应用PIXE分析胎儿肝、脑、肾、肺组织及其亚细胞组分中的元素分布

质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)分析了上海市6例自然流产胎儿(5—6个月)的肝、脑、肾、肺的组织匀浆及其线粒体、溶酶体和微粒体中K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Rb、Sr的含量。结果显示了元素在不同脏器的分布以及同一脏器的亚细胞水平的分布,并且通过与成年人肝的数据比较,得出胎儿中必需微量元素Zn、Cu、Fe等含量显著高,并且有的亚细胞分布模式也不同,这一结果提示了必需微量元素的亚细胞分布与细胞发育有密切关系。     

Quantitative micro-PIXE comparison of elemental distribution in Ni-hyperaccumulating and non-accumulating genotypes of Senecio coronatus

The Ni hyperaccumulator, plant species Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv., Asteraceae is an example of plant adaptation mechanisms to different ecological conditions. This widespread species can inter alia be found on serpentine outcrops and the genotypes growing in serpentine soils show different ways of adaptation. The populations from two distant localities take up and translocate Ni in concentrations which are normally phytotoxic, while plants growing on a different site, in the vicinity of another hyperaccumulating species, absorb amounts which are typical for most of the plants found on serpentine soils. The NAC nuclear microprobe was used to compare the distribution of Ni and other elements in selected organs and cells with simultaneous use of PIXE and proton BackScattering (BS). Quantitative maps of stems showed large differences in concentrations and distributions of major and trace elements. In hyperaccumulating genotypes Ni is present everywhere within stem tissues, but the highest concentrations were found in the epidermis, cortex and phloem. In non-accumulating plants Ni was concentrated in the phloem. In the leaf epidermis Ni was concentrated in the cell walls for both accumulating and non-accumulating plants. These results suggest that biochemical diversity is more than morphological, because investigated genotypes belong to the same taxon.     

人肝中元素含量的中子活化分析研究

用仪器中子活化分析方法测定了我国天津市47例正常人（意外死亡）肝脏中Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Fe、Mo、La、Sm、Zn等16种的含量。用t检验比较了男、女性肝脏中这些元素含量的差别,发现对大多数元素无显著性差异,但Cd、Co、Fe、Mo、La、Zn的含量在男、女性肝脏中存在显著或非常显著性差异。将这些测定值与文献报道的国内外不同地区正常人的值进行了比较,未发现有明显的异常。还用多元统计分析方法研究了正常人肝脏中不同元素间的相关性,并根据不同元素在电子结构、化学性质方面的相似程度及它们在人体中的生理功能等给予一定的解决,它可为探索人体内各种微量元素间的内在联系有意义的信息。     

Evaluation of specimen preparation techniques for micro-PIXE localisation of elements in hyperaccumulating plants

Hybanthus floribundus subsp. floribundus, a rare Australian Ni-hyperaccumulating shrub and Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana, an Australian naturalized As-hyperaccumulating fern are promising species for use in phytoremediation of contaminated sites. Micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (μ-PIXE) spectroscopy was used to map the elemental distribution of the accumulated metal(loid)s, Ca and K in leaf or pinnule tissues of the two plant species. Samples were prepared by two contrasting specimen preparation techniques: freeze-substitution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and freeze-drying. The specimens were analysed to compare the suitability of each technique in preserving (i) the spatial elemental distribution and (ii) the tissue structure of the specimens. Further, the μ-PIXE results were compared with concentration of elements in the bulk tissue obtained by ICP-AES analysis.In H. floribundus subsp. floribundus, μ-PIXE analysis revealed Ni, Ca and K concentrations in freeze-dried leaf tissues were at par with bulk tissue concentrations. Elemental distribution maps illustrated that Ni was preferentially localised in the adaxial epidermal tissues (1% DW) and least concentration was found in spongy mesophyll tissues (0.53% DW). Conversely, elemental distribution maps of THF freeze-substituted tissues indicated significantly lower Ni, Ca and K concentrations than freeze-dried specimens and bulk tissue concentrations. Moreover, Ni concentrations were uniform across the whole specimen and no localisation was observed.In P. calomelanos var. austroamericana freeze-dried pinnule tissues, μ-PIXE revealed statistically similar As, Ca and K concentrations as compared to bulk tissue concentrations. Elemental distribution maps showed that As localisation was relatively uniform across the whole specimen. Once again, THF freeze-substituted tissues revealed a significant loss of As compared to freeze-dried specimens and the concentrations obtained by bulk tissue analysis.The results demonstrate that freeze-drying is a suitable sample preparation technique to study elemental distribution of ions in H. floribundus and P. calomelanos plant tissues using μ-PIXE spectroscopy. Furthermore, cellular structure was preserved in samples prepared using this technique.     

Micro-PIXE investigation of bean seeds to assist micronutrient biofortification

This study compares the distribution and concentrations of micro- and macronutrients in different bean cultivars with the aim of optimizing the biofortification, a sustainable approach towards improving dietary quality. Micro-PIXE was used to reveal the distribution of Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, P, S in seeds of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus). Average concentrations of elements in different tissues were obtained using ICP-AES. The highest concentrations of Zn in the studied beans were found in the embryonic axis, but an increased concentration of this element was also detected in the provascular bundles of the cotyledons. The first layer of cells surrounding provascular bundles accumulated high concentrations of Fe, while the next cell layer had an increased concentration of Mn. The analysis showed that the provascular bundles and the first cell layers surrounding them could have a significant role in the storage of important seed micronutrients - Zn, Fe, and Mn. This information has important implications for molecular biology studies aimed at seed biofortification.     

股骨头松质骨中无机元素的PIXE分析

使用质子激发Ｘ射线荧光分析技术测定了５例正常人和７例股骨颈骨折患者股骨头松质骨中无机元素谱的分布。详细介绍了骨样品处理技术，建立了正确测定骨骼微量元素的定量方法。结果表明在对照组中元素Ｐ、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｓｒ的含量高于病变组，统计检验表明有显著意义，而元素Ｓ、Ｋ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ在两组间无显著差异。对Ｃａ、Ｐ、Ｓｒ、Ｃｕ等无机元素的生理功能进行了初步的讨论。     

上海市钢铁工业尘单颗粒分析

用高分辨率、高灵敏度的扫描质子微探针对上海市工业尘进行单颗粒分析,研究了在颗粒物中不同元素的分布以及元素平均含量随粒径大小的变化。结果表明,Fe、Cr、Mn等元素在颗粒物中均匀分布的,而K、Ca则富集在颗粒物的表面。而且这些元素的平均含量随粒径的变化呈现出一规律性,其中大部分重金属元素（如Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Pb）聚集在颗粒粒径＜5μm的颗粒物上。     

乳腺肿瘤组织中的微量元素分析

用同步辐射X射线荧光(SR-XRF)技术分析了正常乳腺组织、良性乳腺肿瘤组织和乳腺癌组织中微量元素的种类、相对含量等.根据SR-XRF的结果,在这三种组织中微量元素的种类是相同的,但相对含量是不相同的,特别是正常组织和肿瘤组织中的Ca、Fe和Zn的差异相当明显.肿瘤组织中S、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu和Se的相对含量与正常组织中含量具有正相关性,即肿瘤组织的含量相对于正常组织是增加的,而K和Ca则是负相关性.P在正常乳腺组织和良性乳腺肿瘤组织中的含量基本不变,但在癌变组织中略有下降.恶性肿瘤中的Fe和Zn是正相关性,而在良性肿瘤中则是负相关性.可见:正常、良性和癌变的乳腺组织中微量元素的相对含量是不同的,可以为乳腺癌的诊断提供有用信息.     

用多元统计方法和微束扫描技术分析急性镉中毒的鼠肾中微量元素的分布

用同步辐射Ｘ荧光微束扫描技术测量了未经处理的、腹腔注射ＣｄＣｌ２的及注射后用新型的络合剂促排的三组Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠的肾切片。结果表明Ｃｄ主要分布在肾的皮质部分，而髓质部分含量很低。用多元素统计分析探讨了元素间的关系：在正常鼠肾中，元素分布基本上聚类成两大类，其中微量元素Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ和Ｓｅ为一类，它们在肾中的分布有较强的共位性，处于平衡状态；急性中毒时，Ｃｄ与Ｓｅ的距离最近，有较强的相互作用，其     

同步辐射X荧光分析海州香薷根中铜结合蛋白的微量元素

利用Sephadex G-50凝胶过滤从Cu处理海州香薷根中分离得到两个不同的铜结合蛋白。用同步辐射X荧光(SRXRF)分析了两个蛋白的微量元素,结果表明分子量较小的铜结合蛋白2与Cu络合能力要强于分子量较大的铜结合蛋白1。另外,Pb、Fe和Zn等金属元素可以与铜结合蛋白竞争结合。两个铜结合蛋白中S含量都很低,说明海州香薷根中铜结合蛋白可能并不以含硫量较高的金属硫蛋白(MTS)或植物络合肽(PCs)为主。实验证明SRXRF技术可以很好地用于凝胶过滤分离蛋白的元素分析。     

压水堆核电站乏燃料元件γ扫描测量

在压水堆核电站乏燃料元件检验中,完成了4根完整元件棒、4根破损元件棒的γ扫描测量,元件燃耗分布在9600～45000 MW•d/t（U）之间,获得了完整元件轴向相对燃耗分布、破损元件¹³⁷Cs分布及迁移流失情况。结果显示,破损元件均存在不同程度的Cs迁移流失,破口处存在¹³⁷Cs计数突变（降低）。破损元件¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs原子比分布与相邻完整元件基本一致,表明¹³⁴Cs、¹³⁷Cs流失比例近似相等,可用¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs原子比表征其相对燃耗分布;破口处可通过低挥发性核素¹⁵⁴Eu计数水平判断燃料芯块是否缺失。检验结果可为燃料元件破损原因分析及堆内行为分析提供重要依据。     

~(177)Lu-EDTMP的药盒法制备、大鼠体内生物分布及显像

通过反应堆辐照Lu2O3,再经化学处理制得177LuCl3溶液;制备了不同配比的含钙EDTMP药盒,并对其进行了177Lu标记;完成了177Lu-EDTMP在大鼠体内的生物分布及显像实验。标记实验结果表明,制得的177Lu标记自制EDTMP药盒可获得95%以上的标记率,且标记溶液的稳定性较好,在室温下放置一周后,放化纯度95%。生物分布及显像实验结果显示,药盒法制备的177Lu-EDTMP骨摄取高且滞留时间长,在注药1 h后骨的放射性摄取率3%ID.g-1,而在注药11 d后仍保持在2%ID.g-1以上,注药后13 d,显像图片中全身骨骼仍可清晰显示;主要经肾清除,血液清除快,注药3 h后,在血液及肌肉中的摄取率已接近本底水平;显像结果显示,除膀胱外其它主要器官及软组织中均未见明显的放射性浓集,体现出其作为骨痛治疗药物的良好体内分布特性。     

INAA研究南极菲尔德斯半岛西湖沉积物和植物残体的生物地球化学特征

用仪器中子活化法(INAA)对南极菲尔德斯半岛西湖钻孔沉积物和植物残体进行了多元素测定。发现沉积物和植物残体在不同沉积深度分别有相似的元素分布模式;并且二者的元素分布特别是稀土元素分布模式也具有相似性,反映出二者的物源基本相同。植物残体中不同元素的生物富集系数有差异,反映了植物吸收元素的选择性。植物残体中许多元素呈现出明显的规律性变化,初步推测植物残体的元素组合特征对环境变化的响应可能比沉积物更灵敏。     

Quantitative PIXE analysis of human uterine myoma

Twenty-two samples, taken from eight pathological proved uterine myoma patients, were embedded in paraffin and cut into slices of identical thickness (4.0 μm). After deparaffinization, washing and drying, the slices of myomal tissue and their neighboring myometrial tissue were bombarded by 2.0 MeV proton beams from a 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator. The induced characteristic X-rays were then detected and analyzed using a HPGe detector system. The absolute concentrations of trace elements contained in tumors and normal tissues of human myomal uterus were determined, in reference to a known concentration of doped yttrium. Significant correlations between the concentration of elements, both in tumors and in normal tissues, were found.     

鸡胚细胞内微量元素分析

本文用高分辨率、高灵敏度的扫描质子微探针（SPM）对鸡胚前脑神经元细胞和骨骼肌肌管细胞中的数量元素进行分析，研究了这两种不同细胞对Zn离子的吸收情况、细胞中元素的相关关系以及微量元素在细胞内的分布情况。结果发现，鸡胚前脑神经元细胞对Zn离子的吸收能力明显大于骨骼肌肌管细胞；并且细胞中Cr、Fe、Ni等微量元素的浓度含量明显偏高；细胞中S－Zn、Fe-Zn等元素呈正相关关系，而P-Ni、Cr-Fe则呈负相关关系。从细胞的元素分布图上还发现不同元素在细胞各个组成部分的含量是不同的，如P、S、K等元素在细胞膜上的含量明显高于其在细胞内的含量。     

头发的同步辐射XRF实验

给出了用同步辐射Ｘ射线荧光分析法测定人发中微量元素含量沿头发长度方向分布的结果。重复扫描单根头发、五根头发的结果表明实验的精密度很好；一个人头部同一区域三根不同头发相应部位大多数元素含量的变化趋势基本相同，并有大体一致的相对比值；四个不同人头发相应部位元素含量的变化趋势是不同的，且有不同的相对比值。     

Study by PIXE method of trace elements transferred from prostheses to soft tissues and organs

Some metallic prostheses inserted in human hip undergo physico-chemical modification, a few years after their implantation. Tissues surrounding these prostheses are damaged by metallic element transfer. Surgeons in Clermont-Ferrand Hospital (France) recover tissues of abnormal coloration that were in contact with metallic implants. PIXE technique (particles induced X-ray emission) with a 400 μm proton beam and 3 MeV of energy is an efficient technique to analyze these tissues and to detect elements, which are transferred from prosthesis to tissues. PIXE analyses were carried at the CERI-CNRS Laboratory. We have applied this method to determine qualitatively and quantitatively trace elements migration from metallic implants to surrounding tissues and organs, like kidney, spleen, liver, lymphatic gland and lung.     

中子活化分析在煤质分析中的应用

利用中子活化分析方法对云、贵、川三省部分原煤中的常量、微量及有害元素的含量进行了检测、获知燃煤中主要的固态有害元素的大致分布情况,对防治由燃煤引起的大气污染起到了积极的作用。同时介绍了原煤燃烧前后大部分固态元素的变化规律。     

Analysis of lichen thin sections by PIXE and STIM using a proton microprobe

In order to better understand the distribution pattern of mineral elements in lichen tissues, thin sections (15 μm) of the foliose, vagrant soil lichen Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa were examined using proton microprobe Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE). This technique was used to make two-dimensional scans, with 5 μm resolution, across tissue cross sections of the test species. Element maps for Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and As have been prepared. Several elements are strongly localized in the element maps. PIXE data are complimented with STIM, light micrographs, and SEM images. Preliminary data suggest that nuclear microprobe techniques may be useful in elucidating element absorption and transport mechanisms in lichens.     

氚标记阿糖腺苷在小鼠体内的分布

氖标记阿糖腺苷(Ara-A)自尾静脉注入正常小鼠,根据不同时相,采用均相法,分别测定血液、肌肉、脏器、尿、粪便的放射性强度,由此获得[8-~3H]-Ara-A在各组织中的分布和随尿和粪便排泄的数据。