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1.
There’s More to Information Systems Development than Structured Approaches: Information Requirements Analysis as a Socially Mediated Process 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Information systems (IS) development approaches are considered with particular reference to those aspects of the process most
concerned with the determination of information requirements. The majority can be classified as adopting a unitary, objective
perspective. This perspective fails to recognise the interpretative, inter-subjective nature of information and the importance
of informal as well as formal data-processing systems. This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on socio-technical
and soft approaches to IS development by providing a contrasting perspective on information requirements analysis as a process
which is socially mediated. A framework is developed which places information requirements analysis in the context of strategic
IS development. This locates social communication networks centrally in this process and raises implications for the practice
of IS development, and of information requirements analysis. 相似文献
2.
The application of object oriented concepts (OO) to the requirements phase of information systems (IS) and software development
has been adopted by many proponents of IS and software development methodologies. Although many claims have been made about
the effectiveness of OO techniques for improving requirements analysis, very few experimental studies have been done to substantiate
these claims. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by conducting an experimental study that attempts to validate
the effectiveness of object-oriented analysis (OOA) by comparing it to structured analysis (SA) for producing requirements.
We argue that the quality of the requirements specification can be measured and that measurement can be used to compare the
effectiveness of OOA and SA. We present an overview of the basic models and principles associated with OOA and SA, a discussion
of quality in requirements definition, and a detailed discussion of the research methodology used. A review of relevant research
is also presented and directions for further research are suggested. Our findings suggest that the OOA methodology does not
necessarily produce better requirements statements. 相似文献
3.
Requirements for choosing off-the-shelf information systems (OISR) differ from requirements for development of new information
systems in that they do not necessarily provide complete specifications, thus allowing flexibility in matching an existing
IS to the stated needs. We present a framework for OISR conceptual models that consists of four essential elements: business
processes, business rules, information objects and required system services. We formalise the definitions of these concepts
based on an ontological model. The ontology-based OISR model provides a framework to evaluate modelling languages on how appropriate
they are for OISR requirements specifications. The evaluation framework is applied to the Object-Process Methodology, and
its results are compared with a similar evaluation of ARIS. This comparison demonstrates the effectiveness of the ontological
framework for evaluating modelling tools on how well they can guide selection, implementation and integration of purchased
software packages. 相似文献
4.
This paper examines how computer-mediated communication (CMC) affects cultural aspects in workplaces. For the concept of
culture used in this paper, we draw on the surface level of culture among three levels of organisational culture and 10 categories
of culture. Some studies on CMC are presented based on its impacts on some cultural categories, among which temporality and
territoriality are emphasised. The knowledge imparted by this kind of analysis can help CMC and information systems (IS) developers
understand and predict what will happen in the users’ way of working after implementation. It will also help them develop
effective systems. By emphasising time and space from the cultural point of view, we expect the paper will contribute to understanding
newly emergent organisational forms such as virtual organisations in which temporal and spatial dimensions are significantly
transformed. 相似文献
5.
N. V. Patel 《Requirements Engineering》1999,4(2):77-84
This paper is a discussion on the problem of establishing information requirements in changing and ongoing business organisations.
Attempts within existing software development paradigms to cope with business change are identified and discussed, and their
problems concerning business change are highlighted. The alternative spiral of change model of tailorable information systems
is proposed for thinking about establishing changing and ongoing information systems requirements. It is also proposed that
information should be reconceptualised as tailorable. Such a reconceptualisation would allow us to explore ways of establishing
information systems requirements that cope with business change. Deferred system’s design is proposed as a form of business
software design and development that can cope with business change, as well as with the contextual and situational nature
of tailorable information. 相似文献
6.
A major contributor to the failure of information technology-based systems is the problem of understanding user or customer
requirements in the initial analysis and requirements identification stage of development. This paper identifies and describes
an approach to help overcome some of these problems, particularly the mismatch or understanding gap between the customer and
the developer. The approach is intended to be used at the early stages of requirement determination and introduces techniques
from operational research into the process. In particular set theory and Venn diagrams are used as a way of graphically representing
the relationships and gaps in understanding that may exist. The benefit obtained from the use of the technique is partly in
the graphical representations themselves but mainly in the dialogue and negotiation that result from the construction of the
diagrams. The technique has been developed in a research study of retail organisations’ use of information technology in the
UK and an example case study from the sector is used to illustrate and discuss the technique. 相似文献
7.
Information systems are the glue between people and computers. Both the social and business environments are in a continual,
some might say chaotic, state of change while computer hardware continues to double its performance about every 18 months.
This presents a major challenge for information system developers. The term user-friendly is an old one, but one which has come to take on a multitude of meanings. However, in today’s context we might well take
a user-friendly system to be one where the technology fits the user’s cognitive models of the activity in hand. This article
looks at the relationship between information systems and the changing demands of their users as the underlying theme for
the current issue of Cognition, Technology and Work. People, both as individuals and organisations, change. The functionalist viewpoint, which attempts to freeze and inhibit
such change, has failed systems developers on numerous occasions. Responding to, and building on, change in the social environment
is still a significant research issue for information systems specialists who need to be able to create living information
systems. 相似文献
8.
Linguistic Problems with Requirements and Knowledge Elicitation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David C. Sutton 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):114-124
Human and conversational aspects of requirements and knowledge identification are employed to show that requirements ‘engineering’
is not the same as civil engineering or scientific problem solving. Not only can requirements not be made fully explicit at
the start of a project, they cannot be made fully explicit at all. A need is identified to enhance computer-based information
systems (CBIS) development methods to accommodate: plurality of incommensurable perspectives, languages and agendas; dynamic
representations of system features that can be experienced rather than abstracted and forced into an abstract paper-based
representation; recognition that CBIS development is in general a continuous process where users changing their minds is a
natural and necessary indication or organisational vitality.
It is suggested that prototyping and rapid application development go some way to addressing these requirements but that
they require further development in the light of the theoretical light thrown on the nature of the problem. 相似文献
9.
The increasingly global nature of financial markets and institutions means that the collection and management of information
on which decisions might be based are increasingly complex. There is a growing requirement for the integration of information
flows at individual and departmental levels, and across processes and organisational boundaries. Effective information management
is an important contributory factor in the efficiency of such institutions, though there are many associated problems that
do not have obvious or simple answers. This paper discusses the problem of information gathering in complex business environments
and considers how use cases can help to alleviate the problem using an example of a multinational organisation. Such organisations
often require information systems that can support regional differences. However, management requires consistent and uniform
representation of information. The example shows that use cases can be a helpful mechanism for capturing user requirements
that accommodate both regional properties as well as their organisational commonalties. 相似文献
10.
Healthcare Modelling through Role Activity Diagrams for Process-Based Information Systems Development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nandish V. Patel 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):83-92
The aim of this paper is to introduce the socio-technical Role Activity Diagram modelling language to National Health Service
(NHS) information systems requirements engineering using a process approach. Most requirements engineering in the NHS is done
using data-driven methods such as data flow diagrams. Role Activity Diagrams provide not only a socio-technical method for
analysing a particular systems development problem, but they also offer a process-based approach for capturing workflows and
their associated information flows, and facilitate communication between analysts and users in an intuitive fashion. In particular,
they elicit the important roles in a process and the interaction and collaboration required to achieve the goals of the process.
The process approach has been applied in business information systems development. It is introduced here as a potential for
systems development in the NHS. 相似文献
11.
Workflow management systems (WfMS) offer a promising technology for the realization of process-centered application systems.
A deficiency of existing WfMS is their inadequate support for dealing with exceptional deviations from the standard procedure.
In the ADEPT project, therefore, we have developed advanced concepts for workflow modeling and execution, which aim at the
increase of flexibility in WfMS. On the one hand we allow workflow designers to model exceptional execution paths already
at buildtime provided that these deviations are known in advance. On the other hand authorized users may dynamically deviate
from the pre-modeled workflow at runtime as well in order to deal with unforeseen events. In this paper, we focus on forward
and backward jumps needed in this context. We describe sophisticated modeling concepts for capturing deviations in workflow
models already at buildtime, and we show how forward and backward jumps (of different semantics) can be correctly applied
in an ad-hoc manner during runtime as well. We work out basic requirements, facilities, and limitations arising in this context.
Our experiences with applications from different domains have shown that the developed concepts will form a key part of process
flexibility in process-centered information systems.
Received: 6 October 2002 / Accepted: 8 January 2003
Published online: 27 February 2003
This paper is a revised and extended version of [40]. The described work was partially performed in the research project “Scalability
in Adaptive Workflow Management Systems” funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). 相似文献
12.
S. K. Probert 《Requirements Engineering》1999,4(2):85-91
The fidelity and practicality of using soft systems methodology (SSM) to empower the workforce such that its members can make
a fuller contribution to the requirements engineering process is critically analysed. The detailed analysis is carried out
by using a (critical) philosophical approach to develop an interpretation of (some key aspects of) requirements engineering
practice in actual information systems development situations, utilising a number of practical requirements engineering studies.
This analysis is built upon to explain the relationship between requirements engineering, SSM and workforce empowerment. It
is concluded that, by maintaining critically focused attention on the economic context, it is theoretically possible to engineer
requirements for information systems that would actually empower the workforce. However, the likelihood of using SSM successfully
for this purpose is low, as the economic context in which requirements engineering takes place is largely ignored by the SSM
advocates. 相似文献
13.
Information systems (IS) and technology are used extensively throughout the National Health Service (NHS), and the 1998 national
information strategy, ‘Information for Health’, sets out how the NHS will be developing and implementing IS to support patient
care within the next decade. This new IS initiative is set against a mixed record of success of IS projects in the NHS, with
a number of high-profile failures. This paper highlights the need to consider the ‘organisational issues’ involved in systems
implementation to avoid failures. It goes on to advocate the use of a process-oriented and organisation studies-based model
for risk analysis and management for use in NHS IS projects. Two famous NHS case studies are used to validate the model. It
is concluded that there is a real need in the NHS for tools to better control the inherent risks involved in IS development
and implementation. Ultimately, the success of IS projects in the NHS is crucial if they want to best utilise clinical and
patient information, with the overall aim of improving the efficiency and standard of the nation’s health care. 相似文献
14.
A Feasibility Study of Automated Natural Language Requirements Analysis in Market-Driven Development 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Johan Natt och Dag Björn Regnell Pär Carlshamre Michael Andersson Joachim Karlsson 《Requirements Engineering》2002,7(1):20-33
In market-driven software development there is a strong need for support to handle congestion in the requirements engineering
process, which may occur as the demand for short time-to-market is combined with a rapid arrival of new requirements from
many different sources. Automated analysis of the continuous flow of incoming requirements provides an opportunity to increase
the efficiency of the requirements engineering process. This paper presents empirical evaluations of the benefit of automated
similarity analysis of textual requirements, where existing information retrieval techniques are used to statistically measure
requirements similarity. The results show that automated analysis of similarity among textual requirements is a promising
technique that may provide effective support in identifying relationships between requirements. 相似文献
15.
Cynthia E. Irvine Timothy Levin Jeffery D. Wilson David Shifflett Barbara Pereira 《Requirements Engineering》2002,7(4):192-206
Requirements specifications for high-assurance secure systems are rare in the open literature. This paper examines the development
of a requirements document for a multilevel secure system that must meet stringent assurance and evaluation requirements.
The system is designed to be secure, yet combines popular commercial components with specialised high-assurance ones. Functional
and non-functional requirements pertinent to security are discussed. A multidimensional threat model is presented. The threat
model accounts for the developmental and operational phases of system evolution and for each phase accounts for both physical
and non-physical threats. We describe our team-based method for developing a requirements document and relate that process
to techniques in requirements engineering. The system requirements document presented provides a calibration point for future
security requirements engineering techniques intended to meet both functional and assurance goals.
RID="*"
ID="*"The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be construed to reflect those of their employers
or the Department of Defense. This work was supported in part by the MSHN project of the DARPA/ITO Quorum programme and by
the MYSEA project of the DARPA/ATO CHATS programme.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: T. Levin, Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943-5118, USA. Tel.: +1 831 656 2339;
Fax: +1 831 656 2814; Email: levin@nps.navy.mil 相似文献
16.
The requirements specification – as outcome of the requirements engineering process – falls short of capturing other useful
information generated during this process, such as the justification for selected requirements, trade-offs negotiated by stakeholders
and alternative requirements that were discarded. In the context of evolving systems and distributed development, this information
is essential. Rationale methods focus on capturing and structuring this missing information. In this paper, we propose an
integrated process with dedicated guidance for capturing requirements and their rationale, discuss its tool support and describe
the experiences we made during several case studies with students. Although the idea of integrating rationale methods with
requirements engineering is not new, few research projects so far have focused on smooth integration, dedicated tool support
and detailed guidance for such methods. 相似文献
17.
A. Daugulis 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(3):137-143
Nowadays, time is critical in most system engineering projects. The ability to deliver systems in short time determines the
success of the system supplier. For customers, the quicker the system delivery time, the better are their chances to get some
business advantages in their ever-changing business environments. As a consequence, an increasing number of projects are subjected
to tight deadlines in all project phases, including requirements elicitation. A project with plenty of time for developing
a requirements specification is hard to find. In this paper, experiences from one such project are reflected. Based on these
experiences, time aspects in requirements engineering are discussed; i.e., what could be done better in requirements engineering
if there were more time and what can easily be missed in requirements engineering under a tight deadline. 相似文献
18.
This paper looks from an ethnographic viewpoint at the case of two information systems in a multinational engineering consultancy.
It proposes using the rich findings from ethnographic analysis during requirements discovery. The paper shows how context
– organisational and social – can be taken into account during an information system development process. Socio-technical
approaches are holistic in nature and provide opportunities to produce information systems utilising social science insights,
computer science technical competence and psychological approaches. These approaches provide fact-finding methods that are
appropriate to system participants’ and organisational stakeholders’ needs.
The paper recommends a method of modelling that results in a computerised information system data model that reflects the
conflicting and competing data and multiple perspectives of participants and stakeholders, and that improves interactivity
and conflict management. 相似文献
19.
Ambrosio Toval Joaquín Nicolás Begoña Moros Fernando García 《Requirements Engineering》2002,6(4):205-219
Information systems security issues have usually been considered only after the system has been developed completely, and
rarely during its design, coding, testing or deployment. However, the advisability of considering security from the very beginning
of the system development has recently begun to be appreciated, and in particular in the system requirements specification
phase. We present a practical method to elicit and specify the system and software requirements, including a repository containing
reusable requirements, a spiral process model, and a set of requirements documents templates. In this paper, this method is
focused on the security of information systems and, thus, the reusable requirements repository contains all the requirements
taken from MAGERIT, the Spanish public administration risk analysis and management method, which conforms to ISO 15408, Common
Criteria Framework. Any information system including these security requirements must therefore pass a risk analysis and management
study performed with MAGERIT. The requirements specification templates are hierarchically structured and are based on IEEE
standards. Finally, we show a case study in a system of our regional administration aimed at managing state subsidies. 相似文献
20.
The Importance of Context in Information System Design: An Assessment of Participatory Design 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper is predicated on requirements analysis as the Achilles heel of information systems development, and accepts that
information systems often disappoint. Most design paradigms can be located within a rationalistic framework polarised by requirements
analysis and system delivery. Such traditional design paradigms are seen as palliatives that prevent us moving toward more
satisfying information systems. It is argued that this rationalistic framework forces us to identify, and attempt to solve,
problems that are symptomatic of the approach adopted. A pluralistic framework for information system development is presented
which rejects the notions of requirements analysis and system optimality. Participatory design, derived from the field of
human computer interaction, is located within this framework and identified as a possible paradigm for information system
development. A case study is conducted to assess the benefits of participatory design techniques and to evaluate the extent
to which participatory design can overcome the failings of traditional methodologies. 相似文献