气候变化对中国寒冷和夏热冬暖城市建筑能耗的影响

气候变暖已对建筑全生命周期的运行状况产生了不可忽略的影响,准确评估气候变化下的建筑能耗对建筑方案设计和既有建筑的节能改造具有重要意义。进行气候变化下建筑能耗的精确预测,必须拥有未来的逐时气象数据。以寒冷地区北京和夏热冬暖地区广州为研究对象,将挑选的两个城市典型气象年为基线气候,结合全球模式下的预测气象数据,应用变形法修正TMY的气象参数,得到直至本世纪末的10个节点年逐时气象文件,并进行了全年能耗模拟,预估了两个城市的办公建筑在气候变化下建筑能耗的变化趋势。结果表明:在两种预测排放情景下,干球温度、含湿量和太阳辐射均呈增加趋势;北京采暖能耗显著降低、制冷能耗增加,总能耗减少,广州采暖能耗降低、制冷能耗显著增加,总能耗增加。     

气候变化下建筑能耗模拟气象数据研究

气象参数是建筑能耗模拟的基础,随着全球气候异常变暖,必将对建筑采暖和空调能耗产生重要影响。进行未来气候条件下的建筑能耗模拟,必须首先开展未来模拟气象参数的研究。根据TMY2模拟气象参数模式提出了节能分析气象年(AEEMY)模拟气象参数模式。使用了3个气候模型预测了中国建筑热工分区代表城市未来2021-2050的30 a气象参数。使用AEEMY模式得到了1971-2000年和2021-2050年代表城市的建筑能耗模拟气象参数。应用DOE2模拟软件对中国各气候区的居住建筑在2种气候条件下进行了建筑能耗模拟。验     

浙南地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗模拟分析

在3种不同空调系统运行模式下,利用建筑能耗模拟软件IES-VE对温州地区同一住宅建筑能耗进行动态模拟,分析空调运行模式对温州地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的影响。结果表明,空调运行模式由连续模式改变为间歇式,采暖能耗降低33.5%,制冷能耗减小53.2%,采暖空调总能耗降低43.5%,引入自然通风可将制冷能耗进一步降低27.6%,采暖空调总能耗降低50.5%。间歇式空调模式下,采暖空调能耗的降低与空调运行时间的减少并非线性关系。     

上海地区住宅围护结构性能对全年空调采暖能耗的分析

将根据《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》,采用逐时能耗分析软件Equest-3.6(DOE-2.2)建立基本模型,采用上海典型气象年8760h气象参数进行能耗模拟,在能耗模拟的基础上对建筑的全年能耗进行分析。据此提出各项围护结构优化设计方案,并对各方案的经济性和可行性进行分析。最后对各优化方案进行合理的组合,建立一个综合优化模型。结果表明在住宅建筑中,用于制冷和供热的能耗占住宅总能耗的60%～70%;围护结构的性能对住宅的室内热环境和能耗有较大的影响,围护结构的优化可大幅降低建筑的空调和制冷能耗。     

上海地区住宅围护结构性能对全年空调采暖能耗的分析

围护结构的性能对住宅的室内热环境和能耗有较大的影响,围护结构的优化可大幅降低建筑的空调和制冷能耗。本文根据《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》,采用逐时能耗分析软件Equest-3．6（DOE-2．2）建立基本模型,采用上海典型气象年8760小时气象参数进行能耗模拟,并对建筑的全年能耗进行分析。据此提出各项围护结构优化设计方案,最后对各优化方案进行合理组合,建立一个综合优化模型。     

上海地区住宅围护结构陛能对全年空调采暖能耗的分析

围护结构的性能对住宅的室内热环境和能耗有较大的影响,围护结构的优化可大幅降低建筑的空调和制冷能耗。本文根据《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》,采用逐时能耗分析软件Equest-3．6（DOE-2．2）建立基本模型,采用上海典型气象年8760小时气象参数进行能耗模拟,并对建筑的全年能耗进行分析。据此提出各项围护结构优化设计方案,最后对各优化方案进行合理组合,建立一个综合优化模型。     

重庆地区外窗遮阳能效模拟分析

针对重庆地区夏季太阳辐射强,且用户在外窗采用各种遮阳形式但遮阳效果却不理想的问题,建立能耗计算模型进行模拟分析.采用以DOE-2为内核的建筑能耗计算模型工具,分析了重庆地区4种典型居住建筑中遮阳系数与能耗的关系,着重分析了东、南、西、北朝向上各遮阳系数与建筑能耗的关系.经分析得出:各建筑类型四朝向上遮阳系数与建筑能耗呈线性关系,且重庆地区不可忽略北向遮阳对采暖能耗的影响,在夏季应特别注意东、西向遮阳.     

基于回归分析的住宅冷热量需求预测模型研究

现有动态、静态能耗计算方法在建筑方案设计阶段应用的局限性,导致建筑节能计算及优化环节缺失。建立一种适用于方案阶段节能计算及优化的能量需求预测模型,是建筑设计方法创新的重要内容。本文以寒冷地区城镇近零能耗住宅的采暖制冷需求为目标,首先通过单因素敏感性分析筛选出10个关键设计参数,然后通过正交试验设计进行能量需求仿真计算,依据计算结果进行多重线性回归、建立多因素耦合作用下"准动态"能量需求预测模型,并通过实际案例验证了该模型的可靠性。最后,采用Java Script脚本语言开发了DOEP软件,供建筑师在方案设计阶段有效预测住宅采暖制冷需求,以此优化节能设计参数。     

窗的传热系数对浙南住宅采暖空调能耗的影响

在三种不同空调运行模式下,利用建筑能耗模拟软件IES-VE对温州地区某住宅建筑能耗进行动态模拟,分析不同空调运行模式下,窗的传热系数对温州地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗的影响规律。结果表明,窗的传热系数每减小20%,采暖能耗降低6%,且与空调模式相关性不大,但窗的传热系数对夏季空调能耗的影响与空调运行模式密切相关。连续空调模式下,窗的传热系数每降低20%,制冷能耗增加0.4%;间歇式空调模式下,制冷能耗随窗传热系数的增大而减小,窗的传热系数每降低20%,制冷能耗增加1.0%;间歇式空调＋自然通风模式下,窗的传热系数的每降低20%,制冷能耗减小0.5%。     

窗墙比对寒冷地区南向房间能耗影响分析

外窗作为建筑围护结构一部分对建筑节能起到至关重要的作用。以济南南向卧室为研究对象,分析了不同外窗类型下窗墙比变化对房间采暖、制冷及全年能耗的影响。在典型外窗及规范窗墙比限值条件下,通过Design Builder能耗模拟软件,得到了窗墙比与采暖、制冷及全年能耗的关系曲线和回归方程,并对能耗变化趋势进行分析,得出济南地区不同外窗类型及能耗要求下,居住建筑南向房间最佳窗墙比取值。     

The influence of calculation error of hourly marine meteorological parameter on building energy consumption calculation

The ocean is a crucial area for future economic development. The marine environment has high energy-efficient and ecological requirements for building construction. Meteorological parameters are the key basis for the analysis and design of building energy efficiency. The lack of meteorological parameters for energy efficiency, particularly hourly data, under oceanic climatic conditions is a universal problem. The appropriate calculation methods of hourly meteorological parameters under oceanic climatic conditions are explored in this study. The impact of the calculation errors of the hourly meteorological parameters on building energy consumption is also analyzed. Three key meteorological parameters are selected: temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Five hourly calculations methods, including linear interpolation, cubic spline interpolation, pieceated three-Hermite interpolation, Akima interpolation, and radial basis function interpolation, are selected to calculate the error of the difference method, with Xiamen, Haikou, and Sanya as the locations of meteorological research. Appropriate interpolation methods are selected for the three parameters, and the seasonal and regional characteristics of the errors of each parameter are compared. Different interpolation methods should be selected for different meteorological parameters in different seasons. The error data of the three parameters of different magnitudes are constructed. A quantitative relationship between the sum of squares due to error of the three meteorological parameters and the rate of change of cooling energy consumption is established. The hourly calculation errors of meteorological parameters have an important impact on the calculation of dynamic energy consumption. The energy consumption differences caused by the errors of different parameters are significant. Obvious regional and seasonal differences also exist. This research strengthens the research foundation of building energy consumption calculation under oceanic climate conditions.     

遮阳系数对供暖与空调能耗影响差异的逐时解析

以中国福州为例,从当地逐时气象数据入手,分析了建筑空调负荷及供暖负荷的所有时刻对应的逐时太阳辐射,用特征温度法研究当遮阳系数减小时各时刻建筑的空调与供暖能耗及相对变化(节能率)情况。研究发现,由于冬季有太阳辐射各时刻的供暖能耗相对于无太阳辐射各时刻能耗比例很小,故遮阳措施对供暖总能耗的影响不显著,从而证明DOE-2关于冬季遮阳系数减小对供暖能耗影响的结论值得商榷;由于夏季有太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗远大于无太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗,故遮阳措施对空调总能耗及节能率的影响非常显著,DOP2软件与特征温度法的结果是正确的;通过对福州全年各时刻空调供暖能耗、建筑负荷及节能率进行解析,揭示了看起来很分散的各时刻能耗及节能率差异数据总体上遵循的某种共性规律,供同行参考。     

城市热岛效应对我国不同气候区既有居住建筑采暖空调能耗的影响研究

选取严寒地区、寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区的9个城市典型气象年数据为基准,采用TRNSYS对某实际居住建筑的采暖空调能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明：同一个气候区的居住建筑采暖能耗降低率与热岛强度呈现出良好的线性关系,空调能耗的增加率与热岛强度的线性关系则不明显。夏热冬暖地区,居住建筑仅为空调能耗,受热岛效应影响总能耗增长率约为8.55%/0.5℃;夏热冬冷地区,热岛效应带来的空调能耗增加和采暖能耗降低相差不大,总能耗基本保持不变;严寒和寒冷地区,居住建筑以采暖能耗为主,受热岛效应影响总能耗降低率分别约为1.74%/0.5℃和2.97%/0.5℃。     

Identifications: inevitability of RVRs being approximately the same under different meteorological conditions when taking the same energy-saving measures in the same building

By making comparative research on hourly, daily and monthly energy consumption differences and also on energy conservation rates of heating and cooling when taking the same energy-saving measure in the same building in typical-year meteorological conditions (WDB1) and artificial meteorological conditions (WDB2), we can find from this paper that although the hourly heating and cooling load has great differences when making the same energy efficient measure in the same building under WDB1 and WDB2, the distribution laws of hourly energy efficiency rates (RVRs) of heating and cooling are very similar. It is just the similarity that determines the inevitability of approximation of annual energy conservation rates of heating and cooling. The importance of this paper is that it reveals the common rule of building efficiency. When making the same energy-saving measure on the same type of building in different regions the annual energy consumption and its reduction of the building have a great difference between the regions and the energy conservation rates (RVRs) of the same measures are approximate. After taking some energy-saving measure on the same building in the same place, within the lifetime of the building, however different the local weather conditions over the years are, the energy consumption of different years and the energy reductions of the measure must be different. However, it can be foreseen that the energy conservation rate of any year is approximate after making energy-saving measures on the building. The reason for the above is that although climate changes between years, there is nothing more impractical in artificially modifying meteorological conditions (WDB2), which provides a powerful theoretical basis for every country to lay down design standard for energy efficiency.     

整合光环境分析的外窗节能设计研究——以寒冷地区点式高层办公楼为例

关于窗墙比与能耗关系的现有研究中,大量的是关注窗墙比对采暖、制冷能耗的影响,而窗墙比的变化对办公空间室内光环境的影响被忽视了。基于此背景,以寒冷地区点式高层办公楼为研究对象,在能耗模拟中耦合室内光环境的分析,研究窗墙比与采暖、制冷和照明能耗间的定量关系。研究结果表明,改变东西向窗墙比对能耗影响最大,东西向窗墙比宜控制在较小的范围内。北向窗墙比其次,宜控制在0.6以下。改变南向窗墙比变化对建筑总能耗影响不大。     

基于ANN的绿色办公建筑HVAC系统运行能耗预测

办公建筑中暖通空调系统(HVAC系统)的运行能耗占总能耗比例较高。随着绿色建筑的大力推广,准确预测绿色办公建筑HVAC系统能耗是建筑运行优化的关键。研究以天津市某绿色办公建筑为研究对象,根据绿色办公建筑G中的HVAC系统——地源热泵系统和空调通风系统能耗的实际监测数据,建立了基于人工神经网络的能耗预测模型。研究结果表明,建立的分类多层感知器神经网络预测模型预测精度最好,仅基于气象参数及时间能够精确的预测建筑HVAC系统的小时能耗,为我国绿色办公建筑的设计和运行优化提供科学支持。     

夏热冬冷地区采暖期/空调期划分对居住建筑能耗限值的影响分析

本文确定了夏热冬冷地区采暖期、空调期的划分方法,采用DOE2能耗分析软件计算模型建筑的能耗限值,比较了按城市划分空调期、采暖期对计算能耗的影响程度。结果表明按城市划分采暖期与空调期,能耗计算工况更符合居住建筑空调设备实际运行工况,有利于不同气候特征的城市充分利用气候资源,开发相应的建筑节能技术。其次,比较了不同气象数据源对相同城市冷热程度评价上的差异,表明居住建筑能耗限值的确定还需要对气象模型的准确性展开深入研究。     

Robustness of a methodology for estimating hourly energy consumption of buildings using monthly utility bills

The evaluation of building energy consumption under typical meteorological conditions requires building energy profiles on an hourly basis. Computer simulations can be used to obtain this information, but generating simulations requires a significant amount of experience, time, and effort to enter detailed building parameters. This paper considers a simple methodology for using existing EnergyPlus benchmark building energy profiles to estimate the energy profiles of buildings with similar characteristics to a given benchmark model. The method utilizes the building monthly energy bills to scale a given benchmark building energy profile to approximate the real building energy profile. In particular, this study examines the robustness of the methodology considered with respect to the parameter discrepancies between a given building and the corresponding EnergyPlus benchmark model used to estimate its profile. Test buildings are defined by perturbing several combinations of the parameters defined in the benchmark building model. The test buildings examined are similar to the EnergyPlus, medium sized office, benchmark building in Baltimore, MD, and a total of 72 distinct test building configurations are examined. The analysis reveals that the methodology can significantly reduce the errors introduced by discrepancies from the EnergyPlus benchmark model.     

夏热冬冷地区窗墙比对办公建筑能耗的影响

本文根据南京地区典型年逐时气象参数,基于建筑墙体动态传热反应系数法,利用MATLAB编程分析了建筑围护结构动态热负荷变化,研究了在南北朝向和不同外窗类型的条件下,窗墙比为0.2～0.7对全年建筑供暖、空调能耗及全年总耗电量的影响规律.结果表明,北向窗墙比的增加会导致全年供暖、空调总能耗加大;对于PVC塑料中空窗,随南向窗墙比的增大,全年总耗电量的增加量较小,建议在夏热冬冷的南京地区使用.