中国主要河湖水生态综合评价

河湖水生态综合评价是水资源保护规划工作的重要内容之一。本文从水文水资源、水环境、河湖生境形态、生物及栖息地状况等方面,构建了包含生态基流满足程度、水功能区水质达标率、湖库富营养化指数、纵向连通性、重要湿地保留率及鱼类生境等6个指标构成的河湖水生态综合评价体系。在此基础上,对全国673条河流、97座水库和100个湖泊湿地共计1006个规划河段和湖库的水生态状况进行了评价和分类,分析了我国各大流域河湖面临的水生态问题。研究成果对我国主要河湖水生态保护和修复工作的实践具有重要的指导意义。     

REMOVAL OF AQUATIC WEEDS GREATLY ENHANCES FISH COMMUNITY RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE BURDEKIN RIVER FLOODPLAIN,TROPICAL AUSTRALIA

Hydrological changes associated with irrigation, in conjunction with increased nutrient concentrations and aquatic plant densities, have greatly impacted fish habitat values on the Burdekin River floodplain. The two most significant weeds in the Burdekin floodplain are water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and para grass (Urochloa mutica). Water hyacinth creates a base for the para grass (and then other weeds) to grow out into deeper water, creating weed mats that can then only be removed by mechanical means or floods of the largest magnitude. We attempted to rehabilitate floodplain lagoons by the mechanical removal of floating weed mats and monitored the result by measuring the subsequent effects on fish habitats and fish communities. Prior to weed removal, fish habitats were generally of poor quality, and fish community structure was skewed away from rich native assemblages to depauperate communities dominated in some instances by alien species. Poor water quality arising from floating weed mats is considered to be the main determinant of reduced fish abundance and diversity. After mechanical weed removal, recovery of water quality and physical habitat led to the re‐establishment of many native fish species. Key refuge habitats within the distribution channels were a critical source of recruits for fishes dispersing during times of elevated seasonal flows into the newly rehabilitated reaches. This study demonstrates that floating alien weed mats have significant negative effects upon aquatic communities and that mechanical removal of these weed mats (as opposed to chemical removal) results in dramatic improvements in native fish species richness and abundance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮河流域环境流变化及其对洪泽湖鱼类栖息地的生态影响

为分析淮河流域环境流要素的变化趋势及其对洪泽湖鱼类栖息地的生态影响,以淮河中下游河段为研究区,采用IHA法,将蚌埠水文站1950—2015年径流序列划分为2002年蚌埠闸扩建前后两个时期,采用5种流量事件筛选出32种环境流评价指标,分析了水文变异条件下5种环境事件的生态效应;以鳜鱼为洪泽湖指示鱼类,综合考虑栖息地限制因子,运用PHABSIM模型得到栖息地加权可利用面积-流量曲线,计算了鳜鱼产卵期的生态流量。结果表明:淮河中下游环境流组成趋于单一化,大洪水事件减少,枯水流量增大,高脉冲流量持续时间缩短,出现次数增加,对下游生态环境不利;洪泽湖鳜鱼4—6月产卵期的最小生态流量为300 m~3/s,适宜生态流量为550 m~3/s;需合理调控环境流,增加鱼类补充和物质循环,并采取湖泊生态修复等措施,维持洪泽湖的生态平衡。     

长江流域重要生境及主要生态制约问题辨识

从长江流域分布的珍稀动植物栖息地、重要和特有鱼类的洄游通道、重要珍稀陆生动物的迁徙通道等生态敏感区方面,辨识提出长江流域重要陆生生境和水生生境、以及重要陆生和水生生态敏感区。在辨识自然保护区、风景名胜区、地质公园、森林公园、世界自然文化遗产、水土流失重点预防区、重点文物保护单位等重要生态与环境敏感区的基础上,结合水资源开发利用现状和规划,研究长江流域不同区域、不同河流存在的生态与环境制约因素。     

Responses of macroinvertebrate communities to river restoration in a channelized segment of the Shibetsu River,Northern Japan

The effects of restoration of channel meandering and of groyne structures on physical variables and river‐dwelling macroinvertebrates were examined in a lowland river, the Shibetsu River in Northern Japan. The lowland segment of the Shibetsu River, which previously meandered, was straightened by channelization and groynes installed on some portions of the channelized reach. In 2002, the channelization works were partly reversed to improve the degraded river ecosystem. Physical environment variables and macroinvertebrate community structure and composition were compared among reconstructed meanders and channelized reaches with and without groynes. The shear stress of the river edge in reconstructed meanders and groyne reaches was lower than that in a channelized reach. In addition, the edge habitat near the stream bank created by the reconstructed meander and groyne reaches had higher total density and taxon richness of macroinvertebrates than those of the channelized reach. Restoration provided a relatively stable edge habitat, contributing to the recovery of macroinvertebrate communities in such channelized lowland rivers. The placement of groynes can be an effective method of in‐stream habitat restoration for macroinvertebrates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于鱼类需求的息县枢纽工程闸下河段环境流量研究

针对水利工程建成运行后对下游河段流量过程变化造成的鱼类原有栖息地面积减小和质量降低的潜在生态问题,对拟建息县枢纽工程闸下4.9 km河段内采用栖息地模拟法进行环境流量研究。采用MIKE数值模拟与HSI栖息地模型结合的方法,通过分析自然状态下研究河段的水流特性及鱼类栖息地现状,讨论了在不同生命期不同流量对鱼类栖息地的影响,确定了适宜环境流量范围,为水利工程建设后水生生物栖息地保护提供理论和方法指导。     

基于水生态区的黑河流域水生态健康评价研究

本文以我国西北干旱区典型内陆河流域—黑河流域为例,基于黑河流域水生态区划,以"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型为基础,构建了涵盖13个指标的流域水生态健康评价体系,分析评价了流域内8个水生态区的健康状况。评价表明:黑河流域水生态区中,上游区域水生态健康状况较好,中游次之,中下游极差,下游较差。主要是因为上游地区受到外在污染最轻、人为扰动相对最小;中游地区人口密度相对较大,农业活动等外在扰动相对较多;中下游地区处于荒漠地区,河流、湖库等水体缺乏;而下游地区虽然人口数量少、水体受外来污染影响较小,流域水生态健康性压力相对较轻,但来水量相对不足、水生态系统栖息地条件极为脆弱,致使水生生物栖息地安全状况较差。     

汉江桥闸工程下游河段典型鱼种栖息地模拟研究

探究水利工程干扰下的鱼类生境变化特征是维护河流生态健康的基础性研究。以汉中平川段内汉江三桥桥闸下游10 km为研究河段,利用水文学法和栖息地模拟法计算了生态流量。建立了河段二维水动力学模型,选用宽鳍鱲为目标鱼种,依据其对水深和流速的适宜性曲线确定了流量变化下的生境面积,并采用生境质量分级分析了不同流量响应鱼类生境的变化特征。研究结果表明:两种方法计算出河流生态流量相近,分别为54.3和53.1m~3/s,最终适宜流量为47.8～54.3 m~3/s;在流量8.8～212.7 m~3/s时,相比中等和低质量生境,高质量生境面积随流量的波动更为显著,呈现先升后降的趋势,212.7 m~3/s以上流量的各级生境面积随流量变化较小;高质量生境多分布于两岸和冷水河交汇口,中等质量生境主要分布在河段下游;低质量生境位置相对不固定;研究成果可为桥闸运行和河流鱼类保护提供重要参考依据。     

多重人类干扰下长江流域的水生态系统健康修复

首先概述了水生态系统健康的定义,即水体的物理、化学和生物组分的完整性。然后介绍了长江流域的主要人类活动干扰和水生态系统健康现状,主要包括水生生物生境的破碎和丧失、污染物的排放和水质问题,以及水生生物资源的衰减现状。最后在水电开发、航运、化工、采矿、农业、城镇化及渔业过度捕捞等多重人类活动干扰下,提出从以下几个方面修复长江流域的水生态系统健康:①腾让并修复水生态空间;②恢复鱼类等水生生物资源;③调整各项人类活动并开展生态修复;④加强长江生态保护法的立法以确保长效的生态修复机制的形成和维护。     

基于黄河鲤栖息地水文-生态响应关系的黄河下游生态流量研究

本研究采用野外生物监测、栖息地同步观测和实验室控制实验等技术手段,应用生物学、鱼类生态学、生态水力学、水文学等多学科理论,基于河流栖息地模拟法,研究了黄河下游指示物种黄河鲤生态学特性及其栖息生境与流速、水深、水温等水文水环境因子之间的关系,将径流条件与目标物种不同生长阶段生物学信息相结合,建立了代表物种繁殖期、越冬期栖息地适宜度指数,构建了黄河下游重点河段河流栖息地模型,建立了指示物种栖息地状况与河川径流条件定量响应关系,提出黄河下游花园口和利津断面繁殖期最小生态流量为300 m³/s和100 m³/s、适宜生态流量为600～700 m³/s和190～250 m³/s。该研究在水生生物习性及其与河川径流响应关系方面实现突破,解决了黄河生态需水研究中关键技术问题。     

美国基西米河渠化工程对河流生态环境的影响

位于美国佛罗里达州的基西米河，所处流域自然条件优越，季节性的水流变化较大，河流沿岸湿地资源丰富，为各种水生生物提供了适宜的生存环境，构成了流域内丰富多彩的生态系统．由于防洪排涝的需要，1961年开展了大规模的渠化工程，将蜿蜒的自然河流变成了几段较为顺直的人工运河，提高了河道的防洪能力，然而渠化后的河道及其下游流域的生态环境也随之出现了一系列负面反应，原有的生态平衡受到破坏，教训是非常深刻的．文中针对该渠化工程的后果及教训进行了总结和介绍。     

吉林省伊通河生态需水量计算及分析

为研究吉林省伊通河生态需水量年内分配情况,采用流量历时曲线法分别对位于伊通河中下游的农安站及上游的伊通站的历史流量资料进行分析,得到伊通河农安站和伊通站的河道内最小生态需水量分别为4 693.66万 m³和303.52万 m³, 分别占年径流量的15.46%和4.80%;同时采用Tennant法和最小月流量平均法对伊通河最小生态需水量进行估算验证。Tennant法估算得到的最小生态需水量与流量历史曲线法较接近 。结果表明:在天然情况下,伊通河生态需水量的年内分配过程符合于实际水量分配过程,即多水时需水量多,少水时需水量少。农安段生态需水量可以有限地保护水生生物栖息地;而伊通段水生生物栖息地已经退化或贫瘠,需要采取措施对其进行保护治理。     

Age‐0 Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus Growth Related to Environmental Conditions in the Channelized Missouri River,Nebraska

Large river paradigms suggest that natural flow regimes are critical for maintaining instream habitats and promoting production and growth of native aquatic organisms. Modifications to the Missouri River, Nebraska, within the past 100 years have drastically reduced shallow water habitat, homogenized the flow regime, and contributed to declines in several native species. Despite drastic flow modifications, several metrics of the Missouri River's flow regime still vary across years. We related age‐0 channel catfish growth to environmental conditions in the channelized Missouri River, Nebraska, between 1996 and 2013 using an information theoretic approach. Growth rate was most influenced by growing season duration and duration of discharges below the 25th percentile of 30‐year daily Missouri River discharges. Periods of low water may be important for juvenile growth because of channel modifications that limit critical shallow water habitat during higher within‐bank flows. Exclusion of peak discharge and peak discharge timing in the best model to predict growth is counter to conventional thoughts on river fish responses to hydrological conditions but may be reflective of the general lack of high‐magnitude flooding during the majority of our study. Future efforts to relate juvenile fish growth to environmental conditions can provide guidance for water management in the Missouri River and other regulated North American rivers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流栖息地适合度曲线与分级评价标准研究

河流栖息地具有多尺度、多等级、斑块化分布和动态变化等重要特征,常通过揭示栖息地质量的关键环境因子适合度来开展河流栖息地质量评价。本文基于国内外多种溪流型鱼类栖息地环境的流速、水深范围与偏好的流速、水深、水温研究成果,结合中国浙江省瓯江干流河段的自然环境特征和多样性的水生物学特点,选取喜缓流水型鱼类-唇䱻作为指示性物种,研究了河流栖息地关键环境因子:水深、流速、水温与水质适合度曲线,采用优、良、中、差分级评价方法,以流速、水深、水温和水质类别作为主要的判据因子,确定了河流栖息地评估的分级标准,为河流栖息地质量评价和生态适应性管理提供了科学依据。     

基于栖息地模拟的河道生态需水量多目标评价方法及其应用

本文提出基于栖息地模拟法的多目标评价法计算河道生态需水量,以加权可利用面积(WUA)最大和流量最小为目标,采用理想点法进行求解.该方法综合考虑了生态用水和经济用水,提供了一个栖息地保护和经济用水相协调的最优河流生态需水量.最后以鱼类作为指示物种,对新疆额尔齐斯河中游鱼类产卵期的河道生态需水量进行了计算.计算结果表明,其生态流量为78m3/s,占该河段多年平均流量的74%.该结果比直接采用栖息地模拟法计算的结果小,但该生态流量可以对河流栖息地提供足够的保护,且较好地协调了生态用水和经济用水的矛盾.     

Fatty Acid Profiles Distinguish Channel Catfish from Three Reaches of the Lower Kaskaskia River and its Floodplain Lakes

Despite the increasing use of fatty acids (FAs) as biomarkers in aquatic food web analysis, little information is available regarding differences in FA profiles of fish among habitat types in river–floodplain ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to (i) test whether the FA profiles of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) differed among three reaches of the lower Kaskaskia River and its floodplain lakes, and (ii) to compare FA profiles among muscle, liver, and adipose fin tissues collected from these fish. Profiles differed significantly among sites, especially between upper and lower river sites, and between river channel and oxbow lake sites, suggesting differences in FA availability for channel catfish occupying different habitats and river reaches in the Kaskaskia River system. Specifically, the essential FAs 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 increased in catfish tissues from upstream to downstream reaches, which could reflect increased floodplain connectivity and decreasing impoundment effects downstream. Ratios of n‐3 to n‐6 FAs were higher in fish from oxbow lakes, perhaps suggesting increased use of autochthonous production in the floodplain relative to the main river channel. Muscle and adipose fin FA profiles exhibited similar location‐related trends, whereas liver FA profiles were markedly different from the other tissue types. These results suggest that adipose fin tissue samples may be a viable, less‐invasive alternative to muscle tissue for analysis of FA profiles in channel catfish. Our study supports the use of tissue FA profiles in identifying habitat utilization by channel catfish, and perhaps habitat‐specific energy contributions to riverine consumers. Furthermore, our work highlights floodplain habitat as a potential source of essential n‐3 FA and the associated importance of maintaining river–floodplain connectivity to support aquatic food webs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卵砾石生态河床对河流水质净化和生态修复的效果

为研究卵砾石生态河床在河流原位水质净化和生态修复中的效果,选择位于宜兴市大浦镇的林庄港作为试验河道进行原位观测,对比分析了卵砾石生态河床河段和自然河床河段中的生源要素变化规律和水生生物生长状况。试验结果表明:卵砾石生态河床河段对污染物质的截留效果明显好于自然河床河段,对氨氮和总磷的截留率可分别达到37%和25%,卵砾石生态河床的构建可显著提高河道的自净能力;卵砾石生态河床河段水生植被的生长密度和覆盖率均达到良好的水平,大型底栖无脊椎动物在敏感物种数、分类单元数和生物数量密度等方面均优于自然河段的;卵砾石生态河床为水生植物、底栖动物和附着生物等水生生物提供了适宜的栖息环境,对河流生态系统的健康起到了较好的改善作用。     

Downstream environmental effects of dam operations: Changes in habitat quality for native fish species

Hydropeaking dam operation and water extractions for irrigation have been broadly stated as alterations to natural flow regimes, which have also been noticed in the Biobío Watershed, in Central Chile, since 1996. In the Biobío River, most of native fish species are endemic and very little is known about them. Their ecological and social values have never been estimated, and there is lack of information about their habitat preferences. Furthermore, changes on fish habitat availability due to natural and/or man‐made causes have not been evaluated. In this study, eight native fish species, in a representative reach of the Biobío River, were studied and their preferred habitats were surveyed and characterized. A hydrodynamic model was built and linked to the fish habitat simulation model CASiMiR. Fuzzy rules and fuzzy sets were developed for describing habitat preference of the native fish species. CASiMiR was then used to simulate how physical habitat conditions vary due to flow control (i.e. upstream dams). Results show how overall habitat quality, expressed as weighted usable area (WUA) and hydraulic habitat suitability (HHS), changes and fluctuates due to the dam operation and how the daily hydropeaking is influencing quantity, quality and location of different habitats. The study suggests that the analysed fish are highly susceptible to flow control, as dams are currently operated, and fish habitat improvement suggestions are proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EFFECTS OF FLOW DYNAMICS ON THE AQUATIC‐TERRESTRIAL TRANSITION ZONE (ATTZ) OF LOWER MISSOURI RIVER SANDBARS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR SELECTED BIOTA

Sandbars are an important aquatic terrestrial transition zone (ATTZ) in the active channel of rivers that provide a variety of habitat conditions for riverine biota. Channelization and flow regulation in many large rivers have diminished sandbar habitats and their rehabilitation is a priority. We developed sandbar‐specific models of discharge‐area relationships to determine how changes in flow regime affect the area of different habitat types within the submerged sandbar ATTZ (depth) and exposed sandbar ATTZ (elevation) for a representative sample of Lower Missouri River sandbars. We defined six different structural habitat types within the sandbar ATTZ based on depth or exposed elevation ranges that are important to different biota during at least part of their annual cycle for either survival or reproduction. Scenarios included the modelled natural flow regime, current managed flow regime and two environmental flow options, all modelled within the contemporary river active channel. Thirteen point and wing‐dike sandbars were evaluated under four different flow scenarios to explore the effects of flow regime on seasonal habitat availability for foraging of migratory shorebirds and wading birds, nesting of softshell turtles and nursery of riverine fishes. Managed flows provided more foraging habitat for shorebirds and wading birds and more nursery habitat for riverine fishes within the channelized reach sandbar ATTZ than the natural flow regime or modelled environmental flows. Reduced summer flows occurring under natural and environmental flow alternatives increased exposed sandbar nesting habitat for softshell turtle hatchling emergence. Results reveal how management of channelized and flow regulated large rivers could benefit from a modelling framework that couples hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics to predict habitat conditions for a variety of biota. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-dimensional physical habitat modeling of effects of habitat structures on urban stream restoration

River corridors, even if highly modified or degraded, still provide important habitats for numerous biological species, and carry high aesthetic and economic values. One of the keys to urban stream restoration is recovery and maintenance of ecological flows sufficient to sustain aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the Hongje Stream in the Seoul metropolitan area of Korea was selected for evaluating a physically-based habitat with and without habitat structures. The potential value of the aquatic habitat was ...