美国经济发展与电力需求关系对中国电力发展的启示

通过对美国不同时期经济发展与电力消费情况的分析,以及对美国电力与中国电力发展现状的比较,提出中国经济转型期电力发展的探索性建议:中国电力发展应高度重视能源、环境、经济的协调发展,优化电力结构,注重环境保护。     

中国必须自主创新进行电力改革

介绍了两种类型的电力改革：一种是由传统的计划经济国家的电力工业改造为市场经济的电力工业;另一种是由市场经济国家垄断经营的电力工业改造为竞争性的电力工业。分析了发展中国家仿效英美电力改革模式尚无成功先例的原因,重点分析了电力工业本身特点对于改革模式的8点限制。指出了中国应创建与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的电力改革模式,重点是要进行政企分开的体制改革和价格改革。     

An approach to assess the performance of utility-interactive windelectric conversion systems

A probabilistic approach based on the convolution technique is presented to assess the performance of utility-interactive wind electric conversion systems supplying tools. The wind regime is modeled using a Weibull distribution. Expressions are developed to obtain the duration curve for the power injected into the utility grid. The energy injected into the grid and drawn from it to supply the load during the study period can be calculated from this duration curve. The load model employed enables the study period to range from one year to one particular hour-of-day, thus allowing the inclusion of the time-value of energy as appropriate in economic assessments     

分布式冷热电联供能源系统与经济发展的关系

“十二五”期间中国15.7万亿元的增量经济大部分将在新规划的新区实现,但从各地正在规划和建设的新区情况来看,缺少从一次能源到终端需求的冷、热、电、汽全过程高效联供的分布式供能规划.据推算,若“十二五”期间新区能效不变,工业和建筑物燃料需求将增加3×108t标煤/a,而这显然是不可能的.新规划区域能源模式创新、提高能效是“十二五”中国经济发展的关键,采用天然气分布式冷热电联供能源系统(DES/CCHP),可使能源终端供应能效成倍提高.“十二五”期间中国必须从区域经济发展的能源保障高度来规划分布式冷热电联供,规划决策中要按照具体情况,以经济性、能效和碳排放指标是否最优为判据.CCHP可以调峰换取电价,实现互利双赢.制订区域DES/CCHP规划时应注意区域能源规划先行,摆脱热电联产的思维定势,树立冷热电联供的科学理念,不可忽视向居民供应生活热水起到的提高能效的作用,以及如何确定电力负荷、装机容量和节能减排指标等问题.     

氯碱厂电解工艺电耗分析及降耗措施

本文针对内蒙古某氮碱厂电解工艺电耗偏高的状况，从降低槽电压、提高电流效率等方面出发，结合企业电解实际生产情况，进行了分析研究，并采取了相应的节电降耗措施。经过近二年来的节能措施的实施，电耗明显降低，同时提高了企业的经济效益。     

电力工业与技术创新

随着市场经济的发展和知识经济时代的到来,作为我国国民经济基础产业和先行产业的电力工业要走技术创新之路．技术创新既是电力企业走向市场的必然选择,又是实现电力工业经济增长方式转变的内在要求,既是提高电力企业供电可靠性的物质保证,又是我国电力工业缩短与发达国家差距的有效途径．因此,我国电力工业应建立主动创新机制,建立企业技术创新体系,发挥政策优势,加大科技投入的力度,努力实现我国电力技术发展的新跨越     

Nigeria's electric power sector reform: what should form the key objectives?

Nigeria's electric power sector requires substantial reform if the country's economic development and poverty alleviation program is to be realised. This understanding is behind the reform programme recently initiated by the Nigerian government with the goal of privatising the national electric power monopoly, NEPA. Currently, the country faces serious energy crisis due to declining electricity generation from domestic power plants which are basically dilapidated, obsolete, unreliable and in an appalling state of disrepair, reflecting the poor maintenance culture in the country and gross inefficiency of the public utility provider. Building on an analysis of the major shortcomings of the current electric power company, this paper presents the central issues that should form the key objectives of the proposed reform. This include corporatization of the electric power industry, increasing access and power delivery capacity, constraining the costs of the power industry and increasing efficiency and share of renewables in energy generation, as well as minimising environmental damage. We conclude with the observation that efforts at reform will not yield the desired result if the current end-user inefficiency is not constrained. As Nigeria implements its national utility privatisation programme, it is hoped that this review will benefit policy makers and emerging managers and providers of electricity service in the country.     

含电转气的电—气综合能源系统低碳经济调度策略

为优化用能效率和发展低碳电力,采用综合能源系统(IES)模式耦合电力网络和天然气网络,通过电转气(P2G)技术形成电—气—电能量闭环流动,提升电力与天然气网络间的强耦合性和IES整体供能稳定性。兼顾电—气综合能源系统的经济性与低碳性,引入碳排放机制构建IES低碳经济调度模型,首先详细阐述了IES模型架构、电转气技术、碳排放交易机制等基本理论,并对天然气网络进行建模,然后采用多场景法考虑风电出力波动,以经济成本和碳交易成本最小为优化目标,构建综合能源系统新型低碳经济优化调度模型,最后通过算例对比分析了4种不同调度方案,验证了所提模型的有效性和合理性。     

黄河水电公司百万千瓦级水电站参与电力市场的分析

分析了黄河水电自电力体制改革以来在销售交易中遇到的诸多问题,提出了大水电进入电力市场应回归其应有价值,设想需要研究的政策措施。     

Multi-stack coupled energy management strategy of a PEMFC based-CCHP system applied to data centers

Aiming at the power fluctuation and mismatch of the combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system based on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and adsorption chiller, this study proposes a multi-stack coupled power supply strategy. The PEMFC stacks are divided into types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ to meet the electric load and cooling load of the data center, and the heat requirements of the system. Meanwhile, economic analysis is conducted on the single-stack energy supply strategy and the multi-stack coupled energy supply strategy. The results show that with the multi-stack coupling power supply strategy, the cooling power and electric power almost completely match the load of the data center, without power fluctuations and overshoot. By smoothing the PID control results of the current of the stacks-Ⅲ, the heating power fluctuation is significantly reduced, and the maximum overshoot does not exceed 0.5 kW. Therefore, the strategy is conducive to the stable operation of the PEMFC stack and improves the lifetime of the system. Considering investment costs, maintenance costs, hydrogen costs, and electricity benefits, the multi-stack coupled energy supply strategy can save about 6.1 × 10⁵ $ per year. In summary, the multi-stack coupled energy supply strategy has advantages in system lifetime, operational stability, and economy.     

A proposal for peak load pricing of public utilities

This paper presents a proposal for peak load pricing of electric utilities based on the variance in quantities bought by each and every customer. There would be one price for quantities bought evenly over the year which should equal the long-run average costs for producing these quantities. Another price would be for extra quantities bought in the peak period over and above the base level. An economic rationale for the system is given based on a specific economic interpretation of the variance of demand and the marginal costing.     

Deregulation of ESI and privatization of state electric utilities in Thailand

In Thailand, electric supply services have all been taken over by the state and operated under state enterprises since 1968. Under a law empowering its monopoly, state utilities accumulated assets and built up their manpower to expand and operate the power system to serve the whole country. During the time of high growth in power demand in early the1990 s, the government initiated a move to privatize state electric utilities, the pace of which was firmed up after 1997, the year of the financial crash. Engagement of independent power producers (IPPs) through the use of long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) for supply of electric power into the system operated by state electric utilities was also initiated from the mid 1990s. Total capacity of IPPs and Small Power Producers (SPPs) that sell excess power from cogeneration on to the system) rose and by the late 1990s started to create a constraint on system economic dispatch. In 1999 the National Energy Policy Council (NEPC) approved a recommendation of international consultants to transform the electric supply industry into a structure similar to the system in the United Kingdom. The transformation was proposed to precede corporatization and privatization of state electric utilities. The objectives of deregulation were to revoke the monopoly in ESI, to improve transparency in electricity pricing, to reduce debts of state enterprises, and to improve economic efficiency. Industry participants have voiced strong objection to the industry model proposed. With the change of market structure in UK to the New Electricity Trading Arrangement (NETA), the secretariat of NEPC also proposed a new structure similar to NETA. More acceptance from industry participants have been received for the new structure. However, it has been assumed that the proposed structure would bring improvement in system reliability, drawing investment into power generation in a manner that would be efficient. Tariff has also been expected to become lower because of the competition in power generation and retail trading. The authors argue that, for developing countries, issues of timely investment in new generation and delivery capacity, stable and reasonable price of electricity, reliability of power supply, fuel diversity and security, equitable access of supply and promotion of social equity are important. Maintaining a functioning ESI that meet the broad objectives of providing reliable power supply to serve social and economic development needs could be prioritized over introduction of complete competition in wholesale generation and retailing. The authors examine the present situation of the industry and propose a transitional model that would serve the broad objectives and introduce gradual competition in the industry. The proposed design would unbundle generation from transmission and retailing. It would aso eventually promote intra-regional interconnection and electricity trading.     

On the physics of power,energy and economics of renewable electric energy sources - Part II

Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) are often recognized as less competitive than traditional electric energy conversion systems. Obstacles with renewable electric energy conversion systems are often referred to the intermittency of the energy sources [1] and the relatively high maintenance cost. However, due to an intensified discourse on climate change and its effects, it has from a societal point of view, become more desirable to adopt and install CO₂ neutral power plants. Even if this has increased the competitiveness of RETs in a political sense, the new goals for RET installations must also be met with economical viability. We propose that the direction of technical development, as well as the chosen technology in new installations, should not primarily be determined by policies, but by the basic physical properties of the energy source and the associated potential for inexpensive energy production. This potential is the basic entity that drives the payback of the investment of a specific RET power plant. With regard to this, we argue that the total electric energy conversion system must be considered if effective power production is to be achieved, with focus on the possible number of full loading hours and the Degree of Utilization [2]. This will increase the cost efficiency and economical competitiveness of RET investments, and could enhance faster diffusion of new innovations and installations without over-optimistic subsidies. This paper elaborates on the overall problem of the economy of renewable electric energy conversion systems by studying the interface between physics, engineering and economy reported for RET power plants in different scientific publications. The core objective is to show the practical use of the Degree of Utilization and how the concept is crucial for the design and economical optimization disregarding subsidies. The results clearly indicate that the future political regulative frameworks should consider the choice of renewable energy source since this strongly affects the economical output from the RET power plants.     

生物质气化与废弃物焚烧联合发电的技术经济分析

介绍了生物质气化与废弃物焚烧联合发电技术项目，确定了该项目经济效益的评价指标，定量计算了项目的投资回收期、净现值和内部收益率。同时还对燃料费用、上网电价和固定资产变化引起的敏感性进行分析。结果表明，该联合发电技术的动态投资回收期为9．05a，净现值为2770万元，内部收益率为15．82％，三个经济指标均符合行业标准。从经济角度看是完全可行的。     

Terrorist targeting and energy security

Sudden, short-term disruptions seriously endangering energy security can be triggered by a variety of events—among them attacks by terrorists. This study investigates terrorist attack practices against energy infrastructures and discusses how we may understand them. Our results indicate that attacks against energy infrastructures are comparatively few. Also, we find no strong connection between the ideologies of various terrorist groups and their proclivity to attack. In addition, the highly disproportionate number of attacks in a handful of countries highlights the strong geographic concentration of attacks. To explain these findings, we analyze terrorist targeting incentives including intimidation levels, symbolism, attack feasibility, and concerns for stakeholders. We argue that terrorists in general have comparatively few incentives to attack energy supply infrastructures based on our assessment of these factors. Moreover, higher levels of terrorist incidents in states more prone to internal violent conflict may suggest stronger incentives to attack energy infrastructures. When outlining energy security policies, the low frequency of worldwide attacks coupled with the high concentration of attacks in certain unstable countries should be taken into consideration. Energy importing countries could benefit from developing strategies to increase stability in key energy supply and/or transit countries facing risks of internal instability.     

基于改进欧氏距离协调发展度评估模型的电网投资决策方法

电力体制改革新背景下电网投资与经济、电量的协调发展作为电网投资决策的约束条件得到进一步加强。基于广义协调性建立了一套电网投资与经济、电量协调性表征指标,综合考虑电网公司、政府监管部门和电网投资、经济电量各子系统,引入模糊隶属度改进传统的欧氏距离协调发展度模型的理想值取定。并以某省2016~2018年指标进行验证,通过经典判别分析比较与传统方法评估的准确性。结果表明,改进的欧氏距离协调发展度评估模型准确率更高,能较好地应用于电改形势下电网投资、经济和电量的协调发展评估。     

核能发电的优点及世界核电发展动向

首先介绍了核电在资源、环境和经济性方面的情况,指出核电用的核燃料在地壳和海洋中的储藏量在相当长的时间内不会因为一定规模的核动力应用而出现资源紧张的状况;核电是各种能源中温室气体排放量最小的发电方式,核电与其他发电方式在经济方面具有可比性。然后介绍了世界各国和我国核电的发展趋势,最后提出面对发展核电的大好局面应注意的问题。     

浅谈配电公司组织变革

目前,全国范围内的电力市场整顿和优质服务工作正迅速改变电力公司经营业绩和企业形象,本文力求从配电业务的分工和组织结构分析如何建立深入持久地搞好优质服务,提高电力公司绩效的组织结构。     

Study on key parameters design and economic evaluation of the electric heating and solid sensible heat thermal storage device

电制热固体储热系统对可再生能源消纳、能源清洁化利用具有重要意义。电制热固体储热装置的关键参数设计以及经济性分析是提高经济效益的重要手段。因此,本文提出了电制热固体储热装置投资运行费用计算方法。通过对比不同供暖方式所需费用分析了电制热固体储热装置的经济性。同时研究了谷电利用系数对电制热固体储热装置经济性的影响。最后,采用案例分析验证本文所提经济性评估方法的合理性与正确性。本文的研究内容为用户对电制热固体储热装置的选择提供参考。     

不同调节方式对引风机经济性影响分析

火力发电厂引风机运行能耗与其调节方式密切相关,为了分析不同调节方式的经济性,利用总费用现值法以及最小年费用法,完成了某300 MW火力发电厂不同调节方式下的年费用计算,并分析了改造方案的抵偿年限以及碳排放.据此,对比分析了三省一区基于不同调节方式的引风机在不同影响因素下的运行经济性.结果 表明:小汽轮机驱动最经济,电动...