高锰TRIP钢冷轧以及a'-M逆转变过程的相变和织构演变

对高锰相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢冷轧过程的组织转变特征以及奥氏体(g)和bcc结构马氏体(a'-M)的织构演变规律进行了研究,对形变诱发a'-M在高温时的逆转变行为进行了分析。结果表明,中等变形量下g已经大部分转变为a'-M,此时残余的g和hcp结构马氏体(e-M)接近机械稳定化。变形量进一步增加时,主要发生a'-M的形变并形成平行于轧向(RD)的长条状组织。中等变形量下,a'-M主要具有{113}110、{554}225和旋转立方({001}110)等典型的相变织构。随变形量增加,a'-M的{113}110取向明显转向稳定取向{223}110,形成典型的冷轧织构(110∥RD)。在650～850℃退火时发生了a'-M的逆转变(a'-M→g)及g的再结晶。a'-M的逆转变以扩散方式进行,存在Mn、Al元素在g和a'-M中的再分配。a'-M的逆转变是通过g直接吞并临近的形变a'-M完成的,形成的g晶粒为长条状且存在较多的亚晶。逆转变形成的g与形变g的织构类型相同,这种织构遗传是由于残余g直接长大产生的。随退火时间延长,长条状g晶粒又通过亚晶合并的方式发生再结晶而被等轴g晶粒取代。     

N对TWIP钢马氏体相变及力学性能的影响

以传统TWIP钢为对比,测试了含N TWIP钢的力学性能,并利用XRD进行物相分析和TEM进行做观结构表征.结果表明,在由fcc或hcp结构向bcc结构马氏体进行相变时,晶体结构中的最大间隙由0.1047 nm降低至0.0725 nm.间隙原子N的存在显著增大bcc结构的晶格畸变能,提高α马氏体切变的阻力,因而强烈抑制α马氏体相变,导致组织中hcp结构ε相含量大幅度增加,提高了TWIP钢的强度,但也降低了钢的塑性.另外,奥氏体平均和区域层错几率的计算及微观组织分析结果表明,形变增加层错的数量,而马氏体相变消耗层错,从而减少层错数量.     

Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe合金热压缩过程中的形变促进α→β相变（英文）

研究Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe合金在β→α+β相变点以下热缩变形时的动态相变过程。发现在相变点以下0～100 K压缩时会促进应变诱导的α→β相变的发生。压缩过程中的形变储存能为相变提供驱动力。变形过程中位错和亚晶等缺陷增加,促进溶质元素的扩散,溶质元素的重新分布引起两相自由能的重新分布,促进α→β的转变。在{100}取向和{111}取向晶粒中还发现存在取向依赖特征,{111}取向晶粒中不充分的回复为相变提供更大的驱动力。另外,还研究了变形量和应变速率对相变的影响。     

STUDY OF(α-γ_r) REVERSE TRANSFORMATION TEXTURE IN Fe-30Ni ALLOY BY USE OF ODF THEORY

研究了Ｆｅ－３０Ｎｉ合金冷轧板由马氏体到奥氏体（α－γｒ）逆相变过程中的织构变化。原始材料的组织状态为形变马氏体、淬火马氏体及残余奥氏体。经过在不同温度加热后,利用Ｘ射线衍射精确测量了马氏体及奥氏体的取向密度分布函数（ＯＤＦ）。结果表明,逆相变过程中奥氏体的织构变化可分为两个阶段：低温区,奥氏体织构逆变为原冷轧奥氏体织构,相变的进行可解释为具有强烈取向选择的剪切机制;高温区,相变的进行为定向长大机     

不同结构金属高速压缩力学行为及微观剪切结构差异

针对高锰TRIP钢、纯Cu、IF钢及装甲钢,利用Hopkinson杆在应变率为103~104s-1进行动态压缩实验,考察其抗冲击性能及剪切带形成时微观组织的差异.结果表明:动态剪切变形下,纯Cu和IF钢不易形成绝热剪切带,缺乏加工硬化能力,从而抗冲击性差;具有马氏体组织的装甲钢快速形成绝热剪切带,但剩余强度高,抗高速冲击性强;以奥氏体为主的TRIP钢有最高的加工硬化性,形变中产生的bcc马氏体(α′-M)可有效推迟绝热剪切带的产生且裂纹不易扩展,适于作为抗冲击材料.纯Cu及IF钢扩展的剪切组织为拉长的亚晶和小角晶界,剪切微织构弱,而TRIP钢及装甲钢绝热剪切带为细小的等轴晶和大角晶界,TRIP钢形成较强的{111}-{112}110fcc剪切微织构,装甲钢则形成弱的{110}111bcc剪切微织构.     

用ODF理论研究Fe－30Ni合金α－γ_r逆相变过程的织构变化

研究了Ｆｅ－３０Ｎｉ合金冷轧板由马氏体到奥氏体（α－γ_ｒ）逆相变过程中的织构变化．原始材料的组织状态为形变马氏体、淬火马氏体及残余奥氏体．经过在不同温度加热后,利用Ｘ射线衍射精确测量了马氏体及奥氏体的取向密度分布函数（ＯｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ简称ＯＤＦ）．结果表明,逆相变过程中奥氏体的织构变化可分为两个阶段：低温区,奥氏体织构逆变为原冷轧奥氏体织构,相变的进行可解释为具有强烈取向选择的剪切机制;高温区,相变的进行为定向长大机制,逆变奥氏体织构与冷轧奥氏体织构之间出现偏差,｛２１１｝〈１１１〉织构成分比原冷轧织构强度变弱．由ＯＤＦ差得到两温度区间的相变停止温度,此温度与取向有关,并可假设为相变机制变化温度．相变停止温度越高的取向,以定向长大机制进行的相变开始得越晚．     

镁合金热变形下变形带的形貌和晶体学特征

对不同温度单向压缩下AZ31镁合金不均匀形变组织的形貌和晶体学特征进行了研究.结果显示:形变组织具有很强的温度和应变敏感性;250℃时,晶粒内在变形初期出现大量的{1012}拉伸孪晶和少数{1011}压缩孪晶,随着应变量的加大,拉伸孪晶因相同取向孪晶的合并而急剧减少,而压缩孪晶明显变粗,数量也有所增加;300℃以上时,非基面滑移被激活后,出现了与压缩轴基本垂直的扭折带,其晶体学方向垂直于(0001)基面,扭折带两侧的主滑移系都为(0001)基面滑移,变形初期扭折带界面取向差为2°—6°,随着变形量的增加,扭折带密度加大;温度升高至400℃时,扭折界面发生明显的弯曲.对扭折带和其他变形带的特征进行了对比考察.     

无取向电工钢的{100}织构控制与磁性能改进

简述了无取向电工钢常见增强{100}织构,进而改善磁性能的方法。以现有工业生产流程为背景,综述了强化不同类型无取向电工钢{100}织构的新型思路,包括利用高牌号无取向电工钢铸态{100}织构的遗传特性、利用弹性各向异性促进低牌号无取向电工钢中奥氏体相变生成{100}织构、脱碳控制中牌号无取向电工钢奥氏体相变、剪切带变形促进高硅钢{100}织构形成等原理。结果显示,这些技术原理的应用均可使相应无取向电工钢成品板的织构结构发生根本性改变,且磁性能得到大幅度提高。     

冷轧变形量对Al-Mg-Si合金织构的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析了不同冷轧变形量对Al-Mg-Si合金显微组织和微观织构的影响。结果表明:随着变形量的增加,再结晶织构Cube{001}<100>会经由Goss{011}<100>逐渐演变为以Copper{112}<111>和S{123}<634>为主要取向的形变织构,而Goss{011}<100>的体积分数表现为先增大后减小的趋势;合金形变带织构主要由强度较高的Copper{112}<111>织构和强度较弱的Cube{001}<100>织构组成;当变形量小于20%时,晶粒主要取向为{001}、{012},变形量大于40%时,{011}、{112}、{123}成为主要的晶粒取向。     

生物医用316L奥氏体不锈钢的形变组织

借助扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射和透射电镜组织观察,对生物医用奥氏体不锈钢316L的形变组织进行了多尺度深入研究,其工程应变量范围为2%~40%。结果表明,当应变>20%时,316L奥氏体不锈钢中的<001>和<111>取向平行于拉伸方向,即出现了大量的变形孪晶和马氏体。从微米尺度和纳米尺度对孪晶和马氏体相变做详细分析发现,形变首先诱发形成变形孪晶,由于孪晶界减小了位错平均自由程而引起位错塞积,进一步诱发马氏体的转变。随着变形量的增加出现了更多的孪晶和α-马氏体,马氏体相变的过程只有γ→α转变,α马氏体主要分布在孪晶界附近,特别是孪晶交叉的位置。其中,奥氏体基体和α-马氏体之间的取向关系为:[011]_γ//[011]_α,(420)_γ//(123)_α。     

低碳-硅-锰系TRIP钢的组织演变规律研究

采用彩色金相、SEM、TEM和X射线衍射技术研究了低碳-硅-锰TRJP钢在单向拉伸状态下的组织演变规律.结果表明,TRIP钢变形前的组织为F、B和残余奥氏体,经拉伸变形后部分残余奥氏体在应变作用下转变为孪晶结构的马氏体,提高了钢的强度;TRIP钢的断裂为韧性断裂,位于F晶界处的残余奥氏体发生相变从而松弛了应力,延缓了断裂的产生,使TRIP钢板获得高塑性.     

残余奥氏体形态对TRIP690钢组织转变的影响

对高Si和高Al的冷轧TRIP690钢进行400℃等温退火处理,并对等温后的微观组织分别进行SEM和TEM观察。结果显示,等温后高Al钢较高Si钢中的残余奥氏体含量更高,且拉伸形变后,相对于高Si钢,高Al钢拉伸断口附近有更多的残余奥氏体转变成了马氏体,提高了延伸率,TRIP效应更显著,这与高Al的TRIP钢等温处理后形成的大量块状亚稳态奥氏体有关。而高Si的TRIP钢等温后,组织中形成了少量的稳定性过高的条形奥氏体,拉伸过程中不易诱发马氏体相变,TRIP效应相对较弱。     

Kinetics of deformation processes in high-alloyed cast transformation-induced plasticity/twinning-induced plasticity steels determined by acoustic emission and scanning electron microscopy: Influence of austenite stability on deformation mechanisms

The austenite stability and the stacking fault energy of high-alloyed metastable transformation-induced plasticity/twinning-induced plasticity (TRIP/TWIP) steels, both depending on the chemical composition, have a strong influence on the deformation processes and stress/strain-induced martensitic phase transformation. Aiming at a better understanding of the kinetics of TRIP/TWIP-assisted plastic deformation, acoustic emission (AE) measurements were performed during room temperature tensile deformation of high-alloyed cast model steels with different austenite stability. The real-time AE investigations were complemented by detailed scanning electron microscopy investigations of deformed microstructures using electron backscattered diffraction to determine the martensitic phase transformation and electron channelling contrast to visualize dislocations and their arrangements. The quantitative AE analysis revealed different AE patterns at different plastic strains, which were correlated with underlying deformation mechanisms and microstructural transformations.     

In situ neutron diffraction investigation of the collaborative deformation–transformation mechanism in TRIP-assisted steels at room and elevated temperatures

The deformation behaviour of two transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted steels with slightly different microstructures due to different thermo-mechanically controlled processing (TMCP) was investigated by the in situ neutron diffraction technique during tensile straining at room temperature and two elevated (50 and 100 °C) temperatures. The essential feature of the TRIP deformation mechanism was found to be significant stress redistribution at the yield point. The applied tensile load is redistributed within the complex TRIP-steel microstructure in such a way that the retained austenite bears a significantly larger load than the ferrite–bainite α-matrix. The macroscopic yielding of the steel then takes place through the simultaneous cooperative activity of the austenite-to-martensite transformation in the austenite phase and plastic deformation in the α-matrix. It is concluded that, although its volume fraction is small, the martensitically transforming retained austenite phase dispersed within the α-matrix governs the plastic deformation of TRIP-assisted steels.     

TRIP钢热变形中奥氏体未再结晶温度的研究

采用双道次压缩试验,对A．B两种TRIP钢进行了软化率曲线的测定。结果表明．A．B钢软化率均随变形温度的升高和间隔时间的增加而提高,B钢因含有微合金元素,在变形过程中应变诱导析出,奥氏体再结晶得到抑制。A．B钢的奥氏体未再结晶温度分别在910℃和980℃左右。通过奥氏体未再结晶温度的测定,能够合理制定TRIP钢变形工艺制度,改善其组织性能。     

Phase Transformation and Texture Evolution During Cold Rolling and alpha '-M Reversion in High Manganese TRIP SteelEI北大核心CSCD

To meet the requirement of environment, economy and safety, advanced high strength steels including dual phased (DP), complex phased (CP), transformation- induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are widely used for automotive steel. Among them, high manganese TWIP and TRIP steels are particularly appealing due to their outstanding tensile strength and elongation. In contrast to high manganese TWIP steel, high manganese TRIP steel exhibits higher strength and work hardening rate due to strain induced martensitic transformation. The enhanced mechanical properties of high manganese TRIP steel are determined by both the stability of the retained austenite (gamma) and the initial microstructure. Strain induced martensitic transformation and subsequent reversion from deformed martensite to gamma during annealing is often applied as one of the most effective methods for microstructure improvement. Microstructure and texture characteristics of high manganese TRIP steel during cold rolling together with the reversion of deformed bcc martensite (alpha'-M) at high temperature were investigated. It is shown that the gamma was almost completely transformed into alpha'-M at medium cold rolling reduction. And a higher reduction after alpha'-M saturation resulted in dominantly the deformation of alpha'-M, hence thin laths paralleled to the rolling direction (RD) were obtained. The main components in alpha'-M were {113}< 110 >, {554}< 225 > and rotated cube ({001}< 110 >) textures at medium cold rolling reduction, which are the typical phase transformation textures. The {113}<110> texture rotated toward a more stable orientation {223}< 110 > and led to a strong cold rolling texture (< 110 >//RD) with increasing reduction. The reversion of martensite and recrystallization of gamma proceeded at temperature ranging from 650 degrees C to 850 degrees C. The reversion of alpha'-M proceeded in a diffusional mechanism, accompanying with the redistribution of Mn and Al between gamma and alpha'-M. Deformed alpha'-M was merged by the adjacent gamma, and columnar gamma grains with a large amount of subgrains were obtained. The texture of reverted gamma was approximately the same as that of the deformed gamma, this phenomenon called texture inheritance was formed by the direct growth of gamma. Subsequently, recrystallization of gamma grains occurred by sub-grain coalescence and the columnar g grains were instead by equiaxed gamma grains.     

变形速度对TRIP钢冲压成形性的影响

在TRIP钢相变动力学模型的基础上,推导了残余奥氏体体积比变化速率与变形速度的关系,详细分析了变形模式和变形速度对残余奥氏体转变的影响规律,讨论了相变诱发塑性效应对TRIP钢冲压成形性的作用机理,并通过圆筒件拉深成形试验,验证了不同变形速度下TRIP钢的成形性。结果表明,残余奥氏体体积比变化速率随变形速度的增加而增加;变形速度和变形模式对相变诱发塑性效应的发挥影响较大,变形过快导致后续变形所需塑性补充不足;TRIP钢良好塑性得以发挥,必须具有合适的变形条件。     

Retention of austenite in the welded microstructure of a 0.16C–1.6Mn–1.5Si (wt.%) TRIP steel

In this work, the retention of austenite in post-welded microstructures of a 0.16C–1.6Mn–1.5Si (wt.%) TRIP steel is investigated. Fully penetrated welds are produced by means of gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding and laser beam (LB) welding. The microstructure, particularly retained austenite, is analyzed using optical microscopy, Vickers hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction and saturation magnetization. It is found that the GTA welded TRIP steel contains a relatively large fraction of retained austenite, which may benefit the weldability of this steel. A minimum hardness is found in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) next to a high hardness plateau after both LB and GTA welding as a result of a large fraction of ferrite. It is suggested that for TRIP steels, proper control of the formation and decomposition of retained austenite in the HAZ is important to prevent weld failure. The hardness is therefore not a sufficient indicator for the weldability.     

等温温度对低硅含铝热轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

以低Si含Al热轧TRIP钢为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜、拉伸试验、X射线衍射仪和电子探针等试验方法,研究了不同等温温度对试验钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体、贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成,随着等温温度的升高,残余奥氏体分解为新生成铁素体和碳化物;当等温温度为450 ℃时,试验钢的力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度为732.25 MPa,断后伸长率为36%,强塑积为26.36 GPa·%;残余奥氏体的体积分数先升高后降低,而C含量逐渐降低,等温温度为450 ℃时试验钢表现出较强的加工硬化行为。     

Transformation potential predictions for the stress-induced austenite to martensite transformation in steel

The stress-induced transformation behavior of retained austenite is considered in this work. With the development of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels this deformation mode is of growing importance. Twinned martensite structures were calculated using the crystallographic theory of martensite. An available work criterion was used to predict the transformation potentials for 16 different in-plane stress states for sheet sample geometry. By rotating the twinned martensite structures over all crystallographic orientations using Euler angles, the magnitude of the transformation potential was plotted as an orientation distribution plot for comparison with typical texture components. From these data, the Brass and Copper orientation components that are typical in retained austenite such as in TRIP steels were found to have low transformation potential values. Grains aligned with these orientations would require higher stresses to transform than other orientations, and may therefore never transform. This correlates to experimental observations that heavily deformed TRIP steel contains residual retained austenite.