原油脱水方法综述

目前,随着油田不断的深化开采,我国的大部分油田都已经进入了中后期,国内各油田为了提高采收率,通常采用注水与三次采油的开发方式。注水使采出液含水率不断上升,而高含水原油对生产及运输均有很大的危害。简要介绍了原油含水对生产的影响及原油中水的存在类型,并综述了目前常用的原油脱水方法,分为物理方法,如重力沉降脱水、旋流分离脱水;化学方法,如加入破乳剂;电脱水方式及几种新型脱水方式,如超声波法、微波辐射法、生物法等,提出了国内今后的原油脱水技术的发展方向。     

Characterization of PLGA/Chitosan Electrospun Nano-Biocomposite Fabricated by Two Different Methods

Nano-biocomposites composed of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) were electrospun using two fabrication methods. In the single nozzle method, the CS nano-powders dispersed in PLGA solutions were electrospun through a single nozzle but in the double-nozzle method, PLGA and CS were simultaneously electrospun from two syringes and the electrospun PLGA nanofiber and electrosprayed CS nanoparticles were mixed and collected on the rotating drum (randomly oriented [A] and aligned [B]) to prepare the nano-biocomposite membrane. The PLGA/CS scaffolds were prepared at the different ratios. The single-nozzle method was associated with decreasing fiber diameter when the CS content was increased and exhibited improve mechanical and hydrophilic properties.     

两种高效原油降解菌降解率测定方法的对比研究

在筛选原油降解菌进行废油降解实验时,发现相同批次的发酵液用紫外分光光度法、称重法测定原油降解菌对原油的降解率时,结果相差很大.对比研究实验发现两种不同的方法在测定降解率时有各自的优缺点,因此,在筛选原油降解菌时,应针对不同目的而有所选择.     

不同方法提取罗汉果种籽油脂的研究

文章采用了回流提取、索氏提取法、超声波提取、压榨法提取、二氧化碳超临界提取、水酶等方法提取罗汉果种籽油,以出油率、酸价、碘价、角鲨烯含量为指标,比较不同方法的差异性,结果表明：使用石油醚作为溶剂,采取索氏提取法、回流提取、超声波提取出油率、角鲨烯含量较高;水酶法提取油脂样品的酸价最高。     

原油泡沫的危害和消除方法

原油可能出现的发泡现象使得原油体积增大,严重影响三相分离器的分离效果,降低计量精度,堵塞过滤器,造成泵汽蚀等。为了减少危害,应消除原油泡沫,即破坏原油泡沫稳定存在的条件。包括机械消泡法、消泡剂法、加热法和超声波消泡法,分析论述了各自的原理、适用范围及优劣,为实践提供参考。     

原油有机氯分析方法

为准确分析原油有机氯含量,采用两种分析方法比对,方法一是利用SY/T0536-2008所得试样上层油液,通过库仑法分析有机氯含量;方法二利用原油总氯与无机氯之差分析有机氯含量,最终得出因为低沸点氯代烃的挥发造成方法一所测得有机氯含量偏低;方法二比方法一分析得到的有机氯更为准确,同时相对于现有国家标准所执行的有机氯含量测定方法标准误差会更小。     

Characteristics and Composition of Watermelon Seed Oil and Solvent Extraction Parameters Effects

Watermelon seed oil characteristics were evaluated to determine whether this oil could be exploited as an edible oil. Hexane extraction of watermelon seeds produced yields of 50% (w/w) oil. The refractive index, saponification and iodine value were 1.4712 (at 25 °C), 200 mg KOH/g and 156 g I/100 g, respectively. The acid and peroxide values were 2.4 mg KOH/g and 3.24 mequiv/kg, respectively. The induction time of the oil was also 5.14 h at 110 °C, which was measured for the first time. Total unsaturation contents of the oil was 81.6%, with linoleic acid (18:2) being the dominant fatty acid (68.3%). Considering that the watermelon seed oil was highly unsaturated, the relatively high induction time might indicate the presence of natural antioxidants. In addition, the influence of extraction parameters on extraction of oil from watermelon seed with hexane as a solvent was studied at several temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C), times (1, 2, and 3 h) and solvent/kernel ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1). The oil yield was primarily affected by the solvent/kernel ratio and then time and temperature, respectively. The protein content of the oil-free residue was 47%.     

原油破乳剂的性能及评价方法研究进展

综述了原油破乳剂的性能指标,同时对原油破乳剂破乳效果的影响因素及筛选破乳剂的新方法进行了详细的阐述,最后对复配型破乳剂的常见复配方法做了简单的介绍。     

Acacia albida Seed Oil: Characterization of Coronaric Acid

Coronaric acid makes up 7.8% of Acacia albida (leguminosae) oil triglycerides. Direct acetolysis of the oil followed by saponification gave cis-9,10-dihydroxyoctadec-cis-12-enoic acid which was characterized by various spectroscopic studies and chemical transformations. Quantitation of the coronaric acid was done by gas-liquid chromatography. Chrysanthemum coronarium seed oil was used as the reference standard throughout the study.     

橡胶籽油基多元醇的制备与表征

以环氧橡胶籽油（ERSO）为原料,甲醇和异丙醇为开环试剂,氟硼酸为催化剂,制备橡胶籽油基多元醇,以产物羟值为指标对制备工艺进行了优化,并对产物进行了表征。研究结果表明,橡胶籽油基多元醇的最佳制备条件为反应时间30min,反应温度70℃,醇与ERSO的质量比为4：1,氟硼酸用量为ERSO质量的1%,异丙醇与甲醇质量比为1：1。通过验证实验可知,在此条件下制备的橡胶籽油基多元醇酸值为2.68mg/g,羟值为219.32mg/g,平均相对分子质量为870.21,含水量为0.08%,黏度为4791mPa·s。同时,通过FT-IR、¹H NMR和¹³C NMR分析表征了橡胶籽油基多元醇的化学结构,结果表明,ERSO中的环氧基发生了开环反应,生成了多元醇。     

Grape Seed Oil Characterization: A Novel Approach for Oil Quality Assessment

The amount of organic pomace, left behind agricultural processes, is continuously rising in accordance with industrial progress. Grape pomace, generated in the wine industry all over the world, represents a raw material for obtaining valuable products. Grape seeds are especially rich in oil containing bioactive compounds that can have various health‐related effects. The aim of the study is to compare the quality of seed oils obtained from six white grapes, including two Serbian autochthonous varieties. Linoleic acid, associated with numerous health benefits, is the major fatty acid in all samples (≈66% of total); α‐tocopherol is the main tocopherol homologue. Total polyphenol content ranges from 73.4 to 104.3 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g. In order to provide comprehensive information about antioxidant capacity of grape seed oil (GSO), three tests are performed (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power; 2,2’‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2’‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical scavenging). Antimicrobial activity is investigated against different strains; however, GSO inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Obtained results are used to develop a novel approach for oil quality assessment. Calculated oil quality scores (OQS) reveal no significant difference between international and autochthonous varieties, although Smederevka stands out as the most potent one. Practical applications : Considering the progressive waste increase in the wine industry and keeping in mind all health‐promoting effects of grape seed oil (GSO), it is clearly observed that oil production represents a profitable and sustainable utilization of grape seeds. The results of the present study show that GSO is a rich source of compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In addition, this work provides deeper insight into a quality of Serbian autochthonous grape varieties that are still insufficiently explored. Furthermore, the proposed oil quality score could be used as a comprehensive and unbiased method that enables quality assessment of oils. This tool can find practical application in comparing different plant oils regarding their compositional and functional properties. Finally, it would contribute to making some general oil intake recommendations.     

两种原油在溢油风化模拟过程的性能变化比较

文章以溢油风化模拟实验为基础,研究了中东原油和国产原油在溢油风化过程中的物理性能如外部形态、运动粘度、密度、水分含量等变化趋势,通过对比分析,发现了中东原油和国产原油在风化模拟过程中的物理特性变化差异,为海上溢油预警预测和溢油鉴别提供了参考。     

原油中钠含量的火焰原子光谱测量方法比较

配制钠标准溶液,选择合适的测量条件,分别用火焰吸收、火焰发射测定了原油中的钠离子含量。针对不同测量方法的检出限、准确度等进行了对比讨论,确定了两种方法的最佳测量条件、测量特性,比较了两种方法各自的优劣。     

Impacts of Refining and Antioxidants on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Oxidative Stability of Watermelon Seed Oil

Compositional analyses of seeds from two cultivars (Mateera and Sugar baby) was performed to evaluate their suitability as oilseeds. Watermelon seeds and kernels contained 21.9–25.5 % and 38.9–46.9 % oil of exceptionally high quality. The crude oil was expelled with a screw press and then refined to obtain a odor free and colorless oil. The moisture content, unsaponifiable matter content, refractive index, and specific gravity were within the narrow ranges. Refining influenced the color, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, and free fatty acid contents. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was the principal fatty acid constituting 64.5–67.2 % of the total fatty acids. Oxidative stability increased with the addition of tocopherols, butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), and tert-butyl hydroxyl quinine (TBHQ). The high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) along with physicochemical properties were similar to soybeans, sunflower and other common vegetable oils, suggesting the suitabilty of watermelon seed oil for industrial production.     

不同掺炼比的常减压装置模拟研究

采用Petro-Sim软件对常减压装置进行模拟,分析现有设备能否满足不同的俄罗斯原油掺炼比,并为不同工况下装置的操作条件调整提供指导。为防止减压塔塔顶负荷过高,实际生产时减压炉炉管未投用注汽,增加了油品在炉管内的停留时间,可能会导致油品的大量裂解和结焦。通过减压炉模拟结果建立油品结焦曲线,从而可直观判断油品结焦倾向,判定安全操作区域,指导装置生产。     

乳液法合成原油破乳剂的研究

以丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,过硫酸钾为引发剂,十二烷基硫酸钠为乳化剂,三乙醇胺与无水亚硫酸钠各为链转移剂与终止剂,水为分散介质,利用乳液法合成了一种水溶性四元共聚物破乳剂.考察了水用量、乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、加料速度、聚合温度、单体配比、链转移剂与终止剂用量等反应条件对产物破乳性能的影响,并且对原油破乳条件进行了讨论,对产物进行了红外检测分析.实验表明,水用量60 g,乳化剂用量1.6 g,引发剂用量0.25 g,加料时间130 min,聚合温度80～85 ℃,链转移剂与终止剂各0.1 g与0.15 g,单体总量20 g,原料配比分别为0.75∶0.25∶12∶2时,原油破乳脱水率最佳.当加药量为300 mg·L-1时,原油脱水率达97.01%.     

两种方法凝固天然橡胶的动态性能对比

分别采用自然凝固和酸凝固方法制备天然橡胶(NR),并比较2种方法凝固NR的交联密度、硫化特性、动态性能和生热等的差异。试验结果表明,自然凝固NR的交联密度和弹性模量较高,硫化速度快,动态损耗小,生热低。     

石油产品及原油酸值测定方法的探讨

酸值是石油产品的一项重要指标,可反映油品质量以及油品在开采、运输和加工过程中对金属设备的腐蚀性。概述了石油产品酸值测定的标准方法以及其它方法,比较了各种测定方法的原理和特点。确定采用GB/T7304标准方法测定原油酸值,并提出了适宜的分析条件。     

油气成本分析的两种实用方法

概述了油气成本分析的基础慨念和方法,重点阐述了工艺流程法和驱动因素法在油气成本分析中的运用。