大面积激光熔覆制备原位自生TiB2 -Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层的研究

利用多道搭接激光熔覆技术,在45钢表面制备出原位自生TiB2颗粒增强Ni基金属陶瓷复合涂层,可以实现金属基体的高韧性与陶瓷材料优异性能的良好结合,改善材料表面性能.采用XRD,SEM对涂层的组织结构进行了研究.结果表明:多道搭接涂层主要由γ -(Ni, Fe)粘接金属基体和以TiB2为主的原位析出硬质颗粒组成.B, Ti, Ni, Fe元素在涂层中基本呈均匀分布,涂层最表面Ti稍有富集.涂层组织是由γ -(Ni, Fe)先共晶奥氏体枝晶及晶间TiB2/γ -(Ni, Fe)共晶组成.熔覆搭接区以马氏体相变方式冶金结合.熔覆层与基体及各道熔覆层之间界面结合良好.     

钛合金表面三种预涂材料的激光熔覆研究

为提高钛合金的表面耐磨性能,分别以NiCrBSi、NiCrBSi B4C和B4C Ti三种材料体系为预涂粉,在Ti-6Al-4V表面涂覆不同厚度的预涂层,采用CO2激光器进行激光熔覆工艺研究.在相同激光熔覆工艺条件下,对不同材料体系的涂层质量进行观察与分析,确认NiCrBSi B4C材料涂层是三种材料体系中最好的.在激光熔覆过程中,NiCrBSi B4C材料中的B4C和Ti发生反应,原位生成增强相,对涂层有强化作用.而且,NiCrBSi的加入控制了原位反应的剧烈程度,减少裂纹和气孔,保证了涂层质量.     

激光熔覆金属陶瓷细晶复合涂层晶粒细化行为研究

选用合适的激光工艺参数,利用激光熔覆工艺在中碳钢表面制备了原位自生TiB2/Fe金属陶瓷细晶复合材料涂层,涂层中还含有少量的Fe2B,TiB等硬质相,涂层组织较基体显著细化.研究表明,晶粒细化行为与激光熔覆非平衡快速凝固过程以及原位自生细小硬质颗粒增加非均质形核密切相关.此外,粘结金属基体中强烈的位错运动细化亚结构也促进了晶粒细化.细晶组织对涂层性能的改善非常有利.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层中析出相热力学模拟计算

采用横流CO2激光器在TC4合金表面熔覆Ni基合金涂层,对激光熔覆层的微观组织、析出相、各合金元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中含量变化进行了研究.结果表明,熔覆层可分为三个区:熔覆区、结合区和基体热影响区.熔覆区由γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B相组成,其中,TiB2,TiC和M23C6细小颗粒均匀分布于γ-Ni初晶上,共晶组织由γ-Ni和Ni3B组成.为揭示TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层在3500～500K温度范围的相组成及组织变化规律,利用Thermo-Calc软件及相应Ni基合金数据库对TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层凝固过程中各析出相进行了热力学计算分析,研究了熔覆层中γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B各相相对含量和B,C,Cr,Fe,Ni,Ti元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中的含量随温度变化关系,为TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层成分设计和工艺优化提供理论依据.     

感应熔覆原位合成TiB增强钛基复合涂层的微结构与力学性能

采用高频感应加热熔化(90%钛(原子分数,下同)+10%硼)预置涂层的方法在Ti6Al4V基体表面制备感应熔覆原位TiB增强Ti基复合涂层,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和纳米压痕仪等研究复合涂层的显微结构、物相构成及微纳米力学性能。结果表明:感应熔覆钛基复合涂层表面光滑平整,内部无裂纹和孔隙,与基体形成良好的冶金结合;熔覆过程中Ti与B充分反应生成TiB增强相,涂层基质相由α-Ti和少量β-Ti构成。原位TiB增强体在涂层内部分布均匀,体积分数约为9.4%,纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量高达35 GPa和545 GPa。复合涂层的显微硬度达到525HV_(0.2),较Ti6Al4V基体材料提高了约67%。     

钛合金表面上两种镍基合金粉的激光熔覆研究

分别以NiCrBSi和NiCoCrAlY为预涂粉,采用CO2激光器,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面进行激光熔覆镍基合金涂层的研究.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对涂层进行分析,对比两种镍基合金粉的激光熔覆性能.分析发现, NiCrBSi涂层组织以γ-Ni为基体,含有Ni3B,TiB2,TiC,CrB等多种增强相,而NiCoCrAlY涂层组织主要为固溶多种元素的Ni基过饱和固溶体.NiCoCrAlY涂层组织以固溶强化和细晶强化为主,NiCrBSi涂层组织以第二相强化为主.虽然NiCoCrAlY粉比NiCrBSi粉的激光吸收率高,可以得到较厚的涂层,但是含有多种硬质增强相的NiCrBSi涂层硬度高于NiCoCrAlY涂层.     

铝合金表面激光熔覆铁基合金涂层过渡区的特征

为了在铝合金表面获得无裂纹的熔覆层并提高铝合金的表面强度,通过热喷涂预制涂层,结合激光重熔在铝合金基体上进行了激光熔覆试验.利用SEM,XRD和电子探针(EPMA)等对涂层的形貌和成分分布以及过渡区的相组成进行了研究.结果表明:在Al合金表面可以获得低稀释率、无裂纹的铁基熔覆层;在熔覆过程中熔覆层/基材结合面处,Fe和Al反应生成的短棒状FeAl金属间化合物镶嵌在铝合金基体中,避免了裂纹形成.反应过程中释放的反应热使得熔覆层/基材结合面处形成锯齿状形貌.     

铸铁表面电刷镀/激光熔覆复合涂层制备与性能评价

为了解决铸铁零件激光熔覆易出现裂纹的问题,采用电刷镀与激光熔覆技术复合方法对铸铁零件进行再制造.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计和往复摩擦磨损试验机分析了涂层的显微组织、测试了涂层的硬度和摩擦磨损性能.实验结果表明:电刷镀/激光熔覆复合处理所制备的涂层组织致密、无裂纹、气孔等缺...     

激光多层熔覆纳米陶瓷层工艺参数优化

为了深入了解激光多层熔覆工艺与涂层性能之间的关系,采用压片预置式激光多层熔覆工艺制备了纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2(质量分数)陶瓷层;通过3因素3水平正交试验分析了激光熔覆熔池闭环控制温度、超声振动频率及保温箱预热温度对涂层结合强度的影响,并对激光熔覆工艺参数进行了优化;通过扫描电镜(SEM)和结合强度测试研究了最优工艺下所得涂层的形貌和性能。结果表明:影响涂层结合强度的因素主次顺序依次为熔池闭环控制温度、保温箱预热温度、超声振动频率;激光多层熔覆纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2涂层最佳工艺参数为熔池闭环控制温度2 500℃,超声振动频率50 kHz,保温箱预热温度400℃;优化工艺熔覆的涂层各层之间无明显界面,涂层内部致密、连续,基本无孔隙及贯穿性大裂纹,涂层结合强度明显提高,达66.3 MPa。     

铜合金表面激光原位自生W2C增强镍基涂层

使用脉冲Nd:YAG固体激光器在铜合金表面激光熔覆添加W和C的镍基合金(GH-01)粉末,研究了W2C硬质相在镍基涂层中的原位自生增强机制.用扫描电镜表征和分析了涂层的显微组织和微区成分,用显微硬度计和X-ray衍射仪分析了涂层的显微硬度变化规律及相关的相组成.结果表明:激光原位反应使镍基涂层组织内原位生成了弥散分布的花瓣状、块状以及柱状的W2C颗粒,涂层的显微硬度达到了838 HV,是铜基体的8倍.碳化钨的原位生成不但实现了对镍基涂层的强化,而且抑制了裂纹的产生.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.