Characteristics of axial force and rotating torque and their control of permanent magnet type axial gap self‐bearing motor

This paper introduces an axial gap type self‐bearing motor. It is intended for a disk type flat motor to have both functions of rotation and axial position control. This motor is simple in construction and requires a simple control system. A permanent magnet type motor is analyzed theoretically and tested experimentally. The torque characteristics of the tested motor are measured at various values of axial force and air gap. Independent control of the axial force and torque is introduced for the servo motor control and synchronous motor control. The results show the high possibility of the proposed motor and control system. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(1): 81–91, 2000     

Improvement of levitation characteristics in a magnetic bearing system using HTSC‐permanent magnet hybrid structure

Magnetic bearing using pinning force of a permanent magnet and a high‐temperature superconductor has been developed. Additional permanent magnet is introduced to increase the levitation force of the magnetic bearing. In this hybrid magnetic bearing system, levitation force is mainly given by the repulsive force of the permanent magnets, and stability for the lateral direction is given by pinning force of the superconductor. The experimental device is developed. A ring‐type superconductor and a bulk one are examined. Levitation characteristics of the hybrid magnetic bearing are measured. The bulk superconductor shows better characteristics of both levitation and lateral stability than the ring one. Levitation force of the hybrid system becomes about twice as large as that of the nonhybrid one. Although, the repulsive force of the permanent magnet decreases the lateral stability of the system, its influence becomes small by choosing an adequate position of the permanent magnets and the superconductor. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 71–77, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10350     

Relationship between magnetic poles and characteristics of revolving permanent‐magnet type magnet wheels

The authors earlier proposed a revolving permanent‐magnet type wheel called the “magnet wheel,” which has the functions of both induction repulsive magnetic levitation and thrust. In this paper, the relationship between magnetic poles and lift force or thrust characteristics is examined to investigate the performance. Five types of magnet wheels are discussed in an experimental study and four more types are used in a theoretical study with three‐dimensional numerical analysis. The following parameters are considered: magnetomotive force (mmf) of a permanent magnet; thickness of the magnet in the magnetizing direction; total volume of magnets; fundamental factor; distortion factor of the space mmf distribution of poles; pole pitch; diameter of magnet wheel; mechanical clearance; and thickness and resistivity of conducting plate. The results show the following: 1. The lift force per unit of magnet volume is approximately proportional to the fundamental factor of the space mmf distribution of the poles. A low degree space harmonic mmf is effective in increasing lift force. 2. The driving power per unit of lift force is almost entirely independent of the configuration of the primary member, including pole arrangement and position relative to the secondary conducting plate, respectively, and depends only on the resistance of the conducting plate. 3. In both the “partial‐overlap type” and “tilt type” magnet wheels, many poles with sufficiently large pole pitch are useful. In the tilt type the use of a small tilt angle is desirable. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(4): 111–120, 1999     

Proposal of permanent magnet repulsive maglev transportation system: possibility of automobile with magnetic levitation

This paper describes a maglev transportation system for automobiles. The track is an array of permanent magnet blocks, and the levitating body is the bedplate which consists of permanent magnet plates, propulsion coils, levitation coils, and guidance coils. The feature of this system is that an automobile equipped with the bedplate is free to approach into the track or to swerve from the track by using four wheels with the lift. The force acting on the levitating body is calculated on the assumption that each permanent magnet can be expressed as a surface current. From the calculation results, it is proven that an automobile of 4.35 m length, 1.8 m width, and 1700 kg weight can run at a speed of 500 km/h against the air resistance force of 3704 N on the condition that the battery has an output of 337.5 V and a capacity of 190 Ah. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(3): 65– 76, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20491     

Examination of new vector control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor for high‐speed drives

A new vector control system for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives has been developed. To stabilize the current control loop in the high‐rotating‐speed region, a novel configuration of current controller is introduced. The unique characteristic of the proposed current controller is that the current regulator is connected to the conventional motor model in a series. By analyzing the transfer characteristics of the control, it became clear that the influence of the coupling component between the d–q axes can be deleted theoretically if the control parameters are set properly. The stability and torque response of the proposed vector control system were improved, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller was demonstrated by a time domain simulation and some experiments. In addition, the robustness of the controlling system was investigated experimentally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 61–72, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21123     

Multiobjective optimum design method with anti‐demagnetization of high‐density permanent magnet synchronous motor

This paper presents a method of multiobjective optimization design with anti‐demagnetization aiming at the problem of irreversible demagnetization in high‐density permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) due to temperature and external magnetic field, at the same time considering the volume of permanent magnets and cost, torque ripple, and core loss. In the first step, a two‐dimensional magnetic network model is used to rapidly assess the basic design parameters and its ability to avenge the anti‐demagnetization of the PMSM. In the second step, the finite element method (FEM) is used to design the key parts of motor, and regression models that solve the model of the multiobjective problem are built based on the simulation experiment data. On this basis, multiobjective optimization result using genetic algorithm is used that can achieve a fast and efficiently global optimal solution. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Power maximization control of variable‐speed wind generation system using permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes sensorless output power maximization control of a wind generation system. A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used as a variable speed generator in the proposed system. The generator torque is suitably controlled according to the generator speed and thus the power from a wind turbine settles down on the maximum power point by the proposed MPPT control method, where the information on wind velocity is not required. Moreover, the maximum available generated power is obtained by the optimum current vector control. The current vector of PMSG is optimally controlled according to the generator speed and the required torque in order to minimize the losses of PMSG considering the voltage and current constraints. The proposed wind power generation system can be achieved without mechanical sensors such as wind velocity detector and a position sensor. Several experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 11–19, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20043     

空间行波管对周期永磁聚焦系统的要求

基于周期永磁聚焦系统结构和磁聚焦原理,提出了空间行波管对周期永磁聚焦系统的要求:(1)低横向场;(2)磁场随温度变化小;(3)低衰退率;(4)体积小,重量轻。稀土钴永磁材料能较好地满足这些要求,因而成为行波管周期永磁聚焦系统的首选。     

基于空间矢量控制的三闭环永磁同步电机控制系统仿真

分析了永磁同步电机的数学模型和基于转子磁场定向的矢量控制原理,运用MATLAB/SIMULINK建立基于SVPWM的永磁同步电机位置-转速-电流三闭环矢量控制系统仿真模型并进行仿真及对仿真结果进行分析。仿真结果表明:永磁同步电机矢量控制系统具有良好的动态响应性能,调节速度快,为永磁同步电机控制系统设计与研究提供了理论基础。     

Position and speed sensorless control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor with parameter identification

The model parameters of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are required for high‐performance control and a model‐based sensorless control. This paper proposes a sensorless control system of PMSM that does not need parametric information beforehand. The parameters of a PMSM drive system, including the inverter, are identified at standstill and under operating conditions. At first, the initial rotor position is estimated by a signal injection sensorless scheme in which the machine parameters are not required. After the initial position has been estimated, the resistance, including the on resistance of the IGBT, the voltage error caused by dead time in the inverter, and d‐axis and q‐axis inductances, are identified at standstill. After the motor starts by the signal injection sensorless control, the sensorless scheme changes to an extended EMF estimation scheme. The estimated parameters for the resistance, and daxis and q‐axis inductances are used in such sensorless control. The magnet flux‐linkage, which cannot be estimated at standstill, is identified under the sensorless operation at medium and high speeds. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by several experimental results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 68–76, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20548     

Simulation of variable‐speed wind generation system using boost converter of permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes a variable‐speed wind generation system using the boost converter. The proposed system has three speed control modes for the wind velocity. The control mode of low wind velocity regulates the armature current of the generator with the boost converter to control the speed of wind turbine. The control mode of middle wind velocity regulates the DC link voltage with the vector controlled inverter to control the speed of wind turbine. The control mode of high wind velocity regulates the pitch angle of the wind turbine with the pitch angle control system to control the speed of the wind turbine. The hybrid combination of three control modes extends the variable‐speed range. The proposed system simplifies maintenance, improves reliability, and reduces the costs compared with the variable‐speed wind generation system using a PWM converter. This paper describes the control strategy and modeling for a simulation of the proposed system using Simulink of Matlab. It also describes the control strategy and modeling of a variable‐speed wind generation system using a PWM converter. The steady state and transient responses for wind velocity changes are simulated using Matlab Simulink. This paper verifies the fundamental performance of the system using a boost converter by discussing the simulation results of both systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 169(4): 37–54, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20902     

A hybrid current controller for dual three‐phase permanent magnet synchronous motors

Control of the current harmonics is a critical issue for dual three‐phase (DTP) permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). Considering the limitations of conventional synchronous frame proportional‐integral (PI) current regulator, this paper presents a hybrid current controller that combines the PI current regulator with a multiresonant controller. With the proposed hybrid current controller, precise current control can be achieved with only a slight increase in the computational effort. Theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of proposed current controller. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

永磁同步电机伺服系统改进型无差拍电流控制算法

高性能电流环是提升永磁同步电机伺服系统性能的重要保证和基础,在控制过程中,电流环通常易受延迟环节、采样误差等因素影响,需具备较强的抗扰动能力。基于此,本文研究了一种带电流校正环节的改进型无差拍电流控制算法。该方法以传统无差拍电流控制算法为基础,对电流采样环节进行改进。将k时刻的电流采样值与k时刻的电流预测值进行加权处理,作为新的电流反馈值,再进行无差拍控制,以抑制采样误差对电流控制的影响,进而提升稳态过程中电流的抗扰动能力。并针对一台永磁伺服系统样机,进行了MATLAB仿真和实验,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性。     

Magnet shape optimization of five‐phase surface‐mounted permanent magnet machine to improve torque performance based on equivalent permanent magnet method

This paper studies the magnet shape optimization of a five‐phase surface‐mounted permanent magnet (PM) machine to improve its torque performance. First, a sinusoidal PM with third and fifth harmonics (sine + third + fifth PM) is presented to enhance the torque. An equivalent PM method is then proposed to avoid the complicated interface conditions between PM and the air gap, making the derivation of torques with magnet shapes using 2‐D analytical models possible. Besides, the influence of PM edge thickness on torque improvement is considered. Moreover, under the condition that the copper losses of machines with different magnet shapes are kept unchanged, optimal harmonics of sinusoidal PM with third harmonic (sine + third PM) and sine + third + fifth PM are analytically derived. Finite element (FE) analysis is performed to validate the equivalent PM method and analytical results. Finally, machines with sine + third PM, sine + third + fifth PM and conventional (without shaping) PM are comparatively studied using nonlinear FE analysis and the experimental results of machine with sine + third + fifth PM are presented, verifying the effectiveness of the analytical optimization of magnet shape. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于无差拍控制的PMSM电流预测控制算法

在传统的离散化矢量控制系统中,由于电流采样和PWM占空比更新等数字延时的存在,限制了PMSM控制系统在动态过程中对电机电流的控制能力.为了提高系统电流环性能拓展其带宽,在同步旋转轴系下,基于无差拍控制原理,提出了一种对电机电流的离散化预测控制算法.在理论上消除了矢量控制系统中的各种数字延时,提高了电机电流的控制能力.最后使用1台750 W的永磁同步伺服系统验证了这种算法的性能,实验结果表明永磁同步电机电流预测控制算法有效地提高了伺服系统电流环的动态性能和稳态精度.     

Five‐phase modular stator surface‐mounted permanent magnet machine with reduced space sub‐harmonics

Multiphase modular stator surface‐mounted permanent magnet machines (MSPMs) feature short end connection, unity winding factor, and low cost. However, they also exhibit rich space harmonics. A five‐phase MSPM with reduced space sub‐harmonics is proposed in this paper. The phase‐shifting method and magnetic flux barriers are adopted to reduce the slot harmonic and lowest order harmonic, respectively. A modified MSPM used for phase shifting is specially proposed. Further, the phase‐shifted MSPMs without and with magnetic flux barriers are both studied to show the separate effectiveness of the phase‐shifting method and magnetic flux barriers. The phase‐shifting angle is determined based on winding function method and the optimal angle is fixed considering the minimal tooth width. A double‐layer MSPM with 20 slots and 22 poles is exemplified, and two single‐layer 40‐slot 22‐pole MSPMs, which are respectively equipped without and with magnetic flux barriers, are proposed. Finite element analysis is performed, and the comparison results show that the space sub‐harmonics, permanent magnet eddy current loss, and the lowest mode of vibration are largely reduced in the phase‐shifted MSPM with magnetic flux barriers. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

永磁同步电机系统线性化H∞鲁棒控制

针对内埋式永磁同步电机伺服系统,研究了一种线性化H∞鲁棒控制方法。该方法基于微分几何理论,利用输入输出解耦线性化技术将系统模型转化为线性模型;然后采用最大转矩比电流控制策略增加系统的转矩输出能力;针对负载干扰设计了负载转矩观测器;最后基于线性化模型设计了H∞鲁棒控制器,提高系统对内埋式永磁同步电机系统参数变化的鲁棒性。仿真实验结果表明基于微分几何输入输出解耦H∞鲁棒控制伺服系统有较好的动态性能、抗干扰性能、跟踪性能和鲁棒性能。     

含不确定参数的永磁同步电机位置自适应控制

针对永磁同步电机（PMSM）数学模型结构复杂以及含有不确定参数的问题,通过引入一个合适的状态变换,把原系统转换为工类比较规范的、易于处理的非线性系统的简单形式,再依据反步法的设计原理,给出了PMSM位置自适应控制器的设计方案。理论分析表明,该方案能够克服系统中不确定参数的影响,保证了系统全局稳定和所有信号全局有界,并且位置输出渐近跟踪参考信号;仿真结果也证实该控制器具有快速、稳定、无超调等优点,而且能够保证位置跟踪误差很快趋近于零,实现了控制精确度的要求。     

极端气温永磁体磁通测试系统

设计搭建了一台永磁体极端气温磁通测试系统。系统主要由温度控制、磁性能测试与连接组件三部分组成。通过合理的结构设计实现了可变温度环境下磁通的准确测试。利用本测试系统对两种典型永磁样品(烧结钕铁硼、永磁铁氧体)进行测试。实验结果表明:在-60~100℃温度区间内,样品的开路磁通随着温度的升高线性衰减。牌号N50M烧结钕铁硼的磁通平均温度系数为-0.09%/℃,牌号Y25永磁铁氧体的磁通平均温度系数为-0.15%/℃。     

Levitation and propulsion for a magnetically levitated conveyance system using a two‐phase linear motor

Magnetically levitated conveyance systems have been developed. Most consist of a levitation (and guidance) section and a thrust section. We have developed a conveyance system that realizes levitation and propulsion with a single facility using a two‐phase linear motor. In this system, the levitation and propulsion system are combined. The control method for the propulsion system to achieve more stability is discussed. To obtain the propulsion force, modulation of the voltage applied on the primary windings is undertaken. A traveling field is generated and applied to a carrier with a secondary iron core. The levitation force is produced by attraction between the flux generated by the primary windings and the secondary iron core. Because we need only electrical power for FET switching on the carrier side, no power supply system for the carrier is needed. Experimental results indicate that this system realizes contact‐less conveyance with various propulsion patterns. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(3): 65–72, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20551