长度计量基础知识讲座 第五十一讲 齿轮测量基础

<正>齿轮作为传动元件,在机械制造和仪器仪表制造中占有极为重要的地位。最常见的有渐开线齿轮、摆线齿轮以及圆弧齿轮等。其中在传动上应用最广的是渐开线齿轮。渐开线齿轮主要有圆柱齿轮、圆锥齿轮、蜗轮蜗杆、齿条、非圆齿轮、谐波齿轮等。1)圆柱齿轮圆柱齿轮分直齿圆柱齿轮、锥齿圆柱齿轮和人字齿轮。2)圆锥齿轮圆锥齿轮分直齿圆锥齿轮、斜齿圆锥齿轮和螺     

人字齿轮传动的振动理论分析模型

通过研究分析直齿轮和斜齿轮等的扭转振动分析模型、啮合耦合型振动分析模型,结合人字齿轮传动的特点,建立了人字齿轮传动的振动理论分析模型。     

浅析汽车齿轮制造中的问题和解决途径

本文主要介绍了汽车齿轮的制造水平以及齿轮制造中采用的滚齿、插齿拂9齿、热处理等加工工艺，阐述了汽车齿轮制造与发达国家汽车齿轮制造的差距。着重分析了汽车齿轮制造产生差距的原因，并且提出了解决汽车齿轮制造差距的途径。     

直齿圆锥齿轮度量轴线夹角变动与度量安装距直线位移的测试及其仪器

一、前言 度量轴线夹角变动是圆锥齿轮传动公差标准JB180-60规定的测试项目,度量安装距直线位移是由于缺乏测试度量轴线夹角变动的仪器,而采用的替代项目。本文分析了替代项目的不可靠性,并简扼介绍了本厂研制的能方便地检测上述二项误差的仪器“SBGT-3型直齿锥齿轮综合检查仪”。 二、直齿圆锥齿轮传动原理 直齿圆锥齿轮是现代机械传动中的重要机械零件,主要用于轴线相交机构中的运动传递和动力传递,在汽车、拖拉机和机床行业中均有广泛的使用。     

直齿圆锥齿轮齿向误差的测量

在机床传动和汽车后桥差速系统中,以及其他机械制造中,直齿圆锥齿轮,由于能传递相交轴之间的扭矩而获得了广泛的应用。随着社会主义建设事业的飞跃发展,锥齿磨削、精密锻造,粉末冶金等新工艺新技术的大量采用,对直齿圆锥齿轮的精度和互换性都提出了更高的要求。但是,由于目前锥齿轮的测试设备较少,难于满足生产上的需要,因此,我们对直齿圆锥齿轮齿向误差的测试方法进行了探索。直齿圆锥齿轮的齿向误差,是评定直齿圆锥齿轮接触精度的重要单项指标之一。在生产过程中,能否正确测量和控制齿向误差,对于提高产品质量具有十分重要的意义。下面将介绍一种直齿圆锥齿     

齿轮传动噪声的分析与控制

本文从齿轮传动的特性出发,对齿轮传动的噪声进行分析,同时从设计、制造、安装等方面提出了相应的控制对策。     

同功重比修形斜齿和直齿面齿轮性能对比研究

为深入了解同功重比修形斜齿与直齿面齿轮的性能差异,选择更适合于高速重载工况下的面齿轮传动.基于啮合原理推导了修形斜齿与直齿面齿轮齿面方程,基于CATIA建立了修形斜齿与直齿面齿轮三维模型,采用有限元接触分析方法,以接触应力、弯曲应力和重合度为面齿轮传动性能指标展开研究.研究结果表明:修形斜齿面齿轮相比修形直齿面齿轮接触应力大幅降低,算例最大接触应力降低16.3%;修形斜齿面齿轮相比修形直齿面齿轮弯曲应力大幅降低,算例最大弯曲应力降低32.4%;修形斜齿面齿轮相比修形直齿面齿轮重合度大幅提高,算例重合度提高10.3%.所以同功重比情况下,修形斜齿面齿轮传动性能优于修形直齿面齿轮,前者更适合于高速重载工况下的轻量化设计.     

一种汽车门锁塑料齿轮机构设计优化

汽车门锁传动机构中的齿轮是自吸合汽车门锁系统中容易失效的部件,对汽车的行驶安全起着重要影响。近年来,在汽车行业的电装产品中,塑料齿轮逐渐替代一些金属齿轮。为了保证汽车门锁传动机构中的塑料齿轮能够可靠稳定的工作,满足其工作强度要求,本文介绍了一种基于尼曼温特尔法与刘易斯疲劳强度理论的塑料齿轮强度计算方法,提出了提高齿轮强度,优化塑料齿轮传动性能的设计方法。经过优化设计后,塑料齿轮性能得到提升并能够正常工作,证明了齿轮优化设计是成功的。     

齿轮误差分析与公差建模技术研究

针对兆瓦级偏航减速器齿轮机构,考虑部分制造误差．应用公差建模理论、渐开线齿轮精度理论、轮齿接触分析及齿轮传动误差原理,建立了渐开线齿轮误尊模型．综合考虑制造误差对齿轮强度、传动精度以及减速机性能的影响,为最终确定合理的齿轮精度提供理论依据。     

关于制定《合成酯型重负荷工业齿轮油》标准的探讨

齿轮机构是机械中最主要的一种传动机构,其传递功率范围大,传动效率高,可传递任意两轴之间的运动和动力。工业齿轮油广泛用于各种圆柱齿轮、斜齿轮、正齿轮、人字齿轮及直、斜、螺旋伞状齿轮等机械传动装置,在采矿、冶金、纺织、电力、建筑、机械制造等行业中应用。齿轮油就是最主要的润滑剂。     

Analysis of Oil Debris in an Aero Gas Turbine Engine

Oil debris count is an important health monitoring parameter in aero gas turbine engine. Present paper deals with the oil debris analysis collected from the bearing houses and gear box of a military gas turbine engine. Due to relative motion between stationary parts, wearing-out has taken place in turbine bearing house. Improper assembly or dimensional inaccuracies found to be the root cause of high debris generation. For wearing-out of the drive shaft in gear box, lapses in assembly procedure and improper tolerances are found to be responsible. Though high ‘g’ maneuvers of the aircraft, hard landings, missile launch and bird hit or foreign object impact can lead to such high debris in the oil circuit, utmost care needs to be taken during assembly.     

电驱动动力总成噪声识别与优化

纯电动汽车的动力总成与传统汽车存在着明显区别,其噪声源也有较大差异。以新型"低速重载"电驱动动力总成为研究对象,研究其在加速与匀速运行状态下的噪声情况,运用单体声功率及频谱分析的方法识别出变速器齿轮产生的啮合噪声是电驱动动力总成系统噪声产生的主要原因。然后采用参数化建模方法建立齿轮传动系统模型,通过齿轮微观修形和传递误差计算的方法对噪声贡献量大的啮合齿轮进行优化设计,从而改善电驱动动力总成系统的声学环境,为改进低噪声的动力总成设计提供理论依据。     

Failure investigation of a truck diesel engine gear train consisting of crankshaft and camshaft gears

A failure investigation has been conducted on a diesel engine gear train consisting of a drive crankshaft and a driven camshaft gears that were used in a truck. The gears are made from a nitrided 42CrMo steel. Adjacent teeth fracture regions appeared on the gears after a service of 4.2 × 10⁴ km. Fractographic features indicate that multiple origins fatigue fracture was the dominant failure mechanism for the gear teeth. The crankshaft gear fracture first, followed by the camshaft gear. Low hardness in subsurface and core region of the nitrided crankshaft gear makes it difficult for the matrix to support the load by the engaged camshaft gear to lead to initiating the fatigue crack at the root fillet bearing the maximum tensile stress. The crankshaft gear is the component causing trouble for the failed gears train.     

Failure Analysis of a Diesel Engine Gear System Consisting of Camshaft and Crankshaft Gears

A failure investigation was conducted on a diesel engine gear system consisting of a driven camshaft and drive crankshaft gears that were used in a truck. The gears are made from a nitrided 42CrMo steel. Adjacent teeth fracture and plastic deformation regions appeared on the gears after a 400 h run test of the gear system. Fractography indicates that fatigue fracture is the dominant failure mechanism for the gear teeth. Although the appearance of needle-like nitrides in the nitrided layer and the narrow depth of the compound layer may decrease the fatigue strength of the camshaft gear, these do not suffice to lead to the premature fracture of the gear teeth. Geometrical analysis of the gears was performed and compared with an analysis of unfailed gears that had experienced a run test for 1800 h. The comparison reveals that the small fillet radius at the root area of the camshaft gear concentrated the stresses and is mainly responsible for fatigue fracture of the teeth. The camshaft gear is the component that initiated trouble in the gear system. The appearance of severe plastic deformation on the gear faces is caused by the fractured teeth crushing the teeth faces and being embedded in the grooves between teeth.     

圆弧齿轮传动的弹性流体动压润滑条的研究与设计

在机械传动领域,以圆弧齿轮代替渐开线齿轮已成为一种发展趋势。本文探讨了圆弧齿轮传动在工程中应用的有关理论问题,并结合工程实际探索了圆弧齿轮传动满足弹性流体动压润滑的有关技术条件。     

新型涡轮式气启动马达的结构设计

针对工程车辆使用特点和发动机的配置需求,设计了一种新型涡轮式气启动马达,通过对单向器、齿轮推进装置以及连接装置等进行结构创新,避免了顶齿现象发生,且它具有体积小、强度高、传动可靠、寿命长以及小齿轮拆换方便等优点。动力总成设计采用双级冲击式涡轮转子,由2个定子和2个转子组成气道,提高了气体动能利用率。传动总成设计是在现有棘轮式单向器基础上加以改进,采用滚动摩擦和轴承支承结构,使得空气通过气路接口推动活塞轴向移动,减少了零件个数及摩擦。减速总成设计采用行星减速器,可实现极低速运转,同时具有质量轻、体积小、转矩和过载能力大、摩擦少且结构简单等优点。对该马达进行现场试验测试,试验结果表明,该结构与汽车发动机更为匹配,更能满足发动机启动要求,使机动车发动机顺利启动;其适应气源条件更宽,在无补气条件下可实现车辆多次启动,使得车辆气启动更为可靠。该新型气启动马达为发动机启动提供了一种选择,也对国内气动马达的发展起到了促进作用。     

Pro/Program的变位齿轮参数化设计研究

阐述了三维内、外渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮和斜齿轮模型绘制原理,以及基于Pro/Program参数化的渐开线变位圆柱直齿轮和斜齿轮设计方法,使设计人员能输入少许几何特征参数就能快速精确地设计出变位齿轮三维实体模型,用于齿轮传动的运动学和动力学仿真分析.     

基于SolidWorks的变位齿轮的分析与设计

讨论了以SolidWorks软件为平台的直齿变位齿轮的分析与设计.从理论和设计模型上分析了变位系数对齿形的影响,直观地反映直齿变位齿轮齿形随着变位系数的变化而发生变化的规律.还讨论了变位齿轮的设计流程及工程图的生成.     

Simulation of crack propagation in spur gear tooth for different gear parameter and its influence on mesh stiffness

Most of the gear dynamic model relies on the analytical measurement of time varying gear mesh stiffness in the presence of a tooth fault. The variation in gear mesh stiffness reflects the severity of tooth damage. This paper proposes a cumulative reduction index (CRI) which uses a variable crack intersection angle to study the effect of different gear parameters on total time varying mesh stiffness. A linear elastic fracture mechanics based two dimensional FRANC (FRacture ANalysis Code) finite element computer program is used to simulate the crack propagation in a single tooth of spur gear at root level. A total potential energy model and variable crack intersection angle approach is adopted to calculate the percentage change in total mesh stiffness using simulated straight line and predicted crack trajectory information. A low contact ratio spur gear pair has been simulated and the effect of crack path on mesh stiffness has been studied under different gear parameters like pressure angle, fillet radius and backup ratio. The percentage reduction of total mesh stiffness for the simulated straight line and predicted crack path is quantified by CRI. The CRI helps in comparing the percentage variation in mesh stiffness for consecutive crack. From the result obtained, it is observed that the proposed method is able to reflect the effect of different gear parameters with increased deterioration level on total gear mesh stiffness values.     

新型航政艇舱室的综合减振降噪设计及效果分析

介绍了新型航政艇的综合减振降噪设计技术：推进轴系选择柔性传动方式，主机组整体设计成半弹性照握至统，在船体结构上粘贴阻尼钢板。采用振动舒适性标准评价航政艇的船体振动。实船测试结果表明，综合减振降噪措施显著地降低了船体结构振动和舱室噪声。研究成果对小型船舶的舒适性设计有重要的参考意义。