较

中国的太阳能光伏产业和太阳能热利用产业近年来都呈现出较快的发展趋势,但二者的发展特征却迥然不同。中国光伏产业虽然起步较晚,但增长速度快,从2003年开始年增长速度都超过100%,2007年成为世界第一大太阳能电池生产国;太阳能热利用产业在20世纪90年代就已形成相当大的规模,年增长速度一直保持在20%左右,2009年中国太阳能热水器产量和保有量分别达到4200×104m2和14500×104m2。中国太阳能热利用产业可谓一枝独秀,占世界总产量的一半以上,且在产业链各个环节发展比较平衡;而中国光伏产业并不具有绝对优势,特别是产业链上游发展比较滞后。太阳能热利用产业整体上是靠国内市场推动发展的,呈现出比较典型的内生型增长特征;而光伏产业表现为"两头在外"的特征,一方面关键的多晶硅材料进口量较大,另一方面产品主要以满足国际市场需求为主。中国太阳能发展政策的目标低、扶持力度小、实质性促进政策少,对太阳能产业发展的促进作用比较有限。此外,市场需求、技术、经济等也是影响产业发展的主要因素。为促进我国太阳能产业的健康发展,建议政府应提高太阳能利用的目标,加快相关立法工作,加大鼓励力度,加强财税支持,注重技术的研发,规范产业发展。     

Cold Storage Capacity for Solar Air-Conditioning in Office Buildings in Different Climates

The building sector accounts for more than 40% of the global energy consumption. This consumption may be lowered by reducing building energy requirements and using renewable energy in building energy supply systems. Solar air-conditioning systems(SACS) are a promising solution for the reduction of conventional energy in buildings. The storage, especially the cold storage, plays an important role in SACS for unstable solar irradiation. In this paper, we took the absorption refrigerating unit as an example, and the solar air-conditioning system of an office building in Beijing was simulated. The accuracy of this model was verified by comparing with the SACS operation data. Moreover, based on the simulation data, the cold storage capacity of the solar air-conditioning system in different climatic regions was studied. The cold storage capacities of SACS in 20 cities distributed in different climate regions were studied systematically. The results simulated by our proposed model will be beneficial to the SACS design, and will enlarge the application of SACS.     

浅析既有建筑节能改造太阳能利用技术

以既有建筑为研究对象,研究既有建筑改造中的太阳能利用技术。通过全面分析我国的太阳能资源、国内外的大量研究成果和工程实例,简要介绍了太阳能在建筑上利用的基本形式,系统总结了现阶段适合我国国情、在既有建筑改造中切实可行的太阳能利用技术,提倡在既有建筑改造过程中,积极推进节约资源、利用太阳能的生态建筑的蓬勃发展。对国内既有建筑的生态节能改造,同时与太阳能利用密切结合的工程项目具有实际参考价值。     

Solar passive features in vernacular architecture of North-East India

Energy consumption in the buildings sector is very high and is expected to increase further due to improvements in living standard and increase in the world’s population. Incorporating appropriate solar passive features in climate responsive buildings are good options for energy conservation. This kind of building design integrates the micro-climate and architecture with human thermal comfort conditions and improves the building energy efficiency. From ancient times, people have used solar passive techniques in vernacular architectures throughout the world. However, still there is a lack of understanding, both in qualitative and quantitative aspects of solar passive techniques in vernacular architectures of North-Eastern India. A field study has been carried out to find out the various solar passive features in these naturally ventilated vernacular buildings in different bioclimatic zones of the region. The methodology of this work consists of survey of 150 households (50 houses in each bioclimatic zone) and, interacting with 300 occupants in each zone. The photographic evidences of solar passive features in these buildings are also collected. In this paper, the solar passive features related to building form and orientation, envelope design, shading, use of natural ventilation, internal space arrangements and activities of the habitants are explained for all the climatic zone of the region.     

Energy-efficiency supervision systems for energy management in large public buildings: Necessary choice for China

Buildings are important contributors to total energy consumption accounting for around 30% of all energy consumed in China. Of this, around two-fifths are consumed within urban homes, one-fifth within public buildings, and two-fifths within rural area. Government office buildings and large-scale public buildings are the dominant energy consumers in cities but their consumption can be largely cut back through improving efficiency. At present, energy management in the large public sector is a particular priority in China. Firstly, this paper discusses how the large public building is defined, and then energy performance in large public buildings is studied. The paper also describes barriers to improving energy efficiency of large public buildings in China and examines the energy-efficiency policies and programs adopted in United States and European Union. The energy-efficiency supervision (EES) systems developed to improve operation and maintenance practices and promote energy efficiency in large public sector are described. The benefits of the EES systems are finally summarized.     

A review on applying ventilated double-skin facade to buildings in hot-summer and cold-winter zone in China

The need to energy conservation and sustainable development in buildings is causing a new interest towards passive solar systems. Among them, double-skin facade (DSF) proves to be extremely attractive and promising. DSF is building envelope formed by two layers of different glazing facades which are separated by a ventilated air cavity. The cavity of DSF is used to collect or evacuate the solar radiation absorbed by the facades, thereby improving the thermal comfort and the indoor air quality while conserving energy for heating and cooling. Being a technique developed for colder climates, DSF has been widely applied in commercial buildings across Europe. Nowadays buildings with DSF also appear in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone in China where the weather conditions in summer seem to be not so good for the application. In fact, the thermal analysis of the DSF system is essential to its application in such hot-summer zone. This paper seeks to describe the existing main research methods on the thermal performance of DSF and the shading devices. Problems and possibilities are concomitant. Applying ventilated DSF with controlled shading device system would be a new efficient way for the commercial buildings in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone to meet the task of sustainable building design in China.     

合同能源管理在医院建筑节能改造中的应用

既有建筑开展节能改造是我国现阶段落实节能减排目标、实现可持续发展的关键工作内容之一。合同能源管理作为一种新兴的节能改造商业模式,可以充分调动用能单位开展节能改造的积极性,并充分利用市场资源,最终有效落实节能减排目标。对合同能源管理的概念内涵、发展现状、扶持政策、改造技术以及常见的商业模式进行概述,并以实际的医院建筑改造项目为案例,对其采用合同能源管理的改造方案、商业模式以及风险管控进行介绍,旨在为我国的公共建筑特别是医院建筑的节能改造提供参考依据。     

基于形体要素的建筑太阳能采暖效率计算方法

为构建简便有效的基于建筑形体要素的太阳能采暖潜力评价方法,以额济纳旗、西安为例,开展西部太阳能采暖效率计算方法研究。将建筑高宽比、高长比、南向窗墙面积比作为太阳能采暖热利用关联紧密的形体要素,经过正交试验、动态能耗模拟、数理统计分析等方法得到基于建筑形体要素的建筑太阳能采暖潜力函数。将该函数图形化表达发现增大建筑高宽比、南向窗墙面积比均能优化建筑太阳能采暖效率。给出在额济纳旗和西安提升建筑太阳能采暖效率的有效措施。该研究并非旨在取代动态模拟工具,而是为建筑设计初期构建一种简便的太阳能采暖设计的热性能分析方法。     

Review of solar obligations in China

Solar energy utilization can not only decrease conventional energy consumption but also reduce environmental pollution. China has abundant solar energy resources and has the biggest solar water heater market in the world, so it is necessary for Chinese government to enact incentive policies and measures to enlarge the utilization scale of solar water heaters. According to international experience, solar obligation is probably the most powerful instrument for promoting the use of solar thermal in buildings and expanding the solar water heater market. Currently, there are many provinces and cities in China having adopted the solar obligation, leading to the discussion of solar obligation at national level. This paper firstly analyzed basic conditions to implement the solar obligations in China. Then, 34 provinces and cities’ local regulations were reviewed and main problems of them were analyzed. According to domestic and international practices, some recommendations for the design and implementation of solar obligations at national level were induced at the end.     

Use of solar assisted geothermal heat pump and small wind turbine systems for heating agricultural and residential buildings

The main objective of the present study is twofold: (i) to analyze thermal loads of the geothermally and passively heated solar greenhouses; and (ii) to investigate wind energy utilization in greenhouse heating which is modeled as a hybrid solar assisted geothermal heat pump and a small wind turbine system which is separately installed in the Solar Energy Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. The study shows 3.13% of the total yearly electricity energy consumption of the modeled system (3568 kWh) or 12.53% of the total yearly electricity energy consumptions of secondary water pumping, brine pumping, and fan coil (892 kWh) can be met by using small wind turbine system (SWTS) theoretically. According to this result, modeled passive solar pre heating technique and combined with geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) and SWTS can be economically preferable to the conventional space heating/cooling systems used in agricultural and residential building heating applications if these buildings are installed in a region, which has a good wind resource.     

Perspectives of solar cooling in view of the developments in the air-conditioning sector

Changes in the standards of thermal comfort in the urban microclimate and in the capital cost of air-conditioning equipment have drastically increased the energy consumption in the building sector over the last decade. At the same time, the integration of renewable energy systems, mainly active solar ones, in buildings has been an area of intense research over the last 30 years. This has also been the case in the field of solar refrigeration, mainly in the field of sorption systems. The analysis discussed in the paper is focused on the state of the art of thermal solar systems use and on the possibilities of combining those with state of the art technologies in sorption refrigeration, in order to cover the cooling demand of residential and commercial buildings. This was done by assessing the available solar and refrigeration technologies as well as by highlighting the situation in the building market, as this is still the dominant factor for the propagation of such systems.     

城市建筑冷热电能源提供模式的探讨

21世纪能源以及环境问题已经成为了各国的头等问题。我国建筑耗能的数字非常惊人：在建造和使用过程中直接消耗的能源占全社会总能耗的20%。根据发达国家的发展经验,这一比例将逐步提高35%左右,建筑能耗极有可能在不远的将来成为我国第一耗能大户。本文介绍了城市建筑中提供冷热电能量的四种方式。结合作者自身能源审计的经验比较了传统的中央空调加锅炉供能系统、分布式三联供系统以及地源热泵、太阳能供能的新能源供给系统的能效与减排量。得出了传统的能源供给系统虽然操作简单但是比较耗能而且排出的有害气体较多,三联供系统受天然气价格影响偏大,太阳能、地热能如不受限制应该尽可能运用的结论。最后笔者提出了我国建筑节能的设计方法以及发展前景。     

Comparative analysis of energy use in China building sector: current status,existing problems and solutions

Energy use in buildings has attracted more and more attention due to its significant proportion in the energy pan of the world. China is the second largest energy user, yet the situation of energy use in the China building sector remains unclear, due to problems of statistics and data processing and problematic use of these data. In this paper, a series of methods is developed, in the first place, to give strict definitions of energy data and to divide energy use into 4 sub-sectors according to the unique situation of China. Then, each sub-sector is further analyzed through international comparisons. Existing problems of energy use and solutions for energy reduction in each sub-sector are also discussed. Accordingly, it is found that China uses much less energy, in terms of both per capita and unit area, in buildings than developed countries. The difference in energy use could be attributed, in large part, to lifestyles of local people, which could determine their way of energy use but is more determined by cultural concepts than by others such as income, technique and so on, especially in China. However, to fulfill the requirements of lifestyles with higher living standards and lower energy consumption, technological innovations are needed.     

Development of solar thermal technologies in China

Solar energy is receiving much more attention in building energy systems in recent years. Solar thermal utilization should be based on integration of solar collectors into buildings. The facades of buildings can be important solar collectors, and, therefore, become multifunctional. In addition, solar collectors can be used to enhance the appearance of the facade when considering their aesthetic compatibility. Currently, installation of collectors on the south tilted roofs, south walls, balconies or awnings of buildings are the feasible approaches for integration of solar collectors into buildings. The most well known solar energy demonstration projects in China are introduced in this paper, which cover different integrated approaches, and solar heating and cooling systems. In China's cities, the process of rebuilding apartment roofs from flat to inclined offers the ideal opportunity to carry out solar renovation in combination with roof-integrated collectors. It can be seen from the demonstration projects over the last twenty years, that, solar cooling systems were mainly used in public buildings for either absorption or adsorption. Besides, nearly all solar cooling systems are multifunctional. They have been used to supply heating and hot water in other seasons for the purpose of high solar fraction. In the 11th Five-year research project (duration 2006–2010), the government has encouraged solar energy researchers to study, develop, and break through the key technologies involved in the integration of solar thermal technologies with buildings.     

建筑形式对太阳能热利用的影响研究

以上海地区的住宅建筑为研究对象,通过模拟分析的方法,采用DeST软件计算确定建筑逐时的采暖、空调能耗,研究分析窗墙比对建筑全年采暖能耗、全年空调能耗以及全年采暖、空调总能耗的影响规律,研究分析太阳辐射热增加所导致采暖能耗的降低幅度与外围护结构保温性能两者之间的定量关系。计算结果表示在夏季外窗遮阳和夜间通风的条件下,加大南向窗墙比可增强太阳能的热利用效率,降低建筑全年的采暖、空调总能耗;而外围护结构保温性能的增强则可降低室内向室外散热的程度,相应提高对冬季太阳辐射的热利用程度,从而达到降低采暖能耗的目的。     

建筑节能新方向:太阳能光伏-地源热泵系统

减少我国冬季采暖所造成的大气污染,降低供暖系统的能耗,节约能源一直是建筑节能追求的目标.目前太阳能光伏发电已经成为人类利用太阳能的最主要方式之一,地源热泵已被作为一项旨在解决建筑冷热源问题的新技术,日渐受到人们的重视.将光伏转换与热泵循环有机结合在一起,从而形成了太阳能光伏-地源热泵系统.该系统提高了光电转换和光热吸收效率,光电/光热综合利用,极大地提高了单位面积太阳辐照的利用效率,同时可提高热泵系统在寒冷地区运行的适用性;利用光电效应把太阳能中高能带区域的光能直接转化成电能,可大大提高太阳能的可用能效率;在增加能量储存装置和逆变器的条件下,可以使系统脱离公用电网运行,从而增加了系统的适用性和灵活性;与普通的空气源热泵相比,太阳能地源热泵具有较高的热性能,具有一机多用的功效;与建筑物相结合的太阳能热泵系统,可以增加建筑物的隔热效果,起到减少建筑物冷暖负荷的作用,同时可极大地减少环境污染.     

Comparative analysis of energy use in China building sector: current status, existing problems and solutions

Energy use in buildings has attracted more and more attention due to its significant proportion in the energy pan of the world. China is the second largest energy user, yet the situation of energy use in the China building sector remains unclear, due to problems of statistics and data processing and problematic use of these data. In this paper, a series of methods is developed, in the first place, to give strict definitions of energy data and to divide energy use into 4 sub-sectors according to the unique situation of China. Then, each sub-sector is further analyzed through international comparisons. Existing problems of energy use and solutions for energy reduction in each sub-sector are also discussed. Accordingly, it is found that China uses much less energy, in terms of both per capita and unit area, in buildings than developed countries. The difference in energy use could be attributed, in large part, to lifestyles of local people, which could determine their way of energy use but is more determined by cultural concepts than by others such as income, technique and so on, especially in China. However, to fulfill the requirements of lifestyles with higher living standards and lower energy consumption, technological innovations are needed.